decentralize-风疾
高考英语一轮复习专项提升训练
概要写作与翻译专项提升训练
（上海卷适用）
一、阅读表达
y Writing
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
the
main
idea
and
the
main
point(s)
of the passage in
no more than 60wonds. Use your own words as, far
as possible.
Every time there is a mass
shooting, the debate surrounding guns tends to
flare
up
in
America.
The
abuse
of
guns
has
been
a
serious
problem
in
the
US
all
along,
but
why doesn’t the US government just dismiss owning
guns privately?
The right to own a gun and
defend oneself is central to American society. As
early
as
the1600s,
when
the
first
Europeans
set
foot
on
the
continent
of
North
America,
they had to face a lot of dangers. They
could only rely on themselves. Therefore,
guns played a significant role in self-
defense. Guns were also important in
American’s Independent War and the
Civil War.
Secondly, the American
founding fathers believed that gun ownership was
necessary for a truly free country. If
the government distrusts the people and
disarms them, then that government no
longer represents the people. The Second
Amendment to the US Constitution
specifies that the American people cannot be
deprived
of
the
“right
to
keep
and
bear
arms.”
So
the
sale
and
purchase
of
firearms
are legal in the
United States according to law.
The importance
of guns is also derived from the role of hunting
in American
culture.
In
the
nation’s
early
years,
hunting
was
essential
for
food
and
shelter.
Today,
guns
are
a
vital
part
of
hunting,
which
remains
very
popular
as
both
a
sport
and
a
way
of
life
in
many
parts
of
the
country.
People
spend
time
with
friends,
sharing
the pleasure that the sport brings.
For
those
reasons,
when
critics
say
guns
mean
violence,
they
miss
a
large
part
of
the
picture,
and
they
misrepresent
the
complex
nature
of
America’s
diverse
gun
culture. Most people
who own guns privately, are actually
part of
the gun culture.
They have rational and thoughtful
reasons to own and use guns.
y
Writing
Quiet Virtue: The
Conscientious
The
everyday
signs
of
conscien
tiousness(
认真尽责
)
—<
/p>
being
punctual,
careful
in doing work, self-
disciplined, and scrupulous
(
一丝不苟的
) in attending to
responsibilities
—
are
typical
characteristics
of
the
model
organizational
citizen,
the
people
who
keep
things
running
as
they
should.
They
follow
the
rules,
help
out,
and are
concerned about the people they work with. It’s
the conscientious worker
who
helps
newcomers
or
updates
people
who
return
after
an
absence,
who
gets
to
work
on time and never abuses sick leaves,
who always gets things done on deadline.
1
Conscientiousness is a key to success in any
field. In studies of job
performance,
outstanding
effectiveness
for
almost
all
jobs,
from
semi-
skilled
labor
to
sales
and
management,
depends
on
conscientiousness.
Among
sales
representatives
for a large
American car manufacturer, those who were most
conscientious had the
largest volume of
sales.
Conscientiousness
also
offers
a
buffer
(
缓冲
)
against
the
threat
of
job
loss
in today’s constantly
changing market, because employees with this
quality are
among the most valued. For
the sales representatives, their level of
conscientiousness
mattered
almost
as
much
as
their
sales
in
determining
who
stayed
on.
But
conscientiousness
in
the
absence
of
social
skills
can
lead
to
problems.
Since
conscientious
people
demand
so
much
of
themselves,
they
can
hold
other
people
to
their
own
standards,
and
so
be
overly
judgmental
when
others
don’t
show
the
same
high levels of model behavior. Factory
workers who were extremely conscientious,
for example, tended to criticize co-
workers even about failures that seemed
unimportant to those they criticized,
which damaged their relationships.
When
conscientiousness takes the form of living up to
expectations, it can
discourage
creativity.
Success
in
creative
professions
like
art
or
advertising
calls
for a balance between wild ideas and
conscientiousness. Without enough
conscientiousness to follow through,
people become mere dreamers, with nothing to
show for their imaginativeness.
y Writing
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
the
main
idea
and
the
main
point(s)
of the passage in
no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far
as possible.
It is universally true that all
parents in the world love their children.
However, as parents’ views of life
vary, they show their love in different
ways.
The
monarch
type
of
parents
are
intolerant
and
self-centered.
They
lay
down
regulations in the family for their
children to observe. Furthermore, they insist
that their children should act upon
them without question. With a firm belief in
their
own
philosophy
of
life,
they
have
little
respect
for
others’
opinions,
least
of
all,
their
children’s.
The
sentence
they
say
most
frequently
to
their
children
is, “ you should do this.”
