edge什么意思材料科学基础专有名词英文翻译

2021年1月27日发(作者：block什么意思)


Fundamentals of Materials Science
材料科学基础名词与术语



第一章

绪论



metal:
金属

ceramic:
陶瓷

polymer:
聚合物

Composites:
复合材料

Semiconductors:
半导体

Biomaterials:
生物材料

Processing:
加工过程

Structure:
组织结构

Properties:
性质

Performance:
使用性能

Mechanical properties:
力学性能

Electrical properties:
电性能

Thermal behavior:
热性能

Magnetic properties:
磁性能

Optical properties:
光性能

Deteriorative characteristics:
老
化特性



第二章

原子结构与原子键


Atomic mass unit (amu):
原子质量单
位

Atomic number:
原子数

Atomic weight:
原子量

Bohr atomic model:
波尔原子模型

Bonding energy:
键能

Coulombic force:
库仑力

Covalent bond:
共价键


Dipole (electric):
偶极子

electronic configuration:
电子构型

electron state:
电位


Electronegative:
负电的

Electropositive:
正电的

Ground state:
基态

Hydrogen bond:
氢键

Ionic bond:
离子键

Isotope:
同位素

Metallic bond:
金属键

Mole:
摩尔

Molecule:
分子

Pauli
exclusion
principle:
泡利不相
容原理


Periodic table:
元素周期表




Polar molecule:
极性分子

Primary bonding:
强键






Quantum mechanics:
量子力学




Quantum number:
量子数






Secondary bonding:
弱键







valence electron:
价电子

van der waals bond:
范德华键


Wave-mechanical
model:
波粒二象
性模型




第三章

金属与陶瓷的结构


Allotropy:
同素异形现象


Amorphous:
无定形





Anion:
阴离子





Anisotropy:
各向异性


atomic packing factor(APF):
原子堆积因数

body-centered cubic (BCC):
体心立方结构


Bragg
’
s law:
布拉格定律



Cation:
阳离子




coordination number:
配位数

crystal structure:
晶体结构


crystal system:
晶系

crystalline:
晶体的

diffraction:
衍射

face-centered cubic (FCC):
面心立方结构




第五章

晶体缺陷


Alloy:
合金

A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements.
由两种及以上元素组成的金属材料。

Weight percent (wt%)
：质量百分数

Concentration specification on the basis of weight (or mass) of a
particular element relative to the total alloy weight (or mass).
Stoichiometry:
正常价化合物

For
ionic
compounds,
the
state
of
having
exactly
the
ratio
of
cations to anions speci-fied by the chemical formula.
在离子化合物中，正、负离子的比例严格遵守化学公式定义的
化合价关系。

Imperfection:
缺陷，不完整性

A
deviation
from
perfection;
normally
applied
to
crystalline
1
materials wherein there is a deviation from atomic/molecular order
and/or continuity.
对完美性的偏离，在材料科学领域中通常指晶体材料中原子
/
分子在排列顺序
/
连续性上的偏离。

Point defect:
点缺陷

A crystalline defect associated with one or, at most, several atomic
sites.
一种仅波及一个或数个原子的晶体缺陷。

Vacancy:
空位

A
normally
occupied
lattice
site
from
which
an
atom
or
ion
is
missing.
一个缺失原子或离子的晶格节点位置。

Vacancy diffusion:
空位扩散

The
diffusion
mechanism
wherein
net
atomic
migration
is
from
lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.
一种扩散机制，
此时原子的净迁移是从晶格节点位置迁移到相
近的空位中。

Self-interstitial:
自间隙原子

A host atom or ion that is positioned on an interstitial lattice site.
处于自身晶格间隙中的原子或离子。

Schottky defect:
肖脱基缺陷

In
an
ionic
solid,
a
defect
consisting
of
a
cation
–
vacancy
and
anion
–
vacancy pair.
在离子晶体中的一种缺陷结构，
它是由一个阳离子空位和一个
阴离子空位组成的空位对。

Atomic vibration:
原子振动

The vibration of an atom about its normal position in a substance.
材料中原子在其平衡位置附近的振动。一般说来，这种振动与
温度相关，温度越高，振动的幅度越大， 因此也称为原子热振
动。

Substitutional solid solution:
置换固溶体

A solid solution wherein the solute atoms replace or substitute for
the host atoms.
溶质原子取代或代替溶剂原子而形成的固溶体。

