民风彪悍-花式
.
-
America
?
The Founding of
Colonies
殖民地的建立
First
Inhabitants
：
American
Indians
Discovery of the New
World
：
1492
Christopher Columbus
→
the discoverer
of America
(Italian)Spanish
Queen’ s support
1501
-
2 Amerigo
Vespucci
→
the
new land was
name after him as
America.
reached the mouth
of Amazon River
America
—
the New
World
Europe
—
the Old
World
13
colonies
：
New
England Colonies:
Mid Atlantic Colonies:
Southern Colonies:
Massachusetts
→
（
2nd colony
，
1620
）
New York
Maryland
New
Hampshire
Pennsylvania
Virginia
→
（
1st colony
，
1607
）
Rhode
Island
Delaware
North Carolina
Connecticut
South
Carolina
Georgia
→
（
the
last colony
，
1733
）
New England Region
（
6
个）
:
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
Hampshire, Maine and Vermont
建立原因：
Virginia, 1607
Virginia Company
For foreign expansion as a way of
easing religious dispute and economic distress in
England
105 men (no
women)
Jamestown in honor of
the king
Massachusetts In 1620
102 Puritans
(
“
Pilgrim
Fathers
”
), in Mayflower,
from Plymouth in England to America
First in Plymouth (today’s
Massachusetts); and then Boston
Seek religious freedom
Mayflower Compact <
< br>五月花号公约
>
：
self
-
government
Hardships when arrived
the help of the Indians
Thanksgiving Day
to thank
the Indians and the God for protection
The next three
colonies
Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New Hampshire
Reasons:
1. religious disputes and struggles in
Massachusetts intensified
2.
more immigrants
.
-
Maine and Vermont
Reason:
Proximity
(
邻近
)
Non
-
English
Colonies
New York, New
Jersey
were first colonized by the
Dutch.
Delaware
was founded by the Swedish.
Pennsylvania: Quakers /the Society of
Friends
(another group of English
Protestant)
William Penn,
the founder
Granted colonies
Maryland
granted by Charles
I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for
English Catholics.
South
Carolina and North Carolina
given by
Charles II to his eight close
supporters.
The
last colony Georgia
A haven
(
港口，避难所
) for English
prisoners of debt who could not discharge their
debts.
?
The Early
Immigrants
最初的殖民与殖民生活
White Anglo
-
Saxon
Protestants (WASPs)
Reasons
to immigrate:
1. religious disputes
（
persecute Catholics and
Protestants
）
2.
to become rich in the New World (Protestant work
ethic)
3. poor men
as
indentured
servants
（契约劳工）
4.
convicts
American culture:
A blending of European cultures, but
not a mere transplantation.
New values:
1.
new ideas and reforms
2.
adaptations: less formal and more practical; less
conservative and more outspoken
3. industrious
4.
elasticity
(
弹性，灵活性
),tolerance,
compromise
5. religion as a
private affair
6. liberty
and democracy
?
Boston Tea
Party
波士顿倾茶事件
Relation between England and
Colonies
Economic: supply
England with raw materials while importing goods
manufactured in England.
England
←
Rival; seven years war
(1756
-
1763)
→
France
Protection
Make use of Indians to attack each
other
↓
English
colonies in America
←
attack
→
Indians
.
-
波士顿倾茶事件
Cause
: England allow the
East India Company to undersell tea without paying
import tax in the colonies.
Place&Time
：
December 16,
1773, Boston harbor
英国惩罚措施
Intolerable
Acts
：
ask to pay tea
loss
；
to deprive
self
-
rule
Result:
This policy aroused
the colonial opposition and they
declared
“
no taxation without
representation
”
.
?
Two
Continental Congresses
两次大陆会议
1st
Continental Congress
Sept.
5, 1774 in Philadelphia
Delegates from 12 colonies except
Georgia
Document:
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
《权利和不满宣言》
Rejected by the British
Parliament
Colonial
militiamen were organized.
The first armed clash
（莱克星顿的枪声——导火索）
April 19, 1775; Gunshots at the village
Lexington
, near Boston
2nd Continental
Congress
May 10, 1775 in
Philadelphia, Independence Hall
Organize and equip an American
army
Appointing
George Washington
as command
er
-
in
-
chief
Ask for help from
other countries, esp. France
Public support:
1776, Thomas
Paine
published
Common
Sense
and
The American
Crisis
?
Declaration of
Independence
独立宣言
During the 2nd Continental
Congress
——
A
committee,(composed of Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin
Franklin,John Adam and other members)
To draw up
the Declaration
of Independence.
It was drafted by
Thomas
Jefferson
on
July
4
th
, 1776
(Independence Day / the
National Day of the US)
was
a milestone in American history.
