成天英美概况期末考试名词解释整理

The

industrial

revolution

refers to the mechanization of industry and

the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18

th

and early 19

th

centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize.

The

industrial

revolution

A

period

in

the

late

18th

and

early

19th

centuries

when

major

changes

in

agriculture,

manufacturing,

production,

and

transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in

Britain.

The

Industrial

Revolution,

was

a

period

of

unprecedented

technological,

economic

and

social

change

that

completely

transformed

British

culture

from

a

largely

rural,

static

society

with

limited

production

and

division

of

labour into the world's first modern industrial society.

the Black Death

It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept

through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between

half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and

labor was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.

The Black Death

----It was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history,

peaking

in

Europe

between

1348

and

1350.

It

is

widely

thought

to

have

been

an

outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestisis and have started

in

Central

Asia.

It

came

without

warning,

and

without

any

Black

Death

is

estimated to have killed30% to 60% of Europe's population and had profound effects

on

the

course

of

European

history.

In

England,

it

killed

almost

half

of

the

total

population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.

the Progressive Movement

The

Progressive

Movement

is

a

movement

demanding

government

regulation

of

the

economy

and

social

conditions.

It

spread

quickly

with

the

support

of

large

numbers

of

people

across

the

country.

It

was

not

an

organized

campaign

with

clearly

defined

goals.(Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms.

In

spite

of

limitations

of

the

movement,

it

brought

about

changes

and

improvement

in

many fields.)

Roman

Britain

was the part of the island of Great Britain controlled by

the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410. Britannia already had cultural and

economic

links

with

Continental

Europe,

but

the

invaders

introduced

new

developments in agriculture, urbanisation, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy

that is still apparent today. The first Romans to campaign extensively in Britain were

the forces of Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BC, but the first significant conquest did not

begin until AD 43, under Claudius.

House of commons

of Commons

Compositions:

The

House

of Commons

: The House of Commons is the real center of

British

p(651

in

num.)

from

England

(524),

Wales(38),

Scotland(72)

and

N

Ireland(17)

Functions: a, law passage

b, authorizing taxation and public expenditure

c, examining government action

d. debate

Features:

a. electoral system (general election)

b. general election by secret ballot

c. party member elected to form a majority party

d. PM out of the majority, cabinet and shadow cabinet

olitical life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members

of

Parliament)

make

and

debate

policy.

These

MPs

are

elected

in

the

General

Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.

Manifest

destiny

Manifest

Destiny

,

which

conveyed

the

idea

that

the

rightful destiny of the United States was included to make an empire.

Manifest Destiny:

a. inevitability of the founding of USA

b. legitimacy of the expansion of American Territory

c. spread of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen

to do the Lord

’

s work

Containment

policy

Containment was a

United States policy

to

prevent

the spread of

communism abroad. A component of the

Cold War, this policy was

a

response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in

Eastern

Europe,

China,Korea,

Africa,

and

Vietnam.

It

represented

a

middle-ground

position between appeasement and rollback.

Containment

(1946);

“

a

long

term,

patient

but

firm

and

vigilant

containment of Russian expansive tendencies.

”

The

Berlin

Wall

was

a

barrier

constructed

by

the

German

Democratic