Interstitial diffusion:
间隙扩散

A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial
site to interstitial site.
一种 扩散机制，
此时原子的运动是从晶格间隙位置迁移到另一
个相近的间隙位置。

Interstitial solid solution:
间隙固溶体

A
solid
solution
wherein
relatively
small
solute
atoms
occupy
interstitial positions between the solvent or host atoms.
相对尺寸较小的溶质原子占据溶剂或晶格原子之间间隙位置
所形成的固溶体。

Solid solution:
固溶体

A
homogeneous
crystalline
phase
that
contains
two
or
more
chemical species.
Both substitutional and interstitial solid solutions are possible.
包含两种或两种以上元素的均匀单相 。
固溶体可以以置换固溶
体或间隙固溶体的形式存在。

Solid- solution strengthening:
固溶体强化

Hardening and strengthening of metals that result from alloying in
which a solid solution is formed.
The presence of impurity atoms restricts dislocation mobility.

由于形成固溶体的合 金化过程引起的金属硬化和强化，
其机制
是异类原子的存在限制了位错的可动性。

Solute:
溶质

One
component
or
element
of
a
solution
present
in
a
minor
concentration.
It is dissolved in the solvent.
溶液（固溶体）中，含量较少的组元或元素。溶质溶解在溶剂
中。

Solution heat treatment:
固溶处理，均匀化退火

The process used to form a solid solution by dissolving precipitate
particles.
Often,
the
solid
solution
is
supersaturated
and
metastable
at
ambient
conditions
as
a
result
of
rapid
cooling
from
an
elevated
temperature.
让沉淀物融解而形成固溶体的热处理 过程。通常情况下，从固
溶处理温度下快速冷却，形成室温下亚稳态过饱和固溶体。

Solvent:
溶剂

The component of a solution present in the greatest amount.
It is the component that dissolves a solute.
溶液（固溶体）中，含量最大的组元，此组元溶解了溶质。

?
Burgers vector (
b
):
柏氏矢量

A
vector
that
denotes
the
magnitude
and
direction
of
lattice

distortion associated with a dislocation.
表示位错引起晶格畸变程
度和方向的
矢量。

Composition (
C
i
):
成分，组成

The
relative
content
of
a
particular
element
or
constituent
(
i
)
within
an
alloy,
usually
expressed
in
weight
percent
or
atom
percent.
合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量，
通常用质量百分数或原子
百分数来表示。

Defect structure:
缺陷结构，缺陷组态

Relating
to
the
kinds
and
concentrations
of
vacancies
and
interstitials in a ceramic compound.
在陶瓷化合物中，与空位、间隙原子的类型和偏聚有关的缺陷
组态。

Dislocation:
位错

A
linear
crystalline
defect
around
which
there
is
atomic
misalignment.
晶体材料中的线状缺陷，在其附近，原子发生错排。

Plastic
deformation
corresponds
to
the
motion
of
dislocations
in
response
to
an
applied
shear
stress.
Edge,
screw,
and
mixed
dislocations are possible.
在外加切应力作用下位错的运动可 以导致晶体材料的塑性变
形。
可能存在的位错类型有刃型位错、
螺型位错和混合型位错 。

Screw dislocation:
螺型位错

A
linear
crystalline
defect
associated
with
the
lattice
distortion
created when normally parallel planes are joined together to form
a helical ramp.
The Burgers vector is parallel to the dislocation line.
一种一维线型晶体缺陷，
形态上可是描述为当相互平行 的相邻
晶面之间依次错粘合在一起形成的螺旋型斜面的中心线区域
所形成的原子错排组态。
螺型位错的柏氏矢量平行与其位错线。

Mixed dislocation:
混合位错

A dislocation that has both edge and screw components.
同时含有刃型分量和螺型分量的位错。

Dislocation density:
位错密度

The
total
dislocation
length
per
unit
volume
of
material;
alternately, the number of dislocations that intersect a unit area of
a random surface section.
在单位体积材料中包含位错的长度，
或者 说在材料内部任意单
位截面上位错线的根数。

Dislocation line:
位错线

The line that extends along the end of the extra half-plane of atoms
for
an
edge
dislocation,
and
along
the
center
of
the
spiral
of
a
screw dislocation.
刃型位错中多余半原子面边缘的连线，
或者螺型位错中错排螺
旋的中心轴线。