It is remarkable in that it approaches
the problem of American independence from the
angle of
human rights.
“
We hold these
truths to be self
-
evident,
that
all men are created
equal
, that they are endowed by their
Creator with
certain unalienable
Rights, that among these are
Life,
Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
;
that to secure these rights,
governments
are
instituted
among
men,
deriving
their just
powers
from
the
consent
the
governed;
that
whenever any
form of government becomes destructive
of these ends, it is the right of the people to
alter or to abolish it, and to institute
a new
government...
”
---
Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas
Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, etc..
来源和评价：
A
masterpiece of western philosophy; mainly comes
from the British philosopher
John Locke
equality and
freedom
universal; beyond
American boundaries
.
-
?
Military
Struggle and the Final Victory
战争经过和最后胜利
England VS America
战前实力对比
England
America
population: 10 m.
3 million
most
advanced
not developed
strongest navy
none
High morale
--
Americans: high morale
but repeated setbacks
Difficulties:
1.
not every colonist support the revolution:
loyalists such as big merchants and
bankers
2. the Continental
Congress cannot pass laws and it did not have an
executive branch to carry out the
decisions
3. lack
money
4. each colony is more
concerned about defending itself than gaining
independence as a whole
5.
lack the strength to fight against the British
army.
Turning
point and the victories
se
attacks
游击战
in’ s
diplomatic activities to obtain foreign aids, such
as aids from France, Spain and Holland.
volunteers: e.g. Lafayette
Last victory
:
Decisive battle at Yorktown led by
Washington
On Oct. 19, 1781,
British general Cornwallis
(
康沃利斯
)
surrendered.
The
final peace treaty The Treaty of Paris in 1783
acknowledged the American
Independence.
（
The final peace treaty was
signed in 1782 and went in effect in
1783
）
?
Constitutional
Convention
制宪会议
America Following Independence
new problems
1) how to make use of the new territory
--
allow the
founding of new states [equality and
democracy]
2) not very
closely united
--
13 separate states rather
than a united country
3)
economic difficulties
--
trade problem with
Britain
--
debts
because of the Independance War
--
increasing tax and
Shays
’
Rebellion
in Massachusetts
The need for a new Government was felt
——
May 25,1787,55
delegates from all states except Rhode Island
attended the Constitutional Convention in
Philadelphia.
No easy
work:
the North vs the
South
.
-
the upper class vs lower
class
state government vs
central government
The
draft of
Constitution
--
completed
on September 17,
1787
--
Constitutional Day of
the US
The Father of the
Constitution: James Madison
Bill of Rights(1789): 10
amendments to the Constitution
freedom of religion,
freedom of speech and the press,
the right of peaceful
assembly and petition,
the
right to keep and bear arms,
the right against unreasonable searches
and seizures,
the right
against self
-
incrimination
（自证其罪）
---
the right
for everyone to refuse to give witness against
himself in any
criminal
case.
---
a
defense line against violations of human rights
政治体制见另一张
?
Territorial
Expansion
领土扩张
Washington as the First President
华盛顿执政期间
April 6,
1789
, Washington was elected as the
First President
by a unanimous vote in
New York (provisional capital)
1) success in transforming
the states into a union
2)
Economy witnessed development
”
Ways to Expand
四种领土扩张方式
Purchase
: Louisiana
Purchase, Gadsden Purchase, Alaska Purchase,
etc
War:
Mexican
War, Independence War, Spanish Cessions,
etc.
Annexation
:
Mexican Annexation, Hawaii
Annexation, etc.
Westward Movement
Jefferson and the Purchase
of Louisiana
杰斐逊执政期间
---
third US President in
1801
---
emphasized development of
agriculture and commerce
---
favored the westward
expansion
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
其意义：
1
.doubled the territory of
US
and make possible further expansion
the Mississippi River
system under the complete control of the US
1) stimulate the
agricultural and industrial development of the
Midwest
2)appearance of
large cities as Chicago and Kansas Cities
The Mexican War
(1846
-
1848 )
过程
.
-
--
America claimed Texas,
used to be part of the great Spanish Colony, was
included in the purchase of Louisiana.
--
In 1836,
self
-
declaration of
independence of Texas with many American Settlers
from Mexico
--
1846, The Mexican War broke but finally an unequal
treaty was forced on Mexico.
?
Westward
Movement
西进运动
Expansion to the west (end of
18th
-
first half of 19th
century)
reason to
move:
for increased
population
satisfied with
the present life
an
frontiersmen
拓荒者
The most outstanding of all
the westward migration took place after the war of
1812,there were many
contributing
factors
:
--
the war 1812 drove the
native Indians
--
the Federal government
built roads and canals
--
The Mississippi River
opened and steam boat was invented in 1807.