Contrary
to
the
monarch-
type
parents,
the
servant-type
parents
revolve
around
their
children
all
the
time.
They
are
soft,
good-natured,
and
easy-going.
They
never
deny
their
children
any
wish,
and
cheerfully
run
to
buy
anything
their
children
ask
for. They are happy so
long as their children are content. With the
sincere belief
that
love
means
sacrifice,
they
are
ready
to
give
up
anything
for
their
children’s
sake.
With
their
children
at
the
center
of
their
lives,
they
always
ask,
“What
else
can we do for
you?”
The
friend-type
parents,
as
the
term
implies,
treat
their
children
as
friends.
They
are
generous
and
wise.
Like
good
friends,
they
discuss
with
their
children
the
latest news, share their
children’s interests, and listen attentively to
their
children’s expression of
emotion,
whether it is anger, fear, joy
or sorrow. They
have a close
relationship with their children while sticking to
their principled
2
stand.
They
discuss
problems
with
their
children
rather
than
provide
ready
solution.
They
respect
their
children
as
their
equal
s.
They
often
say:
“Let’s
put
out
heads
together and see what
we can do.”
There
is
no
doubt
that
children
welcome
the
third
type
of
parents,
for
a
free,
friendly,
and sympathetic atmosphere at home is most
favorable to the development
of
youngsters both in body and in mind. All parents
should re-examine and change
some
of
their
ways
of
showing
their
love
if
they
want
their
children
to
grow
up
happily
and
healthily.
y Writing
Directions:
Read
the following passage. Summarize the main idea and
the main
point(s) of the passage in no
more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as
possible.
A
Workaholic Economy
Although
the
output
per
hour
of
work
has
more
than
doubled
since
1945,
leisure
seems reserved largely for the
unemployed and underemployed. Those who work
full-
time spend as much time
on the job as they did at the end of World War Ⅱ.
In
fact,
working
hours
have
increased
noticeably
since
1970.
Bookstores
now
abound
with
manuals describing how to manage time
and cope with stress.
There are mainly two
reasons for lost leisure.
Since
1970,
companies
have
responded
to
improvements
in
the
business
climate
by
having
employees
work
overtime
rather
than
by
hiring
extra
personnel.
Some
firms
are
even downsizing as their profits climb. A host of
factors pushes employers to
hire fewer
workers for more hours and, at the same time,
compels workers to spend
more time on
the job. Most of those
incentives(
诱因
) involve the
structure of
compensation(
报酬
).
The way salaries and benefits are organized makes
it more
profitable to ask 40 employees
to labor an extra hour each than to hire one more
worker to do the same 40-hour job. Once
people are on salary, their cost to a firm
is the same whether they spend 35 hours
a week in the office or 70. Therefore, it
is more profitable for employers to
work their existing employees harder.
For all that
employees complain about long hours, they, too,
have reasons
not to trade money for
leisure. “People who work reduced hours pay a huge
penalty
in career terms,”
Bai
lyn of Massachusetts Institute of
Technology maintains.
“It’s taken as a
negative signal about their commitment to the
firm.” He adds
that
many
corporate
managers
find
it
difficult
to
measure
the
contribution
of
their
employees
to
a
firm’s
well
-being,
so
they
estimate
staff
productivity
in
terms
of
hours worked. Employees know this, and
they adjust their behavior accordingly.
y Writing
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Summarize
the
main
idea
and
the
main
point(s)
of the passage in no more than 60
words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Screen-addicted teens are unhappy
A
new
study
explored
the
link
between
adolescent
life
satisfaction
and
screen
time.
Researchers found that teens who spent more time
in front of screen devices
–
playing computer games, using social media,
texting and video chatting
–
were
3
less
happy
than
those
who
invested
more
time
in
non-
screen
activities
like
sports,
reading newspapers
and magazines, and face-to-face social
interaction.
Total screen avoidance does
n’t lead to
happiness either. The greater
unhappiness among those with no screen
exposure could be due to several factors,
Twenge,
the
leading
researcher
said.“It
could
be
that
they
are
left
out
of
the
social
scene
of
high
school,
that
it’s
very
difficult
to
carry
on
friendships
in
high
school
these
days without texting at all or being on social
media.”It is also possible
that those
kids are outliers, Twenge said
–
teens with special needs or
in special
education, or
those whose screens have been taken away from them
by parents.
The key to digital
media use and
happiness
is limited use. The happiest
teens
used digital media a little less
than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of
screen time, unhappiness rises steadily
along with increasing screen time, the
researchers report in the journal
Emotion.