Edge dislocation:
刃型位错

A
linear
crystalline
defect
associated
with
the
lattice
distortion
produced in the vicinity of the end of an extra half plane of atoms
within a crystal.
The Burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line.
一种一维 线型晶体缺陷，
形态上可是描述为晶体中存在的多余
半原子面的末端附近区域所形成的原子错排 组态。

刃型位错的柏氏矢量垂直与其位错线。

Electroneutrality:
电中性

The
state
of
having
exactly
the
same
numbers
of
positive
and
negative electrical charges (ionic and electronic), that is, of being
electrically neutral.
材料中一种正负电荷（离子和电子）数目精确相等的状态。在
此状态下，材 料是不带电的。

Frenkel defect:
弗仑克尔缺陷

In an ionic solid, a cation
–
vacancy and cation
–
interstitial pair.
在离子固体中的阳离子
-
空位对和阳离子
-
间隙原子对。

Grain:
晶粒

An individual crystal in a polycrystalline metal or ceramic.
2

金属或陶瓷多晶体中的一个单独的小晶体。

Grain boundary:
晶界

The
interface
separating
two
adjoining
grains
having
different
crystallographic orientations.
把两个相邻具有不同晶体学取向的晶粒分离开的界面。

Grain growth:
晶粒长大

The increase in average grain size of a polycrystalline material; for
most
materials,
an
elevated-temperature
heat
treatment
is
necessary.
在 多晶体材料中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，对大多数材料来说，这
需要在一定温度下进行热处理。

Grain size:
晶粒尺寸

The
average
grain
diameter
as
determined
from
a
random
cross
section.
从材料任一横截面上测量的晶粒直径的平均值。

Microscopy:
显微术，显微镜学

The investigation of microstructural elements using some type of
microscope.
用某种类型的显微镜对材料微观组织情况进行的研究。

Microstructure:
显微组织

The structural features of an alloy (e.g., grain and phase structure)
that are subject to observation under a microscope.
在显微镜下观察到的某合金的结构特征（例如：晶粒和相的组
织结构特征）
。

Photomicrograph:
显微组织照片

The
photograph
made
with
a
microscope,
which
records
a
microstructural image.
在显微镜下拍摄，记录显微组织结构形态的照片。

Scanning electron microscope:
扫描电子显微镜，
SEM
Cu forms a substitutional solid solution for concentrations up to

A
microscope that produces an image by using an electron beam
that
scans
the
surface
of
a
specimen;
an
image
is
produced
by
reflected electron beams.
Examination
of
surface
and/or
microstructural
features
at
high
magnifications is possible.
使用一束电子流扫描样品表面，
用样品产生的反射电子束产生
图象的一种显微镜。
扫描电子显微镜的应用使对样品的表 面特
征和显微组织特征进行高倍观察成为可能。

Scanning probe microscope:
扫描探针显微镜，
SPM
A microscope that does not produce an image using light radiation.
Rather,
a
very
small
and
sharp
probe
raster
scans
across
the
specimen
surface;
out-of-surface
plane
deflections in
response
to
electronic or other interactions with the probe are monitored, from
which
a
topographical
map
of
the
specimen
surface(on
a
nanometer scale) is produced.
一种不用光学射线产生图象，
而是用非常尖锐的探针依次横扫
描过样品表面
,
利用探针对被测样品进行扫描，
同时检测扫描过程中探针与样
品的相互作用（如样品< br>-
探针间的隧道电流或相互作用力等）
，
得到样品相关性质（如电子态密度、形 貌、摩擦力、磁畴结构
等）
，因而统称为扫描探针显微镜（
SPM
）

Transmission electron microscope:
透射电子显微镜，
TEM
A microscope that produces an image by using electron beams that
are transmitted (pass through) the specimen.
Examination of internal features at high magnifications is possible.
透射电子显微镜是用穿过样品的透射电子 束产生样品组织形
貌像的显微镜。在透射电子显微镜上，可以在高倍下研究样品
的内部结构特征 。





第
六
章

扩散

Fick’s second law
:
菲克第二定律，扩散第二定律

The
time
rate
of
change
of
concentration
is
proportional
to
the
second derivative of concentration.
This
relationship
is
employed
in
non
steady-state
diffusion
situations.
浓度对时间的变化率成正与浓度对距离的二阶导数。
这种关 系
被用于描述非稳定态扩散。

