ballo研究生英语学术论文写作(考试大概)

2021年1月26日发(作者：永远用英语怎么说)
Ⅰ
.
Gone up
→
increased set up
→
established
Put up with
→
tolerate looking into
→
investigating
Figure out
→
determine put into practice
→
implement
Come up with
→
developed make up
→
constitute
Get rid of
→
eliminate keep up
→
maintain
Gone down
→
decrease thinking
→
considering

Ⅱ
.
Structure of Data Commentary
Data commentaries usually has these elements in the following order.
1.

location elements and/or summary statements
2.

highlighting statements
3.

discussions
of
implications,problems,e xceptions,recommendations,or
other
interesting
aspects of the data
可能涉及到排序题，有例如下：

①
A computer virus is a program that is specifically and maliciously designed to attack
a computer system,destroying data.
②
As
business
have become
inceasingly
dependent
on
computers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of
such viruses has also grown.
③
Table X shows the most common sources of infection
for
U.S.
businesses.
④
As
can
be
seen,
in
a
great
majority
of
cases,the
entry
point
of the virus infection can be detected,with e-mail attachments being responsible
for
nearly
9
out
of
10
viruses.
⑤
This
very
high
percentage
is
increasingly
alarming,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are
largely
preventable.
⑥
In
consequence,e-mail
users
should
be
wary
of
all
attachments,even
thoes
from
a
trusted
colleague
or
a
known
sender.
⑦
In
addition,all
computers
used
for
e-mail
need
to
have
a
current
version
of
a
good
antivirus
progarm
whose
virus
definitions
are
updated
regularly.
⑧
While
it
may
be
possible
to
lessen
the
likelihood
of
downloading
an
infected
file,businesses
are
still
vulnerable
to
computer virus
problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly
spreading viruses that cannot be identified by antivvirus software.
①②
→
Theory and common beliefs.
③
→
The start
④⑤⑥⑦⑧→
Implications

Ⅲ
.
信息性摘要

An informative abstract,as its name implies,summarizes the key points in the

is
an
overview
that
briefly
state
the

purpose
,
methods
,
results

and
conclutions

with quantitative information.
信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、
研究方法、
研究结 果与结论。
它是论文全文的高
度浓缩，
相当于论文的简介或概要，
但它又不是 简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，
而是要
进行深入加工。

比较流行的信息性摘要架构有：

①
Objective
→
Methodology
→
Results
→
Conclusions
②
Background
→
Purpose and aim
→Methods
→
Results
→
Conclusions
③
Background+purpose
→
Methodology
→Result
→
Conclusion
Ⅳ
.Appendix 1
常用词汇、短语的用法

Above
“
above
”

可用于指称前面提到的信息，但只能以一个段落或 前几个句子中曾出现过
的信息为限。
“
above
”
不能用来说明前 几个段落甚至前几页中曾经出现的信息，
否则读者会
感到迷惑，不清楚“
above< br>”所指的信息是什么。

e.g. (1)The above explanation will help answer this question. (
刚提及
)
否则就应该用下列写法

(2) We can adopt the explanation described earlier to answer this question.
(3)
We
can
apply
the
explanation
introduced
in
Section
2
to
answer
this
question.
As mentioned above, as mentioned previously

这两个短语的用法有些不同。
“
as
mentioned
previously
”
(as
mentioned
earlier)
通
常用来指几个段落或几页前所提 到的内容。
作者想指明前几个句子所提到的内容时，
可以使
用“
as just mentioned
”
。


建议撰写科技论文的作者尽可能使用较准确的词来代替
“
as
mentioned
above
”
或

“
as
mentioned
earlier
”
。例如，当作者指的是上一节中的内容，则可用

“
as
mentioned
in
the
preceding section
”

来表达，而不用“
as mentioned above
”
。

Appendix
若论文、著作或研究报告只有一个附录，则在文章中应该使用“
the Appendix
”
。若有
两个以上的附录，则采用“
Appendix
A
”
，
“
Appendix
B
”或“
Appendix
I
”
,
“
Appendix
II
”

来指称这些附录，而且“
Appendix
”前可不加冠词。

e.g. The properties of various materials used in the design and analysis of heat
pipes are presented in Appendix C.
As follows

“
as follows
”
,
“
the following
”
,
“
as shown below
”

都是正确的形式，而“
as
followings
”
，

“
as the followings
”
,
“
as below
”

等都是不正确的形式。

e.g. (1) Solutions for equation (1) and (2) can be derived as follows.
(2) Commonly used methods include

the following:
Aspect

在英文科技论文中，
aspect< br>及
area
之类的词，常常是累赘而应该加以省略的词。

累赘：
(1) Regarding the application aspect of Genetic Algorithm (
遗传算法
), many
approaches have been proposed.
累赘：
(2)
In
the
area
of
application
of
Genetic
Algorithm,
many
approaches
have
been
proposed.
简洁：
(3) Many approaches to application of Genetic Algorithm have been proposed.
简洁：
(4) Many applications of Genetic Algorithm have been proposed.
Based
“
Based
”

