blinded城市规划专业英语翻译

2021年1月28日发(作者：主题词表)

城市规划专业英语翻译．

to

definition

It's

very

difficult

to give a

ARTICLE: The Evolution of Modern Urban Planning

CHAPTER ONE: EVOLUTION AND TRENDS

planning, modern urban

from origin to today, modern urban

Originally, modern

planning is

more like an evolving and changing process, and it will continue evolving and changing.

urban planning was emerged to resolve the problems brought by Industrial Revolution; it

was physical and

for

land-use.

development

political

and

technical

Then

with

the

economic,

social,

technical

with focus on

one hundred years, today's city is a complex system

which contains many elements that are

related to over

each

other.

And

urban

planning

is

not

only

required

to

concern

with

the

build

environment,

but also relate

从起源到今

more to economic, social and political conditions.

以现代城市规划，这是非常困难的给

予定义，现代城市规划的出现，天，现代城市规划更像是一个不断发展和变化的过程，它 会继续发展和变化。本来，以

解决工业革命所带来的问题，

它是 物理和与土地利用的重点技术。

然后，

随着经济，

社会，

政治和技术超过百年的发展，

今天的城市是一 个复杂的系统包含哪些是相互关联的许多内容。而城市规划不仅要关注

与构建环境，而且还涉及更多

的经济，社会和政治条件。

is Industrial Revolution

human In history,

point always viewed as a turning

because it brought tremendous

produce

could

was

just

like

a

myth

because

machine

it

changes

to

the

world.

At

the

beginning,

factories

Following

that,

a

large

number

of

human

manufactured

goods

more

quickly

than

the

hand.

called

is

factories.

This

process

left

and

a

large

amount

of

people

their

agriculture

land

to the appeared

industrialization. It brought with the rapid economic growth, the expansion of city and

the immigration of

problems,

caused

many

growth

scale

population

in

city

and

without

any

planning

population.

Large

在

the

industrial

cities

became

drab,

polluted,

unsafe

and

unhealthy.

especially

in

the

living

condition

——

人类 历史上，工业革命总是视为一个转折点，因为它带来的巨大变化给世界。一开始，它简直就像一个神话，因为机器

可以生产制成品的速度比人的手。随后，大量的工厂出现，大量的人离开了他们的农业土 地给工厂。这个过程被称为产

业化。它带来了经济的快速增长，城市扩张和人口移民。大 规模的城市，没有任何规划人口增长造成了许多问题，特别

With social reform movement,

early modern

urban

planning

是在生活条件

-

工业城市成为单调，污染，不安全和不健康的。

housing, sanitation

period, the idea of

was concentrated on dealing with the problems of

and infrastructure, and the spread of cholera and other waterborne diseases. During that

planning

was

to

create

a

pleasant,

self-contained

environment

providing

for

work,

settlement,

and leisure,

through careful and expert design. A famous example is Howard's Garden City; it planned

a beautiful city,

which was divided into many districts including the center of city, industrial areas,

residential areas, schools

and greenbelt to allow people to live together in

“

harmony

，

health and happiness

”

. The

theory contributed a

lot

to

the

practice

of

early

modern

urban

planning

in

European.

In

a

nutshell,

the

beginning

of modern

urban planning was more like blueprint approach; it was seen as essentially

“

a technical

process of design

urbanization, with the litical unrelated and drawing, in its operation to economic or

poprocess

”

. Along

早期

zoning was begun, and housing, subdivision, and public health codes were created.

随

着社会改革运动 ，现代城市规划是集中在与住房，卫生和基础设施，以及霍乱和其它水源性疾病的传播问题的处理。在

< p>
此期间，规划理念是创造一个愉快的，独立的环境，提供工作，定居，休闲和专家通过精心设计。著 名的例子是霍华德

的花园城市，计划一个美丽的城市，这是为包括城市中心，工业区，住 宅区，学校和绿地，让人们生活在了一起很多地

区分为“和谐，健康和幸福。

< p>
”该理论贡献良多早期现代美国城市规划的做法。概

括地说，现代城市规划的蓝图开始是想更多的办法，它被看作 是本质“的设计和绘图技术，在其运作过程

无关的经济

The

development of modern urban

planning

或政治进程。

”随着城市化，分区是开始，住 房，细分和公共健康规范的创建。

depends

现代城市规划的发展在很大

largely on the development of social policy, economy and scientific

technique.

程度上取决于社会政策，经济和科学技术的发展

needthe urgent

Facing with

of

post-war

a pattern

reconstruction,

Planning development. oriented toward recovery and economic 1950s'urban planning showed

However,

creation

and housing provision. concerned became

primarily with industrial

development,

job

planners with no background of economic and social training couldn't be sensitive to the

wider economic,

political

and

social

complexities

of

urban

planning.

So

planning

still

emphasized

more

on

physical land-use

1950s'urban

but to respond the demand of post-war reconstruction.< /p>

随着战后重建的迫切需要面对，

规划成为与产业发展，创造就业和 住房有关条文。然而，显示模式走向复苏和经济发展的导向。规划

PRIMAR

由于没

有经济和社会培训背景规划者不能敏感的矛盾的经济，政治和社会 的城市规划的复杂性。所以仍计

划强调物理土地使

reconstruction,

the

post-war Going through

用更多的响应，但战后重建的需求。

1960s

came with rapidly growing economy and advancing technology. Urban planners were aware to

the complex

urban system of political, economic, technical and environmental problems. As a result,

planning started to

provide development strategies on socio-economic aspect and environmental protection.

Regional Planning

and National Planning were rapidly developed to provide general policies and strategies,

such as large-scale

guide

development, etc.

to growth,

economic framework,

population distribution,

infrastructure housing

occurred

there

planning

Because

local

planning.

of

the

introduction

of

computers

to

urban

process,

growing

became

more

scientific.