Steady-state diffusion:
稳定态扩散

The diffusion condition for which there is no net accumulation or
depletion of diffusing species.
The diffusion flux is independent of time.
扩散组元既没有 净堆积也没有净亏空的扩散过程是
稳定态扩
散
。也可以描述为：扩散通量与时间无关的 扩散过程是
稳定态
扩散
。

Nonsteady-state diffusion:
非稳定态扩散

The diffusion condition for which there is some net accumulation
or depletion of diffusing species.
The diffusion flux is dependent on time.
扩散过程中，
扩散组元存在净堆积或净亏空的扩散过程是非
稳
定态扩散
。也可以描述为：扩散通量 与时间有关的扩散过程是
非
稳定态扩散
。

Self- diffusion:
自扩散

Atomic migration in pure metals.
纯金属中的原子迁移过程。

Interstitial diffusion:
间隙扩散

A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial
site to interstitial site.
晶体扩散机制的一种。
间隙原子由一个间隙位置迁移至邻近的
3


Diffusion:
扩散

Mass transport by atomic motion.
固体中原子，或分子等，通过热运动而发生长程迁移，或
宏观物质传输现象。

这里所谈的原子迁移，
在是指固体中原子脱离它原来的平
衡位置跃迁到另一平衡位置的位移。 从产生扩散的原因来看，
原子的迁移主要分为两大类，一类称为化学扩散，它是由于扩
散物质在 固体中分布不均匀、
在化学浓度梯度的推动下产生的
扩散；另一类称为自扩散，它是在没有化学 浓度梯度情况下，
仅仅由于热振动而产生的扩散。
自扩散现象只有采用放射性同
位素技 术才能察觉。此外，还有应力场、热场和电场等所引起
的扩散。

Diffusion flux (
J
):
扩散通量

The quantity of mass diffusing through and perpendicular to a unit
cross-sectional area of material per unit time.
单位时间内通过一个垂直与扩散方向上单位横截面积内的通
过物质量。

Diffusion coefficient (
D
):
扩散系数

The constant of proportionality between the diffusion flux and the
concentration
gradient in Fick’s first law.

Its magnitude is indicative of the rate of atomic diffusion.
Fick
第一定律中，
扩散 通量和浓度梯度之间的比例系数。
其量
级表示了原子扩散的速度。

Fick’s first law
:
菲克第一定律，扩散第一定律

The diffusion flux is proportional to the concentration gradient.
This relationship is employed for steady-state diffusion situations.
扩散通量与
浓度梯度成正比例。
这种关系被用于描述稳定态扩
散。

间隙位置所构成的扩散。

Vacancy diffusion:
空位扩散

The
diffusion
mechanism
wherein
net
atomic
migration
is
from
lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.
一种扩散机制，
这时候原子的净迁移过程是从晶格结点位置移
动到 邻近的空位中。

Activation energy (
Q
):
激活能，
Q

The energy required to initiate a reaction, such as diffusion.
开动某一反应或过程，例如扩散过程，所需要的能量。

Carburizing:
渗碳

The
process
by
which
the
surface
carbon
concentration
of
a
ferrous
alloy
is
increased
by
diffusion
from
the
surrounding
environment.
从周围环境中向铁基合金表面扩散碳，
从而使其表面碳浓度提
高的工艺过程。

Component:
组分

A chemical constituent (element or compound) of an alloy, which
may be used to specify its composition.
合金的任一组成（可以是元素或化合物）
，可以被用于区分其
构成成分。

第七章

Anelasticity:
滞弹性

In most engineering materials, elastic deformation will
continue after the stress application, and upon load release
some finite time is required for complete recovery. This
time- dependent elastic behavior is known as anelasticity.
应力施加后，
大多数工程材料弹性形变都会持续，
并且 撤去加
载，
样品的完全回复也需要一定的时间。
这种与时间相关的弹
性行为称 为滞弹性。

Design stress:
设计应力

For static situations and when ductile materials are used,
design stress,
σ
d
, is taken as the calculated stress level
σ
c
(on
the basis of the estimated maximum load) multiplied by a
design factor, N', that is
σ
d
= N
'σ
c
, where N' is greater than
unity.
对于静态条件以及延展性材料的情况下，设计应力
σ
d
是计算
的应力
σ
c
（即估算的最大载荷）乘以 一个设计因子
N'
，即
σ
d
=
N
'σ
c
，其中
N'
大于
1
。

Ductility:
延伸度

Ductility is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that
has been sustained at fracture.