这个词常出现在论文的题目中，
用于名词 短语
“基于某物或某方法的?
...
”
之中，以使该名词短语简洁。

e.g. (1)
基于气泡堆积法的非结构化网络生成

bubble packing method based unstructured grid generation
(2) IEEE 802.15.4-based body sensor network
Based on

若句首出现以
based
on
开头 的过去分词短语，
则必须注意过去分词表示的被动行为对
象是句子中的主语。然而，在绝大多数 以
based on
开头的句子中，
based on
开头的过去分
词短语却不能合理地修饰句子的主语。由此看来，还是应该用
on
the
basis
of
，
by
，
from,
According to
或其他词来替代
based on
，否则就需要重写句子，以便使读者清楚地了解是
什么的“基础”
。

正：
(2) From Eq. (6), it is obtained that
?
.
佳：
(4) On the basis of the experimental results, we conclude that
?
.
佳：
(5) From the experimental results, we conclude that
?
.
佳：
(6) the experimental results show that
?
.
在下列例句中，以
based on
开头的短语就可以正确地修饰句子的主语。这个句子的含
意是
Nikon Cool Pix 995
照相机是以“
advanced digital technology
”为基础的。

Based on advanced digital technology, the Nikon Cool Pix 995 camera provides
the excellent performances.
Belong
在英文中，

“
belong
”通常表示属某人的财产
(
后加“
to< br>”
)
及应归入某部分和适合的
意思。但在科技论文中，想要表示某个项目属于某 种类型时，通常不使用“
belong
”
，而用
“
to fall into the category of
”
,
“
to be a form of
”

或

“
to be classified as
”

e.g. (1) The building belongs to the college.
(2) This problem can be classified as a nonlinear programming problem.
(3) The total tool wear (
工具磨耗
) observed in the ceramic cutting tool (
陶瓷
刀具
) can be divided into two main broad categories such as
?

Besides
在正式的英文论文中，不宜用连接词“
besides
”来表达“此外”之意，应该使 用“
in
addition
”
，
“
moreover”或“
furthermore
”
。

佳：
(2)
In
addition,
sending
these
massages
electronically
eliminates
the
need
for
100 pieces of paper that people glance at and throw away.
佳：
(3)
Moreover,
sending
these
massages
electronically
eliminates
the
need
for
100
pieces of paper that people glance at and throw away.
Better
在英文科技论文中，
当我们比较两个事物的时候，
最好不要告 诉读者其中一个比另一个
“更好”
（
“
better
”
）< br>，而应该使用更精确的词。

e.g. (1a) The gas turbine is better than the stream engine.
(1b) The gas turbine (
燃气涡轮
) is more efficient than the stream engine.
(2a) Our algorithm is better than the conventional one.
(2b) Our algorithm is faster than the conventional one.
Can

“
Can
”
可以用来帮助造出通顺的句子，但在有些情况下，
为了简 洁起见，
英文句子中的
“
can
”常被省略。

e.g.
(1a)The
finite
element
formulations(
有限元数值、公式
)
can

be
expressed
in
the
non- dimensional form as follows.
(1b)The
finite
element
formulations
are
expressed
in
the
non-dimensional
form
as follows.
在英文科技论文的结果、讨论的章节中，常出现“
It can be noted from the figure
that
?”
、
“
It can be observed that
?”
、
“
From Fig.5 it can be seen that
?”

这样的
句子中的
can
不能被省略。

(2) From the above figure,
it can be noted that
the notch wear(
沟槽磨损
) in
both of the ceramic(
陶瓷
) cutting tool increases with cutting speed.
Conclusion, conclude
科技论文中，
常用
“
state
conclusion
”
、
“
draw
conclusion
”

或”
present
conclusions
”
这样的搭配，而不用“
make conclusion
”或“
give conclusion
”
。或者有时 候只需使用动
词“
conclude
”
。

佳：
(2) Finally, we
state
a conclusion in section 5.
佳：
(4) The final section states the conclusion of the paper.
佳：
(5) Section 5 concludes the paper.
Display, show, exhibit
“
display
”、
“
show
”和’
exhibit
”

可用 于表示“呈现”
、
“显示”之意。
“以图标表
示”所对应的动词常为“
show
”或“
display
”
，
“
show
’的使用更为普遍。若用“
exhibit
”
则显不自然。

e.g.
佳：
(1) The relationship of Num and Cd for the various of A and Pl is shown
in Fig. 6.
佳：
The
relationship
of
Num
and
Cd
for
the
various
of
A
and
Pl
is
displayed
in
Fig.
6.
Give
Give
是个意思不精 确的词，要防止在撰写英文科技论文中滥用
give
。在大多数情况
下，要表达

