incursion-常住
2
0
0
8
T
e
x
< br>t
4
In 1784,
five years before he became president of the
United States, George Washington, 52,
was nearly toothless. So he hired a
dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw
–
having extracted
them from the mouths of his slaves.
1784
，
52
岁的乔治
?
华盛顿在成为美国总统
5
年前，牙齿就几乎已经掉光了。他专门请牙医从他的奴隶口中
拔出九颗牙齿种在自己的身上。
transplant
[tr?ns'pl
ɑ
:nt] vt.
移居
,
移植
,
迁移
vi.
移居
,
移植
n.
移居者
,
移植
【例】
Santillan waited three
years for the first transplant.
为了找到合适的
心肺进行移植，桑提连已
经等了足足三年。
That’s a far different image from the
cherry
-tree-chopping George most people
remember from
their history books. But
recently, many historians have begun to focus on
the roles slavery played in
the lives
of the founding generation.
①
They have been spurred in
part by DNA evidence made
available in
1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas
Jefferson had fathered at least
one
child with his slave Sally Hemings.
And
only over the past 30 years have scholars examined
history from the bottom up. Works of
several historians reveal the moral compromises
made by the
nation’s early leaders and
the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More
significantly, they argue
that many of
the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong
–
and yet most did little to
fight it..
这跟很多人在历史书上读到过的那个砍樱桃树的华盛顿有点大相
径庭。
但是最近开始，
历史学家开始越来越关
< br>注奴隶制在美国开国一代人的生活中所扮演的角色。他们多半是受了
1998
年
DNA
事件的影响。那个事件证明托
马斯
?
杰弗逊至少和他的奴隶萨利
?
赫明思生过一个孩子。
学者们从头至尾地研究
历史还是近三十年的事情。
一些历
史学家揭示了早期开国者们的
道德妥协和早期国家的不稳定性。
更重要的是，
他们认为很多开
国元勋知道奴隶制是
错误的，但是大多数并没有去反抗。
spur
[sp
?
:] n.
马刺
,
刺激物
,
鼓舞
vt.
刺激
,
激励
,
用马刺刺
vi.
用马刺驱马
,
疾驰
【例】
Do not
spur a willing horse.
君子一言，好马一鞭。
compromise
['k
?
mpr
?
maiz] n.
妥协
,
折衷
,
折衷案
,
和解
vi.
妥协处理
vt.
危害
【例】
Oppose all
vacillation and compromise.
反对任何的动摇妥协。
fragile
['fr?d
?
ail] a.
易碎的
,
脆的
名词：
fragility, fragileness
副词：
fragilely
【例】
Is anything fragile
enclosed?
这包裹里有易破的东西吗？
infancy
['inf
?
nsi] n.
幼年<
/p>
,
初期
,
幼儿期
【例】
Growth is
rapid in infancy.
幼儿期的成长相当快。
1
、
They have been
spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in
1998, which almost
certainly proved
Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child
with his slave Sally Hemings.
【译文】他们多半是
受了
1998
年
DNA
事件的影响。那个事件证明托马斯
?
杰弗逊至少和他的
奴隶萨利
?
赫明
思生过一个孩子。
【解析】该句的主干是
They
have been spurred in part by DNA
evidence
，过去分词短语
made
available in 1998
和
Which
引导的非限定性从句都做后置定语，共同修饰名词
evidence
。定语从句的主谓结构
是
which proved
，宾语是省略了关系代词的宾语从句（
< br>that
）
Tommas Jefferson had
fathered
…
Hemings
，
其中
father
做动词，意为“<
/p>
[
作为父亲
]
生
[
孩子
]
，成
为······的父亲”。
More than
anything, the historians say, the founders were
hampered by the culture of their time.
While Washington and Jefferson
privately expressed distaste for slavery, they
also understood that
it was part of the
political and economic bedrock of the country they
helped to create.
最主要的原因，就是建国者们受到了当时文化的
束缚。当华盛顿和杰弗逊私底下表示对奴隶制的不满时，他们
也明白奴隶制同时也是他们
努力建造的这个国家的政治经济基础的一部分。
bedrock
[bed'r
?
k] n.