延伸度是指材料在断裂时发生的塑性形变程度的量度。

Elastic deformation:

弹性形变

Deformation in which stress and strain are proportional is
called elastic deformation. Elastic deformation is
nonpermanent, which means that when the applied load is
released, the piece returns to its original shape.
应力与应变成正比关系的形变称为 弹性形变。
弹性形变是非永
久性的，即撤去加载后，样品可恢复初始的形状。

Elastic recovery
：弹性回复

Elastic recovery means that when the applied load is released,
the piece returns to its original shape.
弹性回复是指当样品所受应力撤销后，
其完全回复到初始形状
的现象。

Elastomer:

弹性体

Elastomer is a class of polymers whose deformation displayed
by strain-stress curve is totally elastic, i.e., large recoverable
strains produced at low stress levels.


Composition (
C
i
), Concentration:
成分，
C
i

The
relative
content
of
a
particular
element
or
constituent
(
i
)
within
an
alloy,
usually
expressed
in
weight
percent
or
atom
percent. Also call it concentration.
合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量，
通常用质量百分数或原子
百分数来表示。也称为浓 度。

Concentration gradient (
dC/dx
):
浓度梯度，
dC

dX
The slope of the concentration profile at a specific position.
浓度曲线某一点处的斜率。

Concentration profile:
浓度曲线

The
curve
that
results
when
the
concentration
of
a
chemical
species is plotted versus position in a material.
在材料中，某种化学物质的浓度随其位置关系变化的曲线。

Interdiffusion, impurity diffusion:
互扩散

Diffusion of atoms of one metal into another metal.
一种金属中的原子向另一种金属中的扩散叫互扩散，
又称为杂
质扩散。


弹性体是聚合物的一个种类，
它的应力－应变曲线表明其变形
是完全弹性的 ，即很低的应力变化就会产生很大的可回复应
变。

Engineering strain:

工程应变

Engineering strain
ε
is defined according to
ε
= (l
i
-l
0
)/l
0
=
Δ
l/l
0
,
in which l
0
is the original length before any load is applied, and
l
i
is the instantaneous length. Sometimes the quantity l
i
-l
0
is
denoted as
Δ
l, and is the deformation elongation or change in
length at some instant, as referenced to the original length.
Engineering strain is unitless.
工程应变
ε
由方程
ε
= (l
i
-l
0
)/l
0
=
Δ
l/l< br>0
定义，这里
l
0
是样品加载
前的初始长度，
li
是加载瞬间的长度，
有时
l
i
-l
0
也用< br>Δ
l
来表示，
即代表与初始长度相比较，
某一时刻样品形变的延长率或 长度
的变化。工程应变是没有单位的。

Engineering stress:
工程应力

Engineering stress
σ
is defined by the relationship
σ
= F/A
0
, in
which F is the instantaneous load applied perpendicular to the
specimen cross section, in units of newtons (N), and A
0
is the
original cross-sectional area before any load is applied (m
2
).
The units of engineering stress are megapascals, MPa.
工程应力
σ
的定义为
σ
= F/A
0
，
这里
F
是加载在垂直样品横截
面的瞬间载荷，< br>单位为牛顿，
A
0
是加载前样品的初始横截面积
（单位
m2
），工程应力单位为
MPa
。

Flexural strength:
抗弯强度

For the brittle ceramic materials, flexural strengths are
determined by the stress at fracture in transverse bending
tests.
对脆性陶瓷材料来说，
抗弯强度即为横向弯曲试验中样品断裂
时的应力。

Hardness:

硬度

Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localize plastic
deformation.
硬度是材料抵抗局部塑性形变的量度。

Modulus of elasticity:
弹性模量

For most metals that are stressed in tension and at relatively
low levels, stress and strain are proportional to each other
through the relationship
σ
= E
ε
. This is known as Hooke
’
s law,
and the constant of proportionality E (GPa) is the modulus of
elasticity, or Young
’
s modulus.
4



力学性能