“Make
effort to spend no more than two hours a day on
digital media, and try
to increase the
amount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-
face and
exercising
—
two
activities reliably linked to greater
h
appiness.”Twenge said.
“By
far
the
largest
change
in
teen’s
lives
between
2012
and
2016
was
the
increase
in the amount of time they spent on
digital media, and the following decline in
in-
person
social
activities
and
sleep,”
the
leading
researcher
said.“
The
arrival
of the smartphone is the most
reasonable explanation for the sudden decrease in
teens’ psychological
well
-
being.”
y Writing
The Conflict of
the Orders
The
types
of
people
who
served
as
officials
in
the
Roman
government
changed
over
time.
These
changes
stemmed
from
the
attempts
of
common
people
to
more
rights.
The struggles became known as the Conflict of the
Orders.
In the early republic,
Romans were divided into two classes of
people: patricians and plebeians.
Patricians were powerful landowners who
controlled the government. As nobles,
they inherited their power. Plebeians, who
made up most of the population, were
mainly farmers and workers. For many years,
plebeians had few rights. They could
vote, but they were barred from holding most
public offices. Plebeians could not
even know Roman laws because laws were not
written
down.
In
court,
a
judge
stated
and
applied
the
law,
but
only
patricians
served
as judges.
Over time,
plebeians increased their power through demand and
strikes.
They
gained
the
right
to
join
the
army,
hold
government
office,
form
their
own
assembly, and elect leaders. In one of their
greatest victories, they forced
the
government
to
write
down
the
laws
of
the
Roman
Republic.
In
about
450,
B.C.
the
Romans
engraved
their
laws
on
tablets
called
the
Twelve
Tables.
The
laws
were
placed
in
the Forum, the chief public square, for all to
view.
The first plebeians were
appointed to the government in the late
400s B.C. After 342 B.C., a plebeian
always held one of the consul positions. By
about 300 B.C. many plebeians had
become so powerful and wealthy themselves that
they joined with patricians to form the
Roman nobility. From that time on, the
4
distinction
between
patricians
and
plebeians
was
not
a
important.
Membership
in
the
nobility
was
still
very
important,
however,
since
government
officials
were
not
paid
a
salary, only wealthy nobles could afford to hold
office. Thus, the nobles still
controlled the republic.
二、书面表达
7
Summary Writing
A
Fath
er’s Influence Makes for Better
Grades
Adolescents
from low-income families in particular are more
likely than
their middle-class peers to
underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies
have
shown
that
a
positive
attitude
towards
school
work
and
the
support
and
encouragement
from their
parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome
the economic barriers
and
lack
of
resources
they
face.
Most
of
the
evidence
about
the
effects
of
parental
involvement comes from research on
mothers. Little is known, however, about how
adolescents experience their fathers’
warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that
are most affected by it.
This new study
is part of a larger one focusing on low-income
families
conducted in four middle
schools in the southwestern United States. Data
were
analyzed from questionnaires
completed by 183 sixth-graders about how
optimistic
and motivated they were
about their schoolwork, and how they experienced
their
fathers. The questionnaires were
completed primarily by respondents of Mexican
American,
African
American
and
European
American
descent.
Their
maths
and
language
arts grades were
also obtained.
Their findings show how fathers can
support their teenagers in ways that
result in greater optimism, self-
efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at
school.
These
positive
effects
extend
to
both
sons
and
daughters,
while
in
different
ways. Experiencing their father’s
warmth first influences daughters’ sense of
optimism,
and
then
spills
over
into
their
feeling
more
determined
and
certain
about
their
academic
abilities.
This
in
turn
leads
to
better
math
grades.
There
is
a
more
direct
link
between
their
fathers’
involvement
and
teenage
boys’
belief
in
their
ability
to
succeed
on
the
academic
front.
This
heightened
self-confidence
increased
their success in English language arts
classes.
Suizzo suggests that counselors and
educators should encourage fathers to
communicate warmth and acceptance to
their children, because of the positive
influence these emotions have on their
well-being.
8.
概要写作
阅读下面短文
,
根据其内容写一篇
6
0
词左右的内容概要。
If
there
was
one
thing
you
could
make
parents
understand
about
kids,what
would
it be? That is one of the questions TFK
and recently asked in an
anonymous(
匿名的
)
survey conducted
than 8,000
kids answered.“We just
want
to spend time with you,” said a
12
-year-
old.“At 13,you can't
treat me like
I'm
6,”another
kid
said.
An
11-year-
old
wrote
,“Being
a
kid
is
a
lot
harder
than
it
looks.”
The
kids
who
took
our
survey
made
it
clear
that
they
want
to
feel
close
5