Furthermore,

due

to

the

rapidly

planning

planning

models.

Then

urban

number of cars, the transportation planning became a more important part of planning. At

the same time,

that advocated

and uncontrolled redevelopment, pollution

by environmentalist,

awareness

of

urban

Furthermore,

conservation.

environmental

pay

planning

should

more

attention

on

protection

and

urban

public

participation

was

introduced

to

the

planning

process

because

they

realized

that

urban

planning was

年代迅速发展的经济和先进技术来了。城市规划者

< p>
related to their benefits.

通过战后重建会，世纪

6020

意

< br>识到在复杂的政治，

经济，

技术和环境问题的城镇体系。

因此，

规划开始提供有关社会经济方面和环保事业的发展战略。

区域规划和国家规划提供了快速发展的大政方针和策略，如大规模的经济框架，人口分布 ，基础设施的发展，房屋开发

等，

引导地方规划。

由于计算机引入城市规划过程中，

发生规划模型。

然

Sametime

交通规划成为规划的重要组成部分。

在由于汽车数量迅速增加，城市规划更加科学。后，此外，的，环保的污染和无节制的城市重建的 认识，主张规划应更

加环保和城市保护的重视。此外，被介绍给公众参与规划的过程，因 为他们意识到城市规划是关系到他们的利益。

1970's capitalist economy began

to recess,

its values were

Traditional

challenged

and

planning

profession

encountered

crisis.

“

Planning

had

not

been

able

to

fulfill

promise

of

balancing

growth

across

the

country

and

spreading

its

benefits

widely

with

society

”

.

During this

period,

planning

was

combined

to

implementation,

not

just

design

and

reform.

And

planning

was not just

political vested was part in policy- making, so planning officials, following the policy

made by but take

of

the

that

would

include

goals

wanted

implication.

Most

of

radical

planners

a

redefinition

of planning

process

a

longer

design

of

social

justice,

equality,

and

redistribution

wealth

and

power.

Planning was no

take part in. Related

completed by expertise, but a political process that involved citizens of every class to

policies or ordinance were established to form an open and equal planning process. Thus,

apart from the

planning- making, including allocation original land use and socio-economic strategies,

planning

process

，

年代资本主义经济开始休会，

70

ap plication

and

enforcement,

was

integrated

into

planning system.

20

世纪其平衡全国各地的传播与社会发展和

Fulfil

传统价值观念受到挑战和策划界遇到的危机。

“规划没有能够它的好处广泛的诺言”

。 在此期间，其中合并计划的实施，不仅是设计和规划什么改革，而不是由以下

官员的政策 ，但参与决策的一部分，所以规划是赋予政治含义。规划师最想要的规划激进的重新定义，其中包括社会正

义，平等，财富和权力再分配的目标。规划不再是一个由专家完成设计过程，而是一个政治过程 ，每类涉及公民参加英

寸相关政策或法令的一部分，

建立，

形成一个开放的规划程序和平等。

因此，

除 了原有的土地使用分配和社会经济战略，

规划的过程中，包括规划，决策，实施和执行， 这将规划系统集

成

When times came to 1980s, with

the

global

economic

restructuring,

business

played

a

vital

role

in economic system and planning encountered forgetting. Some people thought that

market could allocate the resources and balance the demand and require in a more

rational way, but planning restricted market. Actually, resources are limit, and city is

composed of political, economic, cultural and environmental issues, market is not able

e

of

planning.

Today's

urban

planning

is

to

balance

them

all.

Then

1990s

is

the

resurgenc

a

comprehensive planning with concerns about the sustainable development of politics,

economy and environment. It contains socio-economic development strategy, policies,

regulations, decision-making process, environmental conservation as well as land-use

planning, urban design and landscape. In addition, along with the economic

globalization, planning is going beyond the traditionally boundary of nation state.

Planning cooperation in regions and all over the world is searched for a better

economic circumstance and a sustainable environment. Today's planning is socio-required

to put the city in world context, and then figures out promising strategies for

了至关中发挥调整，企业在经济经济结世当

its future development.

时间来到

20

纪

80

年代全球构 划要场规拨

资源，平衡需求和更理性的方式，市场遗划系统遇到忘。有些人认为市能增规 重要的作用和这是无法平衡所有场成的，

市问题组境环，文化和经济源限制，城市是政治 ，资，实求，但受到限制。其．

问题续发

展划是一个关于政治，

经济< /p>

和

环境的可持

。今天的城市

20

些，然后是世

纪

90< /p>

年代

规

划的复

苏 规

划，城市

规

程，以及

环

境保育土地利用

总

体

战

的全面

规

划。它包 括社会

经济发

展略，政策，法

规

，决策

过

划和世界各地的区域合作

< p>
是

规规

划是超越了民族国家的

传统边

界。

。

此外，

随着

设计

和景

观经济

全球化，

是需投入在世界上的城市，

然后出其 境。

今天的

规

划范

围环寻

找一种更好的社会

经济环境和可持续发

展的

略数字。

未来

发

展前途的

战

FURTHER READING (2): Trends in Modern Urban Planning of US

Urban planning in the United

States

differentis quite

federal

are a they than elsewhere. Since

the provides have democracy, they do not the centralized national planning that

not

been

popular

to

suggest

this

centralized

framework

into

which

local

planning

must

fit.

It has

approach

since

most

Americans

abhor

big

government.

Thus,

the

50

states

emerge

as

the

highest

levels for

在美国城市规划是相当比其他

planning,

and

sometimes

they

are

subdivided

into

regional

planning

areas.

