盘点英文-月之女神
An Introduction on Ireland
By<
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英本
2
班何玮（
26
）
Ireland is a
small island at the western edge of Europe,
divided from Scotland by a narrow strait
of water.
Ireland
has
two
separate
jurisdictions:
Republic
of
Ireland
and
Northern
Ireland.
English
and
Irish
are
spoken
in
both
Republic
of
Ireland and Northern Ireland. The
current flag of Republic of Ireland
is
the
Tricolour
of
Green,
White
and
Orange.
This
represents
the
partition of the country. Irish harp is
so closely associated with Irish
identity that it serves as the nation?s
national emblem.
Climate
：
The island has a mild oceanic climate.
Not too hot, not too cold. Rain and wind is year
round. It
receives
the
full
force
of
storms
from
the
Atlantic
Ocean,
especially
in
winter.
This
has
helped
create the lush green
pastures, which has made Ireland “the
Emerald Isle.
”
Geographical Features
Low central plains surrounded by a ring
of coastal mountains have rich agricultural
land. Poor farmland and hilly land are
used to gaze sheep.
Flora
and fauna
It is home to
hundreds of plant species, some of them unique to
the
island
and
it
has
been
by
some
grasses.
There
are
26
land
mammal species. The red deer is
Ireland's largest wild mammal.
Population (para2, 4, 5 P172)
According to the 1841 census, the
population was close to 6.5 million.
In
the Irish Republic, it remained just
above 2.5 million until the late 1980s. The
population was 4
million at present in
the Republic because of an increased prosperity.
History (P174)
Prehistory: the earliest settlers
arrived around 7000BC in the Mesolithic or middle
Stone Age
period, mainly hunters.
Around 3000BC, new Stone Age, farmers raised
animals and cultivated the
soil.
Remnants
—
houses, pottery,
and implements. Around 2000BC, prospects and
metalworkers
arrived, discovered
deposits of gold and manufactured bronze
Around
1200BC,
a
second
wave
of
people
reached
Ireland.
They
built
on
the
achievements
of
present inhabitants, produce more
sophisticated weapons and aircrafts, live in the
house made of
sticks and mud.
The Celts: It is believed that the
Celts, originated thought to be invaders,
gradually infiltrated
into Ireland
along established trade routes, perhaps as early
as the 6th century BC. The Celts had
long dominated central and western
European; for a brief of glory they also
terrorized Italy and
Greece.
The
coming
of
Christianity:
Christianity
was
introduced
into
Ireland some time in
the 5
th
century.
Traditionally it was said to
have been
brought out by Saint Patrick. By the time of his
death
in 461AD, much of the island was
effectively Christian. Through
the
monasteries,
Irish
influence
on
Britain
and
Europe
was
exerted from the 6th century onwards.
Setting out first as pilgrims,
Irish
monks
preached
the
gospel
and
established
new
communities
across
the
continent.
Ireland
did
not
suffer
a
barbarian invasion, so the island acted
as a repository of Christian
civilization.
The middle
ages: from around 800 onwards Viking marauders
attacked
Ireland.
The
raids
continued
right
through
the
9th
century and a second major wave began
early in the 10th century. The Vikings were great
traders
and did much to develop
commerce in medieval Ireland, founding most of the
major towns such as
Dublin, Cork,
Limerick and Waterford. 11th and 12th centuries
are often regarded as a period of
progress in Ireland. This trend was
interrupted by the arrival of the Normans in
1167-69. In 1171,
Henry
II,
King
of
England,
came
to
Ireland
and
was
recognized
as
overlord
of
the
country.
Throughout
the
13th
century,
The
Normans
developed
the
same
type
of
parliament,
law
and
system
of
administration
as
in
England.
However,
Edward
Bruce,
brother
of
the
Scottish
king
Robert, failed in his attempt in the
end of the 15th century, due to the depredations
of the
Irish and the Gaelicisation of
the leading Norman families, the area of English
rule in Ireland had
shrunk to a small
enclave around Dublin known as “the Pale.”
Early
modern
period: in the 16th century the Tudor monarchs
began a reconquest of Ireland.
In 1541, Henry VIII declared himself
king of Ireland. The Tudors introduced new English
settlers
and
embarked
on
a
series
of
military
campaigns
against
the
Gaelic
Irish
and
the
great
Anglo-Norman lords who had fallen away
in their allegiance to the Crown. in 1601, the
army of
Elizabeth defeated the Irish at
the battle of Kinsale. The native political system
was overthrown
and for the first time
the entire country was run by a strong English
central Government. From the
16th
century
onwards
the
English
Government
made
strenuous
efforts
to
impose
Protestantism.
Partly
due
to
its
close
association
with
the
repressive
policies
of
the
English
administration
Religion
added complexity to the political situation. The
new Protestant settlers in Ireland were
from the Anglo-Irish colony that were
Roman Catholic and increasingly disaffected with
the new
government. Then, the civil war
carried out in England between King and
Parliament.
The
18th
century:
In
the
18th
century,
there
was
a
lot
of
conflict
between
Protestant
and
Catholics. Ireland was
ruled by a small group who agreed with the King of
England: the Protestant
ascendency.
There were a few attempts at getting independence
but none were successful.
Modern Ireland: The great famine, from
1845 to 1848, was caused by the failure of potato
crop
The British did very little to
help the starving people. This has caused a lot of
hatred between two
countries.
Sinn Fein was founded in the beginning
of the 20th century and became the country?s