“提出”
、
“给出”之意，使用
state
、
pres ent
或
Propose
这些意思较为精确的
词要比使用
give< br>好很多
。

在许多中国学生撰写的研究论文的导论中．常常可以见例

“
The final section gives the conclusions
”这样不自然的句子。此句可以改写
成：

佳：
The final section states the conclusions of the paper.
佳：
Section 5 concludes the paper.
佳：
The conclusions of the paper are stated in section 5.
精确：
(2) The concept of
“
Sequential Combustion
”
developed by ABB is presented
in this paper.
精确：
(3) The concept of
“
Sequential Combustion
”
developed by ABB is described
in this paper.
精确：
(4) The concept of
“
Sequential Combustion
”
developed by ABB is stated in
this paper.
精确：
(6)
First
we
will
state
the
governing
equations
in
the
Cartesian
coordinates.
i.e.
i.e.
是拉丁文短语
id est
的缩写，其意思是“即是”
。
i.e.
是非限定短语．所以必须
使用逗号将其与句子分开

The idea of

The idea of
的意思与中文的“这个概念”或“这个主意”类似。在撰写 科技论文时，
当作者想解释提出的方法或理论背后的基本概念时，
不宜用
the
idea
of
，
而应使用
the
idea
behind
或
the idea underlying
。


佳：
(2) The main idea behind the proposed method is to use an iterative algorithm
to eliminate the effects of the under- relaxation factor.
佳：
(3)
The
main
idea
underlying
the
proposed
method
is
to
use
an
iterative
algorithm
to eliminate the effects of the under-relaxation factor.
Illustrate
Illustrate
的意思是“举例或以图表等说明”。因此其宾语
(
对象
)
应该是一个论点或方
法。
“to illustrate an example
”这种表达方式是不正确的。

正
: (2) Figure 3 shows different examples of pore-level and system-level chemical
non- equilibrium.
正：
(4)
An
experimental
example
will
show
how
LDV
can
be
applied
to
measure
velocity.
Introduce
科技论文中，尽量用
expla in
，
describe
或
state
来代替
introd uce.
佳：
(2) We will describe the advantage of an informational abstract later.
佳：
(3) We will state the advantage of an informational abstract later.
Match
在对不同的资料进行比较时，
使用
agree
或其他词表示

“
一致”
之意，
通常比使用
match
恰当
。

原句：
（
1
）
The computed lift coefficients(
升力系数）
match the experimental data.
更恰当：

2) The computed lift coefficients agree with the experimental data.
(3) The computed lift coefficients are in agreement with the experimental data.
(4) The computed lift coefficients are consistent with the experimental data.
(5) The experimental data confirm the accuracy of the computed lift coefficients.
Modern
Modern
的意思比较复杂．它可以指
of the present or recent times(
如欧洲近代史，
自
1475
年迄今
)< br>，也可以指
modern inventions and discoveries(
即现代的发明与发现
)
。
因此，在一些句子中，使用
modern
这 个词不能清楚的表明作者所指的究竟是什么时代。在
科技论文中，若提到“现代技术”
，使用< br>contemporary
这个词耍比
modern
会使意思更加清
楚 。

清楚：
（
2
）
The
contemporary

digital
video
interactive
(DVI)
technology
offers
another
kinds
of
compression,
edit-level
video,
done
on
the
developer
’
s
DVI
system
in
real
time.
Of

撰写科技论文时，

不能把中文的“的”这个字统统翻译成英文的
of
，

例如有些人把
of
和
in
混淆使用。

正：
(2)
The
use
of
reformulated
gasoline
has
helped
vehicle
manufacture
to
meet
CARB
standards without a costly investment
in
infrastructure for alternative fuels.

文中的
“的”
有时实指
“关于”
，

“针对”
的意思，

此时应使用
about,
on
,
concerning
或
regarding,
而不能用
of
。

正：
(4)Professor
Robinson
has
done
some
interesting
research

on
fuzzy
logic
control.
正：
(6) This is a book
abou
t the design of rapid access memory.
On the contrary, in contrast, in comparison
On
the
contrary
用于否定或反驳前一个句子或分句所提出的论点，
in
contrast
（或
by
contrast
）用于介绍一个与前一个所陈述的观点强烈对照的新观点。
in
comparison
（或
by comparison
）是用来提出新的信息并与前一个句子所提到的信息作比较或对照。

(1)
He
argue
that
this
strategy
has
increased
sales.
On
the
contrary
,
sales
revenue
has dropped 20% since the strategy was adopted.
（
2
）
Approach A provides high speed at the cost of increased memory requirement
（内存需求量）
.
In contrast
, approach B is slower but requires much less memory.
(3)
The
parallel
design
is
quite
complex.
In
comparison
,
the
serial
design
is
much
simpler.
Phenomena

Phenomena
是复数形式，

其单数为
phenomenon
。
Phenomenon
的意思是“现象”
，常用在中
文中，

但在英语中较少使用。一般说来，
英文句子中的
phenomenon
可 以省略，最好使用具
体的文字来描述所指的对象。