地方 不同。由于他们是一个联邦民主，他们没有集中的国家规划框架，提供了地方规划必须适合哪。它没个州

出现作为规划的最高因此，

50

有得到普及建议 本集中的方式，因为大多数美国人深恶痛绝的大政府。

水平， 有时他们

纳入区域规划领域细分。

and

regional

the

city

Urban

planning occurs at

today. level

treatment,

sewage functions, such as transportation, water supply, Many

true

no

level,

although

the

economic

pollution

abatement,

and

development,

occur

at

regional

general-purpose

regional

governments

have

been

created.

Instead,

planning

at

the

regional

level tends to be

advisory

to

the

already

established

general-purpose

governments

at

the

state,

county,

and

municipal levels.

城市规划今天

These levels have their own planning processes, which are often linked with

regional plans.

发生在城市和地区的水平。许多功能，如交通，供水，污水处 理，污染减排和经济发展，发生在区域一级，县，相反，

虽然没有真正的通用地区政府已 经建立。在区域层面的规划往往是咨询到已经建立的通用在州，市各级政府。这些级别

有 自己的规划过程，往往与哪些区域规划联系起来。

Urban planning will most likely

remain a

regional

and local process for the foreseeable future. It is a continuous

process that does not end

with the creation of a plan but proceeds through the decision-making and monitoring and

evaluation phases

of government. And it has become established to the extent that it can be considered

institutionalized. It has

and

government

inherent

part

of

establish

its

legitimacy

and

has

become

an

the

gone

beyond

need to

that

is,

ensuring

will

planning

be

implementation

——

that

The

business.

next

phase

in

the

evolution of

planning, means the private sectors. This that both good planning will be carried out by

the public and

and economic, better to social, built while largely concerned with the environment, will

have to relate

城 市规划将极有可能仍然是区域和本地进程在可预见的未来。这是一个持续的过程，

con ditions. political

不结束 ，创造了一个计划，而是通过决策，监测和评估阶段的政府收益。它已成为既定的，它可以被认为

是制度化的程

度。它已经超越了需要建立其合法性，并已成为政府和企业固有的 一部分。在规划发展的下

也就是说，确保良好的规划

将由公共和 私营部门进行。这意味着，规划，而很大程度上

-

一个阶段将实施

与环境建设方面，将更好地与经济，社

Urban planning can make no

claim to solving all

of

society

's

problems,

会和政治条件。

and efficient process for building

Here, must be a

but it can be an effective

open, subtle process that is planning their

cities

and regions in the best way possible.

and

compromise,

negotiation,

skills

participatory,

and

flexible.

It

requires

both

technical

and the arts of

consensus. Urban planners in the modern world must be part reformer, visionary designer,

and politician.

城市规划可以使没有解决社会所有问题的说法，但它可以成为建设的最好的方式他们的城市和地区的有效和高效的 流程。

在这里，规划必须是一个潜移默化的过程是开放的，参与性，和灵活。这既需要技 术技能

和妥协的艺术，谈判，并达

成 共识。在现代世界城市规划者必须成为改革者，有远见，设计师和政客。

there of

urban planning From

this

evolution

have arisen several long-term

trends

从这个城市规划的演变

.

有出现几个长期趋势。

Growth Control, and Decline Management

Growth

control

is

found

most

commonly

in

Sunbelt

cities

,

resorts,

coastal areas,

mountainous

regions,

and

other

environmentally

and

climatically

appealing

places.

A

common

situation is

when

long-term

residents

and

recent

in- migrants

decide

that

growth

is

occurring

too

rapidly

and destroying

to

order

control They ask urban planners to growth in that the

quality

of life

attracted

development.

and public infrastructure, services, pressures as of preserve that quality life as well

to relieve the on the

or

slow,

ameliorate,

can

mechanisms

planners

development.

by

costs

public

created

new

Urban

use that

redirect growth. While the practice remains controversial in legal terms, many court

decisions have upheld

the

right

of

state

and

local

governments

to

plan

and

control

the

tempo,

location,

and

extent

of development.

生长控制，管理和衰落增长的控制 是最常见于阳光地带城市，度假村，沿海地区，山区和其他环境和气候有吸引力的

地方。 一个常见的情况是长期居民和流动人口增长的决定是最近发生的太迅速，破坏了生活质量，吸引发展。他们要

求

城市规划者，以控制增长，以维持该生活质量以及减轻压力的基础 设施，公共服务，并通过新的发展创

造了公共成本。城市规划人员使用机制，可以减缓，改善，或 重定向增长。虽然这种做法在法律上仍然有

争议，许多

urban new to

management is relatively Decline

< p>
planners,

法院判决维护了国家和地方政府有权计划和控制节奏， 位置和发展程度。

without

and development is of because the present redistribution people, jobs,

recently, urban

urban with declining did planners not have to deal in precedent the United States. Until

populations.

Many

cities

in

the

Snowbelt

and

Rustbelt,

most

heavy

industrial

centers

that

are obsolete, old

are

climates

and

changing

economic

trends

difficult

transportation

centers,

and

other

areas

subject to

and

redeveloped

places

have

some

declines.

experiencing

This

does

not

mean

decay

necessarily,

since

risky and does of improved their quality life with fewer people living there. It mean a

far more difficult

approach

to

urban

planning.

This

approach

involves

elements

of

preserving

what

is

good

about

these cities

while

encouraging

change

and

innovation

for

things

that

do

not

seem

to

be

viable

any

longer.

It essentially

planning means that urban planners can no longer rely upon principles and standards that

evolved from

practice

during

times

of

unlimited

growth.

Now

planners

must

use

methods

that

seek

to

improve

cities while

拒绝管 理是比较新的城市规划师，因为人，就业和再分配发展到今天，在美国没

managin g their decline.