岩床
,
根底
,
基础
【例】
Ancient culture
is the bedrock of all.
古老的文化蕴孕着时代永恒的文明。
For one thing, the South could not
afford to
part with its slaves. Owning
slaves was “like having
a large bank
account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect
God: George Washington, His Slaves,
and
the Creation of America.
②
The southern states would
not have signed the Constitution
without protectio
ns for the
“peculiar institution,” including a clause that
counted a slave
as three fifths of a
man for purposes of congressional representation.
一方面，南方各州无法认同废除奴隶制度。如《不完美的上帝：乔治
?
华盛顿、他的奴隶和美国的建立》一书
作者
Wiencek
所描述，拥有努力“就像拥有一笔巨额存款”。如果没有对于
这种“特殊制度”的保护，南方各州
不会同意签署宪法。这种特殊的制度保护包括：在国
会代表人数中一个奴隶可以算作五分之三个公民。
congressional
[k
?
n'gre
??
nl] a.
会议的
,
议会的
,<
/p>
国会的
【例】
The congressional
opponents zeroed in on the bill.
国会中的反对派把矛头集中指向那项议案。
2
、
The southern
states would not have signed the Constitution
without protections for the
“peculiar
institution,” including a clause that counted a
slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of
congressional representation.
【译文】如果没有对于这种“特殊制度”的保护，南方各州不会同意签署宪法。这种特殊的制度保护包括：在
国会代表人数中一个奴隶可以算作五分之三个公民。
【解析】这句话虽然很长，但是结构很简单。”
including
”后面是对“
perculiar
institution
”
的进一步
解释，在理解的时候，可以把这句话分成两句话来理解。“如果没有对于这种“特殊制度”的保护，
南方各州不会同意签署宪法。这种特殊的制度保护包括：在国会代表人数中一个奴隶可以算作五分之三
个公民。
”
And the
statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.
The three
-fifths formula handed
Jefferson his narrow victory in the
presidential election of 1800 by inflating the
votes of the southern
states in the
Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson
extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase
in 1803; the new land was carved into
13 states, including three slave states.
政治家的政治生命也取决于奴隶制度。
正由于这个五分之三公式，
< br>南方选举团的选票扩大了，
杰弗逊才在
1800
大选中险胜。入主白宫之后的
1803
年，杰弗
逊通过购买路易斯安那州扩大了奴隶制度，这片土地后来被划分为了
13
个州，其中包括
3
个蓄奴州。
formula
['f
?
:mjul
?
] n.
公式
,
程式
;
准则
,
方案复
【例】
What formula
will they accept?
什么方案各方都能接受呢？
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s
children –
though not Hemings herself
or his approximately 150
other slaves.
Washington, who had begun to believe that all men
were created equal after observing
the
bravery of the black soldiers during the
Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition
of his
relatives to grant his slaves
their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier,
such an act would have
required
legislative approval in Virginia.
然而，杰弗
逊还是解放了赫明思的孩子们，虽然没有同样解放赫明思和其他
150
< br>名奴隶。华盛顿在目睹了美
国独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇之后开始相信人人生就平
等。于是，不顾亲属的反对，他解放了自己所有的努力。而
仅仅在十年前，解放奴隶的法
案才在弗吉尼亚得以批准。
legislative
['led
?
isl
?
tiv] a.
立法的
,
有立法权的
,
立法机构的
n.
< br>立法权
,
立法机构
【例】
composed of
one legislative body.
由一个立法机关组成。
36.
George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to
[A] show the primitive medical practice
in the past.
primitive
[
'primitiv ]
原始的
[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery
in his days.
[C] stress the role of
slaves in the U.S. history.
[D] reveal
some unknown aspect of his life.
36.
参考答案【
D
】【解析】弄清楚作者开始讲
述故事的目的，关键要知道他是如何从一则轶事过渡到
下文主题的。从篇章分析看，由“
华盛顿利用奴隶的轶事”到“华盛顿砍倒樱桃树的典型形象”再到“奴隶