--
government
policy: land for sale
--
the Homestead Act
宅地法
（
1862 President
Lincoln)
Cities:San
Francisco,Portland,Denver
The significance and
importance
西进运动的重要性和影响
--
Frontiersmen's Influence
Positive:
on
Politics
：
---
Frontiersmen as
presidents; Jackson, Lincoln and Grant
Expanded territory and increased
population laid the foundation for a global
power.
On
Economics
fast development
of agriculture
food surplus
for trade
contribution to
industrialization
On
transportation and urbanization
On American character and
value
---
dash and
daring, ready to run risks and
aggressive
---
learn many skills and
self
-
reliance,
self
-
discipline
---
farmers and
hunters , poor lower class; so not pay attention
to social background
---
hard work:
---
rough , pragmatic and
less refined , honest
Negative: Trail of Tears of
Indians
?
The beginning
of Slavery in America
美国奴隶制起源
Reason
: labor shortage in
the colonies
Time:
first in 1619 to plant
tobacco
Method:
the triangular trade :carried out by the slave
traders mainly from the New England by capturing
Negros in west
.
-
Africa
development and change:
--
declined after
Independence War
--
revived when the American
Industrial Revolution began in late 18th
century.
--
By
1860, 3 million Negro slaves; 1/3 of the Southern
population
?
American Civil War
南北战争
/
美国内战
Conflicts arising from Slavery
Reasons
：
--
Economically,north
demanded the Congress to pass the protective
tariff law
--
Politically,westward
expansion: new land as free states or
slave
-
holding states?
--
Religious and
moral reason:slavery as inhuman and brutal
Development of
the conflict
1)
abolitionists: to end
slavery
---
secret
organization to help slaves escape
---
mobilize public
support
2)
the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin
(1852 Mrs. Stowe)
（
led to the outbreak of the
American civil
war
一个小妇人的一部小书引起了一场战争）
总结：
Civil
War
爆发的原因：
cal
balance between the North and the South was
broken
y inhibited the
development of capitalism
Christians opposed slavery for religious and moral
reasons.
Abraham
Lincoln
a Republican;
anti
-
slavery
On March 4, 1861 President
Lincoln
Firm in preserving
the Union
Military Contest in the Civil War
2 sides : the Confederate
States of America (Confederacy) led by Davis
and the Union led by
Abraham Lincoln
Attack On
April 12, 1861 led by Fort Sumter, South
Carolina
Lincoln's goal: to
defend the Union and defeat
separatism
分离论
North
South
advantages:
advantages:
---
larger population
---
strong
military tradition
---
loyal Navy
---
experienced military
officers
---
factories for munition
production
---
high
morale
---
enough
food supply
disadvantages:
disadvantages:
---
poorly prepared
---
smaller
population
---
inexperienced soldiers
---
not enough food
supply
The year
1863 was a turning point when the blockade stopped
all foreign trade of the South.
.
-
In July 1863,
a great victory of the North in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania.
Emancipation Proclamation
,
effective on Jan. 1, 1863
Lincoln's Gettysburg
Address:
government of the people, by
the people, for the people.
民有
,
民治
,
民享
The Suffering of the South:
men were killed, cities leveled to the
ground, crops destroyed
The Union win the Final
Victory
April 2, 1865,
Appomattox; Ulysses Grant (Union)vs. Robert Lee
(Confederate)
Effect of the Civil War
Finally put an end to
slavery
but not really
carried out
Ku Klux Klan (3K
党
)
：
sec
ret organization to threaten the black
people.
Economic
development
:
Henry Ford in 1908
Wright Brothers in 1903
Telephone by Bill in 1876
The lamp and motion picture by Thomas
Edison
Monopolies
垄断公司
The Standard Oil Company ,founded by
John D. Rockefeller in 1870
The United States Steel Corporation by
Andrew Carnegie
The Bell
telephone system
?
America in and
after WWI
一战中和一战后的美国
America before WWI
(1914
-
1918)
in the West: Latin America and the
Caribbean were the backyard of it.
In the East, the US advocated the Open
Door Policy to guarantee its trade
access.
Military
Blocs
：
Triple
Alliance / Central Powers
：
Allied Entente
：
Germany
Britain
Austria
-
Hungary
France
Italy
（后加入
Allied
Entente
）
Russia
America (1917) On April 6,1917,the
United States declared war on Germany
Reasons of America to Join
War
German submarines sank
American ships
fear of
Americans interests
（
huge
loans made to Britain
）
Germany induced Mexico to war against
America
民风彪悍-花式
民风彪悍-花式
民风彪悍-花式
民风彪悍-花式
民风彪悍-花式
民风彪悍-花式
民风彪悍-花式
民风彪悍-花式
-
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