，最重的是过时的，旧的

Rustbelt Snowbelt

有先例。直到最近，城市规划师没有处理减少城市人口。在

运输 中心的工

业中心，并受经济困难的 气候变化趋势和其他地区的许多城市都面临下降。这并不一定意味

它意味着一个更为困难 和风

险的方法，

着腐烂，

因为有的地方 重建和改善人民生活较少有他们的生活质量。

似乎并不可行再创新。

城市规划。这种

方法涉及到保护这些城市是什么样的好内容，

同时鼓励变化和事情，

现在，

本质上，它意味着城市规划者不 能再根据原

则和标准，从规划实践发展过程中的无限增长时代依靠。

规划者必须使用的方法，设法提高他们的城市，同时管理下

降。

Historic Preservation and Adaptive Reuse

and

decline

the

management

In

both

growth

major

a of preservation significant historic areas and buildings is control contexts, the

fairly

until

to

historic

preservation

a

planning.

trend

in

urban

There

has

been

lamentable

insensitivity

recent

times,

when

Americans

came

to

realize

that

historic

areas

and

buildings

were

being

destroyed and

that

a

heritage

was

being

lost

forever,

Most

cities

and

states

now

have

vital

preservation

programs that seek

control

arisen

have

to

incentives

programs

number

A

truly

what

to

preserve

is

significant.

great of and

古迹保存与活化再利用

demolition and encourage conservation.

在这两 个下降和增长管理控制的情况下，该地区的显著历史和建筑保存是一个城市规划的大趋势。有一种

可悲的历史保

护不敏感，直到相当最近，当美国人认识到，历史悠久的地区和建 筑物被摧毁，而遗产被永远失去了，大多数城市和国

家现在有重要的保护方案，谋求保护 什么是真正的显著。一个伟大的计划和奖励数量已经出现控制拆迁和鼓励节能。

An

especially

interesting

part

of

this trend is the

设

social and economic problems by itself, most would concur that the way cities look is

vitally important.

计现在的趋势是将其纳入城市规划对城市设计的原则更加充分。这种趋势在最近几年发展的时候， 很明显，城市规划

一直忽视了外观，设计和建筑环境规划师美虽然几乎没有人认为设计可 以解决社会问题和

自身的经济，大多数人会同

意的这样的城市看是非常重要的。

The San Francisco zoning

regulations of the

mid-1980s

were

a

benchmark

to incorporate design

density of

for the new trend

into

urban

planning.

These

regulations

not

only

dealt

with

the

land

use,

height,

bulk,

and

buildings, but also went beyond them to establish design standards. They thus went much

further than the

New

York

City

ordinances

of

the

1920s,

for

they

dealt

with

the

spatial

envelopes

and

design

styles that give

form to new buildings. This meant that zoning and other planning controls could be used

to require certain

design

configurations

for

building

construction

and

for

built

areas,

and

it

greatly

increased

the attention to

年代中期的规定是一个新趋势，将其纳入城市规划设计基准。

80

design in urban planning.

旧金山分区的这些

法规不仅涉及土地使用，高度，体积和建筑密度，但也超出他们去建立设计标准。因此，他们就远年代纽约市的 条例，

因为他们与空间信封和设计风格，让新的建筑形式来处理。这意世纪

20

远超出了

20

味着，分 区和其他规划控制可用于

要求对建筑施工和建成区一定的设计配置，并大大提高了重视城 市规

划设计。

Negotiation

a planning played For many years

urban

regulatory

role

since

it dealt with ways to ensure

conformity to public master plans

and

zoning

ordinances.

This

regulatory

function

often

resulted

in

litigation

when

property

owners objected

to

these

requirements.

There

was

little

in

the

way

of

compromise,

negotiation,

and

arbitration.

During the

on

as

reach

agreements

a way

to to

negotiation

the

1980s, trend

to

use as an alternative

litigation and

regulatory aspects of planning began to take hold.

协商多年来，城市规划起到了调节作用，因为它

与方法，

确保符合区划条例和总体规划的公共处理。

这 种调节年代，

这一趋

80

功能往往导致 诉讼时业主反对这些要求。

有一点在妥协，谈判和仲裁的方式。在

20

世纪

势以此作为谈判和诉讼替 代，以此来达到对规划管理方面的协议开始占

The negotiation approach for

resolving conflicts

in

urban

planning

据上风。

primarily from universities,

private

and

then

is an interesting trend because it arose

because is

to

practice. This unusual,

transferred

was foundations and research centers,

为

trends in urban planning usually start in practice and then take on a theoretical and

intellectual format.

私人基金会和然研究中心，源于大学，

PRIMAR

因为它解决城市规划冲突的谈判方式是一个有趣的趋势，

后转移到实践。

这是不寻常，

因为在实践中通常从城市规划 的趋势，

然后在理论和智力格式服用。

been

not

and

The

breadth

depth

of

the

use

of

negotiation

in

planning

have

tapped.

found

be can expected that the formal negotiation models and their applied variants will be It

的广度和谈判的深度利用规划还没有被挖掘。可以

increasingly effective for the future of urban

planning.

预计，正式谈判模型及其变种，会发现越来越多的应用为今后有效的城市规划。

long a Urban planning has

undergone

times ancient evolution from

Conclusion

taking and is on new directions

still evolving, it is

and

go a well-established process. will future it And in While following interesting trends.

beyond the planning level to include implementation-the complete and effective carrying

out of the plans by

the public and private sectors.

结论城市规划经历了一个漫长的演变，从远古时代 ，并正在采取新的方向

和以下有趣的趋势。虽然悄然变化，这是一个完善的过程。而在未 来将超越规划的层面，包括实现的完整和有效的执行

becomes

urban planning As

increasingly

该计划由公共和私营部

门。

with

concerned

implementation

within the context of a federated, democratic

cutting the expected. greater successes are Implementation is now system, the

most as serve the area for the advances edge for in urban planning, and it will

moving ahead. Urban planners are developments interesting new in the years

beyond planning to implementation with the support and encouragement of both

规划

business and government. These are exciting times for urban planning.

