exchanged-热战
1.
航空公司面临的问题？如何解决？
The technical innovations post the
problem of financing the new capital investments
which they made
necessary.
(1)the aircraft manufactures became
increasingly involved with raising capital for
their customers, either through
the
commercial banks in their own counting or through
special export trade banks.
(2)the
emerged consortia of banks which purchased
aircraft and then leased them to the airlines.
2.
航空运输业发展特征。
In
the first place, the rate of growth of non-
scheduled air transport was higher than that
of scheduled. Secondly, the
profitability of airlines during the last 30 years
has been fairly marginal despite the
rapid growth of demand for their
services.
3.
航空运输发展阶段。
During 1960s: unit cost declined.
1968-1975
：
airlines
struggled for financial survival.
1975-1978:
the
world’
s airlines did very
well.
1979- 1983: airlines
entered a period of deep crisis.
The second half of the 1980s: dramatic
turn-
around in airline’
s
fortunes.
过两三年中国航空业是好是坏：
the
industry
’
s indebtedness will
worsen because the large number of aircraft
orders.
4.
Non-
economic
regulations
（
Technical
standard
，
Technical
regulations
）技术规章
The objective is to keep high level of
safety of airline operation, covering every aspect
of airline activity.
目标作用
(1)Regulation of the Aircraft
Airworthiness.
（
Design
standard
，
Production
standard
，
Performance:
engine
）适航
(2)Regulations covering the timing,
nature and supervision of maintenance and over-
haul work and the training
and
qualification of the engineers.
维修
(3)
Regulations governing the numbers and type of
flight and cabin crew. (Duties, Training ,
Licensing, Workload,
Schedules)
机组
(4) Detailed regulations covering both
the way in which aircraft are operated and the
operation of the
aircraft.(Licensed by
the authority, Satisfy certain criteria, Comply
with operating standards) (5) Regulations and
recommended standards dealing with
aviation infrastructure.(Airports, Meteorological
services, En-route
navigational
facilities)
保障设施
5.
航空业发展原因：
(1)the
falling level of operating costs enabled airlines
to offer tariffs that were lower tariffs in
real terms.(2)per capita
incomes(
人均收入
) in the
developed countries of the world were
increasing.(3)there was
a boom in world
trade, which increased both business travel and
demand for air freight facilities.
6.
技术规章的特点。
General
and not specific to a particular aircraft type and
promulgated(
颁布
) as
regulations of
the civil aviation
directorates or the relevant ministries of each
country.
（
Federal aviation
regulations-USA, Air
navigation order-
UK, International standards and recommended
practice
）
7.
在技术规章，管理者如何经营？
Although these various technical
standards and safety procedures constrained
airline managers and impose
penalties
on airline operations. Such external controls are
inevitable if high safety standards are to be
maintained,
and significantly all
airlines are equally affected by them. No major
airline can enjoy a competitive advantage since
there are no
“
flags of
convenience
”
on air
transport for airlines to circumvent safety or
manning regulations.
8.
Economic regulations
经济规章
(1) The exchange of air traffic rights,
or freedom of the air.
航权
The first and
second traffic
right
——
overflying right
The third and fourth
right
——
mutual exchange
of the commercial traffic
right-loading and unloading right
The
fifth and sixth right
——
the
right granted by country A to an airline from
country B to carry traffic between A
and countries other than B.
(2)The control of fares and freight
tariffs. regulated by the international air
transport association.
(3)The control
of frequencies and capacity. Inter-airline
agreement and sometimes for bilateral state
agreement.
1
经济规章的作用
:
effectively determine the nature of any
industry, for they regulate the entry of firms
into each
market(through traffic
rights), the degree of pricing freedom and the
nature of controls on production, if
any.
9.
航权对航空公司的限制
。
（经济规章对航空公司的限制）
First, their markets are often
restricted. Secondly, the level of output or
product of each airline is not entirely
at its own discretion. Lastly,
airlines
’
pricing freedom is
also limited.
10.
直接运营成本、间接运营成本
Direct operating costs should include
all those costs which are associated with and
dependent on the type of
aircraft being
operated and which would change if the aircraft
type wan changed. Including all flying
espenses( such as flight crew salaries,
fuel and oil), all maintenance and overhaul costs
and all aircraft
depreciation costs.
Indirect operating costs are all those
costs which will remain unaffected by a change of
aircraft operations.
Including areas of
expenditure (passenger service costs, costs of
ticketing and sales, and station and ground
costs),
general administrative costs.
11.
Direct Operating
Costs
1)Cost of flight
operations
(1) all costs
associated with flight crews:
direct
salaries, stopover expenses, allowances, pensions,
insurance and
social welfares payment.
(2) fuel and
oil
(3)
airport and en route charges
(4) insurance
of the flight equipment
(5) cost of flight training costs or of
route development. if it is amortized
over several years then they are group
together with depreciation.
2) Maintenance and overhaul costs: a
whole series of separate costs, related to
different aspects of maintenance
and
overhaul.