由于城市展的最前沿，现在是

< p>
在城市规划发取得更大的成实施方面，绩预期。实施合，日益与在一个联民主制度方面的和业施的支 持和鼓励双方企到

域。

城市年最有趣的新的来数发展领规划者正 在超越规划实在未作而且将为对政府。

这些是城市规划的激动人心的时刻。

Chapter two: Hierarchy of Plans

ARTICLE: HIERARCHY OF PLANS IN UK

（第二单元）

Level 1, Planning Policy Guidance (PPG) at the national level

The

Planning

Policy

Guidance

(PPG)

is on

the

highest

level

of

the

planning

framework.

It is a

territorial development strategy, which guides urban planning at both regional and local

levels by providing

consistency across the whole country. Regional and local planning authorities must take

their contents into

providing planning

account in preparing their development plans. It is a non-statutory policy guidance for

objectives,

approaches

and

operational

principles

at

national

level,

and

considering

various

aspects of urban

planning,

such

as

green

belts,

housing,

countryside,

industrial

and

commercial

development,

coastal areas,

tourism,

etc.

PPG

is

produced

for

short

periods

of

time

(such

as

five

years

with

a

mid-term

review) for

which it is possible to foresee likely changes. Design issues are stressed recently and

integrated

into

the

PPG.

英国计划层次结构

）

1

级，规划在国家层面的政策指导（

PPG

< p>
）是在规划框架的最高

水平。这是一个全港发展策略，指导各地在提供全国 一致性区规划政策指南（

PPG

域和地方各级城市规划。区域和 地方

规划当局必须考虑到在编制其发展计划的内容。这是一个提供在国家一级的规划目标 ，方针和作战原则，并考虑各方面

的城市规划，如绿化带，住房，农村，工业和商业生产 时间很短的时间（如五与中期审评年）

，这的发展，沿海地区，

旅游业等，非法定的政策指导

PPG

整合。就是它能够预见可 能出现的转变。设计问题强调，最近到

PPG

Level 2,

Regional Planning Guidance (RPG) at the Regional Level

At

the

next

level

of

the

hierarchy,

Regional

non-statutory Guidance Planning

(RPG) is also

guidance

development

regional development. It provides a regional emphasis but with on

spatial

it

hand

offers

a

has

to

coordinate

local

planning.

The

RPG

a

dual

role:

on

the

one

strategy

large

government

and

use

for

the

land

and

economic

investment

decisions

of

central

framework

The some rather general guidance for local planning. it and development interests on the

other provides

long- term

objective

of

RPG

should

be

to

develop

into

a

comprehensive

spatial

strategy

for

the region; i.e. to

set

out

the

range

of

public

policies

that

will

manage

the

future

distribution

of

activities

within the region.

RPG

should

avoid

identifying

specific

sites

as

suitable

for

development.

However,

RPG

will

need to establish

and business, retail sub-regionally appropriate the locational criteria to regionally or

significant housing,

major

new

inward

investment

sites.

At

the

same

time,

RGP

also

sets

up

uses,

or

to

the

location

of leisure

general

guidance

for

local

planning

to

guide

the

region

development

in

a

consistence

way,

including housing,

2

transport, urban design, et c.

级，区域规划指导区域一级（

RPG

）

）也非法定的指导，但与区域发展的重

点。它提供了一在层 次结构的一个新的水平，区域规划指引（

RPG

具有双重作用： 一方面它提供了一个土地使用和中

央政府和大个区域发展战略，协调地方规划。在

RPG

的长发展的利益的经济投资决策的空间框架，另一方面它提供了

一些地方规划，而一般的指导。对

RPG

远目标应该是发展成为一个综合性的区域空间战略，即设置了公共管理政策，

将区域内 的活动未来的分布将需要建立适当的区位条件区域或分区域显

RPG

应避免确定为适合发展的具体地点。

然而，

RPG

范围。

．

设立地

R GP

著住房，商业，零售及休闲用途，或向新的外来投资的主要地点的位置。在同一时间 ，因此

方规划，指导

本地区的发展相 一致的方式，包括住房，交通，设计，城市等一般性指导

Level 3, Development Plans at the

Local/district level

development

At

the

local/district

the level,

and Town power under plan has

statutorythe

Act.

Plan

Country

Local Plan. While the

of planning for

It is composed of the Structure Plan and

contains local plan the overall area, the policies structure plan provides a broad range

physical land use plans. The plans are usually in the form of maps or diagrams. Because

the purpose of a

Structure

Plan

is

to

establish

general

policy

for

future

change

in

the

planning,

it

is

not

important to show

are

Structure

diagrams

Plan

key

any

how

planning

proposals

relate

in

detail

to

individual

plots of land.

usually brightly colored and diagrammatic in style, with the policies indicated

approximately to scale but

Plan

Structure

to

Survey

without

an

Ordinance

base. In

contrast,

Local

Plans

are

intended

show how

policies

are

interpreted

in

more

detail

at

the

scale

of

individual

settlements,

especially

where rapid change is

地区层面计划

3

taking place.

级，发 展地方

/

地区层面，发展计划，根据城市和乡村规划法的法定权 力。它是由结

构规划和地方规划。而结构计在地方

/

< p>
划提供了一个规划总面积为范围广泛的政策，当地计划包含物理用地计划。

这些计

划通常以地图或图表的形式。因为一个结构计划的目的是建立在规划未来变化的一 般政策，它并不重要，说明如何规划

建议的任何细节涉及个别地块的土地。计划的主要结 构图通常颜色鲜艳和图表的风格，与政策表示大约规模，但没有任

何条例的调查基地。相 比之下，地方计划的目的是展示如何结构计划政策解释更详细的个人定居点的

规模，特别是在

relief show Plan maps must

physical Local

features and the location of

specific sites.

迅速变化正在发生。

However, there

are three types of Local Plan and the presentation differs somewhat:

District Plans cover fairly large areas such as a small town or collection of rural

settlements.

?

These plans may be diagrammatic and cover essentially the same subjects as the Structure

Plan but

the proposals are specific to a certain site and shown at a scale of 1:25000.

a

renewal

over

quite

small

areas,

residential

neighborhood

or

identify

?

Action

Area

Plans

ten-year period. The maps show detail often at a scale of 1:2500.

some Districts think require and particular

?

Subject Plans cover topics which Counties

mineral rural-urban green belts, the fringe, recreation, example: investigation, special

for

地方规划图必须显示物理救济的特点和具体地点的

waster reclamation extraction, and disposal.

位置。但是，有三个地方规划类型 和表示有所不同：

?

区计划涵盖诸如小城镇或农村居民点收集相 当大的地区。这些计

划可能是图表和涵盖的结构基本

上相同的科目，但计划的建议，具体到某网站，并在该

比例显示。

1:25000

细

?

行动区规划图找出相当小，居民区或超

过十年期间续 期。这些地图往往表现在规模的

1:2500

节。

< p>
?

特定主题计划包括哪些内容县区觉得需要一些特殊的调查，

例如：绿化带，城乡结合部，娱乐，

矿产开采，回收和废物处理。

Urban design at the

local/district level

becomes

more

specific.

?

structure plan integrate

plans, design

Planning policies in the

urban design policies with a good understanding of the local/district context. For local

are

attached

?

policies

in

terms

of

desirable

standards

of

urban

design,

like

scale,

height,

materialsdifferent set for of area. In addition, supplementary guidelines are especially

for different types

districts.

Besides,

the

Town

and

County

Plan

Act

have

two

ordinances

concerned

with

urban

design:

the Civic Amenities 1967 and the Housing Act 1969, which give urban design control with

statutory

区范

/

po wer.

在地方

/

< br>地区层面城市设计变得更加具体。在结构政策，

规划计划政策结合起来的地方

高度，

在城市设计

理想的标准方面制定政策 ，

如规模，围内很好地理解城市设计。

对于本地的计划，

连接不同类型的区域。此外，补充指

引，特别是为不同的地区。此外， 城市和县规划法有两

材料

个条例与城市设计关注：

1967

年市容法

1969

年和房屋，这

给有法定权力的城市设计控制。

FURTHER READING (1):Comprehensive Plan, Precise Plan and Zoning

The Comprehensive Plan sets the

basic

policies for development of the

city,

the general relation between

the

various

land

uses

——

residential,

commercial,

and

industrial

and

forms

the

framework

of the urban

structure,

From

time

to

time

this

general

framework

is

translated

into

precise

plans

which

specify the

zoning for land use, streets and highways, mass transit, recreation and conservation,

subdivision expansion,

utilities, railways and airports, civic centers, schools, and urban redevelopment. The

precise plans interpret

the

basic

policies

for

urban

development

reflected

in

the

comprehensive

plan

and

serve

to

adjust the Plan to

new situations and conditions as they arise.

（

1

< br>）综合计划，精确的计划和分区

综合计划制定了城市发展的基本政策，两者之间的各种农业使用的一般关系

-

住宅，商业，工业，形成了

城市结构框

架，

不时这一总体框架翻译成精确 的计划它指定的土地用途地带，

街道和高速公路，

轨道交通，< /p>

娱乐和养护，

细分扩张，

公用事业，铁路 和机场，文娱中心，学校，和城市的重建工作。精确的计划解释为城市发展的综合计划中反映的基本政

< p>

The precise plans serve a dual

function.

策和服务调整计划，以新的情况和条件，因为他们出现。

On one hand, they

design of the

and

define

the

standards

for

development

of

the

city,

the

standards

of

population

density,

the

business for facilities physical and space open of location and amount the and system,

circulation

timing

program

for

basis

for

development,

a

hand,

residence.

On

the

other

the

precise

plans

provide a

the

utilities,

of

schools,

parks,

the

proposed

improvements

in

city,

the

location,

design,

and installation

extension

of

subdivision

development,

and

the

redevelopment

of

devastated

areas.

Thus,

the

need for public

coordinated

a

and

geared

improvements

may

be

with

the

ability

to

finance

such

improvements

maintain

他们定义为城市的发展水精确计划服务的双重功能。一方面，

pace

with

expansion

of

private

development.

另一方面，流通系统的设计，以及数量和开放的空间和商业设施和居住的物理位置的标准。平 ，人口密度，精确的计划

提供了一个发展计划，为在城市，地点，设计和公用设施，学校 ，公园，细分延伸发展，以及灾区重建的安装建议的基

the

anticipates

process

which is

Planning

a

community,

a

needs

of

础上改进的时机。

因此，

公众需要改进可能是面向有能力资助这些改善和保持与< /p>

私人发展协调的步伐扩张。

proposes ways and means for

the satisfaction of these

the

realization

to

needs, and

relates

these

proposals

the

orderly

development of

the

city

and

of

规划

comprehensive plan. The precise plans are the instruments with which these functions

are

performed.

是一个 过程，预计一个社区的需要，提出的方法，为满足这些需求的手段，并与上述建议，城市规划

Zoning is the

legal regulation of the use of

和全

面实现有序发展。精确的计划，对这些功能的工具执行。

land.

It

The of for the protection the public health, welfare, and safety. power

application

is

an

of the police

regulations

include

provisions

for

the

use

of

property

and

limitations

upon

the

shape

and

bulk of buildings

that occupy the land. The law comprises two parts: the ordinance in which the regulations

are defined, and

分区是对

the zoning map which delineates the districts within which the provisions of the

ordinance apply.