3)Depreciation and
amortization
annual depreciation=(price
of aircraft-residual value)/depreciation period
Hourly depreciation cost=annual
depreciation cost/the block time
Indirect operation costs
n
and ground
expenses
——
providing an
airline’ s services at an airport
2. Cost of passenger passenger
services
——
the pay,
allowances and other expenses directly related to
aircraft
cabin staff and other
passenger service personnel
3.
Ticketing, sales and promotion
costs
——
all expenditure, pay,
allowances, etc., related to staff engaged in
ticketing, sales and promotion
activities and so on
4. General and
administrative costs
——
Those
costs which are truly general to the airline or
which cannot readily
be allocated to a
particular activity
12.
市场营销步骤。
The
marketing audit; Analyzing opportunities (scanning
the environment, analyzing customer
needs); Developing strategy; Developing
a control system.
13.
Developing the strategy
针对旅客需求制定策略从哪几方面考虑？
(1) to provide service to satisfy the
customers need at the least possible cost to the
customers.
(2) a good
strategy must know the characteristic of air
transportation: uncertain, seasonal, directional
,depending
on the time of day, and
density.
14. Developing a Control
System:
Measure its performance in the
marketplace, compare it to the plan, take
corrective action on a timely
basis.
(1)the macro level:
marketing performance is measured and compared to
the plan with respect to such variables
as overall sales, market share, and
load factor.
Macro- level control
system:
the sales analysis and the
marketing profitability analysis.
(2)
The micro level: the interest shift to the
profitability of individual services or the
marketing mix. an analysis of
the
contribution of each element of the marketing mix
and of the mix itself.
15.
机
场服务、设施分类。
（机场收入来源）
(1) Essential operational services and
facilities
——
Activities
concerning safety of aircraft and airport
itself,
such
2
as:
Air traffic control service, Landing of aircraft,
meteorological service, telecommunications Police
and security,
fire and ambulance
services of search and rescue, runway and building
maintenance.
基本运营服务和设施
安保的重要性
with the increase in
hijacking and terrorism, policing and security is
nowadays an airport service of
considerable importance. Apart from the
normal police duties required at any large public
place, specialist staff
are now also
needed for passenger search, baggage search,
access control and so on. These latter services
are
sometimes defined as security
rather than policing activities but the
distinction between the two is very blurred
and so they are considered together.
后一类的服务有时也被界定为一种安全措施，
而不算警方行为；
但两者的
区别经常模糊不清，所以经常把两者一起考虑。
(2) traffic
handing
——
some are associated
directly with the aircraft itself and include
cleaning, provision of power
and
loading or unloading of the baggage/freight hold.
This is sometimes referred to as ramp handling.
Other
handling activities are more
directly traffic related and cover the various
stages of processing of passengers,
baggage of freight through the
respective terminals and onto the aircraft.
航空性业务收入
(3)
Commercial activities
——
Most
European airports commercial facilities are
provided by concessionaires. The
airport authorities will collect
concession fees or rents from these companies. But
there are some exemptions.
Almost all airport in U.S. the
commercial services are contracted out and done by
the specified companies.
16.
机场成本构成。
Cost structure:
1) the European airports:
(1)
staff and labor cost: the largest single cost
element.
The airport itself
provides passenger or baggage handling, freight
handling, catering, the operation of duty- free
shops or other shopping facilities.
(2)
Capital charges:
include interest paid
and depreciation.
(3) The cost of
services of equipment and of supplies:12% or so.
(4)Maintenance and repair
costs: around 9% of
the cost.
(5)Administration: 4%.
(6)Other cost represent 11%of total
coats
2) The airport of the United
state:
(1)
Staff costs
reduced:
The terminal and
other facilities of the airport is rented or
leased out to the airlines or
others,
the terminal may even be owned by airlines rather
than the airports.
Most
airports have financed much their development
through it revenue bonds.
(2) Capital
charge: Interest paid is the major part of their
annual expenditure. And the depreciation and
interest
paid represent a relatively
large proportion.
17.
机场收入构成。
Source
of airport revenue
(1)US airport
revenue: High commercial sources major revenue is
from the aeronautical charge.
Non-
aeronautical revenue are those generated from non-
aircraft- related commercial activities in the
terminal or
on the airport
land
——
rents for office space
and check-in desks, shopping concessions of
various kinds, car-
parking fee,
recharge to tenants for services, catering and so
on.
(2) The European airports revenue:
major revenue is from the aeronautical activities.
18.
影响旅客需求的因素。
1)
The general economic:
(1)The price of air transport.(2) The level and
distribution of personal income.
The
growth of air transport can be explained by the
two factors, the level of economic activity and
trade
directly influences the growth of
demand for business travel, it also influences
leisure demand
2)
supply- related factor:
Frequency, seat availability, departure, arrival
times, en- route stops, other supply
feature. Overall speed and convenience.
3)
The particular factors
(1)Demand for holiday trips related to
the tourist attractiveness of particular
destination.
(2) The visiting friends
and relatives(VFR) demand is clearly affected by
earlier population movements and
migrations.
(3)
The demand for business travel is related to the
level of trade and commercial interaction
between two city pairs.
19.
航班时刻表编排考虑三个因素：
1)
Public requirement
公众需求
(1)Passenger
volumes(area demand) : city pair( O &D), and
connecting passengers.
3