土地使用的法律法规 。这是一个警权的市民的健康，福利和安全保护的申请。该规定包括财产，并呼吁形状和建筑物占

用的土地大部分限制使用的规定。该法包括两个部分：＃在该条例规定的定义，以及区划图

划定哪家在该条例的规定

. Zoning laws consist Zoning

Ordinance and Mapparts:

fundamental two of

申请地区。

of

set

an

ordinance defining the entire

local

are

many

Although

the

the

regulations,

and

zoning

map

describing

various

use

districts.

there

variations,

the

zoning

map

normally

includes

residential

districts

(estate,

single-family,

and multiple family),

density, indicate the regulations the districts, and commercial, industrial, special-use

and

corresponding

分区条例和地图。分区法律包括两个

intensity, height and bulk of development in each respective

category.

基本部分组成 ：一个条例的规定确定整套和区划图说明各种使用区。虽然有许多地方的变化，该区划图通常包括住宅小

区（村，单户和多家庭）

，商业，工业和特殊用途的地区，以及相应的规 定指明的密度，强度，高度和体积的在每一个

发展各自的类别。

Zoning

is

neither

a

substitute

nor

an alternative

plan. comprehensive for the

The plan

expresses the basic policies which

of the community character, the general land variety and relationships among the use,

circulation, shape

an as to the use of land which establishes facilities. urban The zoning plan the specific

limitations apply

instrument for achieving the goals set forth in the comprehensive plan. Serving as a

comprehensive guide

for urban development, the comprehensive plan is usually adopted as a resolution by the

legislative body.

分区计划既不是取代，也没有全面

The zoning plan is adopted and rendered effective as a legal

ordinance.

< p>
替代。该计划，表示基本政策，塑造社会性格，一般土地使用，流通，而在城市设施的各种关系。在 制定具体的限制分

区计划适用于哪些土地使用作为实现设置在综合计划提出的目标的工具 。作为城市发展的综

合指导服务，综合计划通

been

has

the

of zoning ordinance Validity

subjected

to

several

tests

by

the

courts,

常是通过一个决议，

立法机构。

该分区计划通 过并呈现为一个有效的法律条例。

whose decisions have

generally supported the following criteria:

The plan shall be comprehensive.

1.

The

same

regulations

shall

apply

to

all

districts

having

similar

zone

classifications.

plan

shall

demonstrate

protection

of

health,

welfare,

and

safety.

shall

be

neither

discrimination nor capricious intent in the plan.

4.

在分区条例

5. Administration of the ordinance shall be reasonable and free from arbitrary

decisions.

的有效性一直受到一些测试由法院 ，他们一般都支持以下标准决定：

首先该计划应是全面的。

二同样的规 定应适用

于所有地区具有类似区分类。

三该计划应证明卫生，

福利和安全保障。

< br>第四有应既不歧视也不在计划反复无常的意图。

第五条例的执行应是合理的，从任 意决定免费。

CHAPTER THREE: THE THEORIES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

ARTICLE: World

-

class City

The definition of world city

economyCompare to early industry

city's

,

which

depended

largely

on

the

locational

advantages

such

as

cheap

labour,

raw material,

easy link with other cities, etc. nowadays, the trend of economy is

globalization, which is

marked

by

international

trade

and

investment,

multinational

firms,

etc.

and some great

cities

just

as

London

and

New

York

play

an

influential

role

in

the

global

economy. In

a definition, he stressed that World 1966, Peter Hall gave

“

City

”

a

comprehensive

world city firstly was the centre of political power, at the meantime,

it was the centre of

ulture and education. In Hall's opinion, world cities were the centres

of trade, finance, cpointed out

“

world city

”

global power, reach and

influence. After that, John Friedmann

has

both

positive

and

negative

sides.

For

positive

side,

city

establishes

its position at the

connection point of world economy, and an efficient transportation and

energy networks

international

from

it

benefits

relation

with

other

cities.

As

a

world

city,

serve for its

trade

and

investment

as

well

as

brings

large

influence

to

regional

area.

For negative side,

will

be

magnetic

for

external

capital,

entrepreneur

as

well

the

premises

of

“

World City

”

social of slums

“

lead to and the development may as

immigrants. Without control, it

文章：世界级城市

problems that a state may not be able to cope with

”

.

世界城市的定义比较早期工业城市 的经济，这在很大程度上就如廉价劳动力，原材料，与其他

城市等，时下容易连结区位优势而定，对经济的趋势是全球化，这是由国际贸易和投资为 标志，

1966

跨国公司等，只是一些如伦敦和纽约的伟大城市 ，在全球经济中发挥重要作用。世界城市

首先是政治权力中心，一个全面的定义，他强调 ，年，彼得霍尔了“世界城市”在此同时，它是

贸易中心，金融，文化和教育。在霍尔看 来，世界城市是全球大国，覆“世界城市”既有正面和

反面。对于盖面和影响力的中心。 之后，约翰弗里德曼指出，并在高效率的交通网络和能源积极

的一面，

< br>城市创办人其在世界经济的连接点的位置，

国际贸易和投资的收益以及带来的影响 的储

备与其他城市的关系。作为一个世界城市，

“世界城市”的 处所将外部资本，企业家以及移民力

大的区域面积。对于消极的一面，

< br>

。如果没有控制，就可能“导致贫民窟和社会问题，一个国

city

”

,

evolves

“

global

city

”

“

World

,

家可能无法应付发展”磁性。

”

“

world-class city, maybe the difference

”

actually, they have similar

meaning

as

well

as

“

cosmopolitan

city

“

world-class

city

”

don't

care

more

about political power.

“世界城市”

is that

的发展 “全球城市”

，

“世界级城市，

”实< /p>

际上，他们也有类似的含义，以及“国际大都会”

，也许所不同的 是“世界级城市”不更关心政

治权力。

The characteristics of world class city

As a world-class city, it should

be a centre

of economy, c

ulture, technology and education. Importantly, the

characteristic of a

world-class city is internationalization

,

which means it not only has a powerful magnet

to regional or global

世界级城市的特色

areas, but also radiates its influences to them.

作为一个世界级的城市，它应该是一个经济，文化，科技和教育中心。重要的是，一个世界级城市的特 点

是国际化，

A

world-class

city

is

the

centre

of

global or

al

and

这意味着它不仅具有强大的磁铁，全球或区域的地区 ，也是辐射其影响到他们。

is international Firstly, it's economy

external- oriented, so it should possess finance, trade, tourism and

information industry.

and international trade increasing global economic integration, the

Because of the

s

economy

investment

play

a

pivotal

role

in

the

urban

economy,

which

makes

inner city'in growth accelerating opportunities and wealth, the more

flourish by creating job

offering

and

transport

and

transnational

communications,

infrastructure,

such as

opportunities

for

the

communication

of

technology

and

culture.

Secondly,

a world-class

city

is

the

connection

hub

of

regional

economy

and

global

economy,

so

it

is a centre for

labour, and capital, technology, information and assembling dispersing

commodities,

insurance centre, which provide a global market. It should be financial

just like a

companies, pension funds, trust banks, financial assets, etc. to

facilitate global business

as

well

as

local

trade

and

manufacturing.

Thirdly,

a

world- class

city

has

the activities

power to control and organise the global economy, so it should prepare

several essential

of

the

center

many

of

headquarters

of

multi-national

firms,

prerequisites:

the home

international of the centre provide and accumulate capital, finance

international to

一个世界级城市是全

trade and investment, and the centre of information

transferring.

球或区域经济中心。首先，它是国际经济和外部化，因此它应具备金融，贸易，旅游和国际贸 易

和投资起到城市经济举足轻重的信息产业。

由于日益增加的全 球经济一体化，

加速如运输和跨国

通作用，

这使得城市内部的经济更加蓬勃发展创造就业机会和财富，

世界级城市是区域经济以 及

提供的技术和文化沟通的机会。其次，

信基础设施的增长，< /p>

和全球经济联系的枢纽，

因此它是一

个组 装和分散就像一个全球性的市场商品，资本，技术，信息和劳动力，中心。这应该是一个金

融中心，提供保险公司，养老基金，信托银行，金融资产等，以促进全球商务活动以及当地的贸

易和制造业。第三，一个世界级所以应该准备几个基本前提：在许多跨国公司，

城市有能力控制

和举办的全球经济，国际金融中心，提供和积累资本，该中心总部所在地 国际贸易和投资，

以及

传输信息的中心。

A world-class city is the centre

of technology,

and it should play a leading

role in

innovation. Nowadays, global

economy

is

undergoing

a

significant

change,

shifting

from

“

mass

production

industries

relying on low- wage labour, cheap raw materials and energy to a

technology-and

knowledge- based system of production and services

”

, so the technology,

which was used

in

production,

communication,

transport

and

facilities,

is

a

major

force

to reinforce and

accelerate

all

other

aspects

of

global

economic

integration.

As

a

centre

of technology, the

city

should

be

an

international

innovation

base

to

develop

new

ideas

and

new technology

as well as to promote the innovation of global economy and culture.

世

界级城市是技术 中心，并在创新中应发挥主导作用。如今，

全球经济正在发生显著变化，从转变

“大量

廉价的原材料和能源的依赖向技术和知识为基础的生产和生产行业对低工资的劳动力，服务系

统”

，说的技术，它是用来在生产，通讯，交通和设施，是一个主要 力量，以加城市应该是一个

国际创强和加速全球经济一体化的所有其他方面。作为一个技 术中心，

新基地，大力发展新思

and

the

centre

of

culture world-class A city is

路，新技术以及促进全球经济和文化的创新。

education where all kinds of

professional talents

congregated.

Firstly, a world-class city should have

world-class cultural and

educational facilities, such as great universities, specialized

institutions, public libraries

and

so

on,

for

teaching

and

research

in

the

science,

technologies

and

the

arts. Secondly,

on, should have its culture, reflected in architecture, fashion, film,

music, food and so

of places with valuable characteristics local and be multicultural and

open. Then

city

and

natural

landscape,

historic

interest

and

scenic

beauty,

pleasant

scenery of the

the (QOL) to attract city world-class possesses the world-class quality

of life the

世界级城市是文化和教育在各类专

international tourists, talents, trade and

investment.

专业人才聚集中心。第一，世界一流的城市应该拥有世界级的文化和教育等大的大学，门机构，< /p>

公共图书馆等设施，为教学和研究，在科学，技术和艺术。其次，它的文化，是多元文化和 。音

乐，食品和开放等方面，应具有地方特色，反映在建筑，时装，电影，然后用历史的 兴趣和优美

的景色，城市和自然景观风景宜人有价值的地方，世界级城市

POSS esses

的生活世界级质量

（

< p>
QOL

）

，以吸引国际游客，人才，贸易和投资。

century

City

competitiveness

to

the 21

I think, a well-trained labour

force, a

modern and efficient

infrastructure,

st

and attractive QOL are

three key issues forming a world-class city's competitiveness.

城市竞争力，

21

世纪

我认为，一支训练有素的劳动力，现代化和高效的基础设 施，吸引和生活质量有三个形成一个世界级城市的竞争力的关

键问题。

< br>

A well- trained labour force is

quite

important to ensure the

world-class city's

position.

working efficiently, which is

investment. Secondly,

Firstly, a well-trained labour force is the fundamental for

benefit for both increasing the local production and attracting international trade and

a

well-trained

labour

force

is

the

resource

of

innovation

and

creativity,

which

is

engaged

in technology

development,

scientific

research

and

education.

Thirdly,

the

quality

of

people

determines