sanba2010英语一真题手译

2021年1月26日发(作者：留美博士)
2010
英语真题手译

text1

Of all the changes that have taken place in English
-
language newspapers during the past
quarter
-
century, perhaps the most far
-
reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and
seriousness of their arts coverage.





It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a
time when high
-
quality arts criticism could be found in most big
-
city newspapers.








Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th
century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.







To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed
suitable for publication in general
-
circulation dailies.





We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England
between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was
dirt
-
cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it
appeared.







In those far
-
off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in
detail and at length about the events they covered.







Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like
George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.






These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.







journalism,
by writers who are not read to writers who are.'







Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester
Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on
the game of cricket.









During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical
-
music critics, a stylist
so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best
-
seller.






He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now
in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.







Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival?







The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and
postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.








Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.





Text2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business
methods.







received one for its
-
click
protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.







Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business
-
method
patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.








In a move that has intellectual
-
property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal
circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business
-
method patents.






In re Bilski, as the case is known , is
Missouri School of law.







It





Curbs on business
-
method claims would be a dramatic about
-
face, because it was the federal
circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so
-
called state Street Bank case,
approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual
-
fund assets.









That ruling produced an explosion in business
-
method patent filings, initially by emerging internet
companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.







Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive
move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.








In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business
-
method
patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.








Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial
products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.







The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.






The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the
court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it
should








The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme
Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.








Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for









The judges on the Federal circuit are
-
patent trend at the Supreme Court
says Harold C.








Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.



Text3

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large
part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually
informed, persuasive, or well
-
connected.




The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.


The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested
theory called the
influentials and from them to everyone else.






Marketers have embraced the two
-
step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and
influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.






The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands,
or neighborhoods.






In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was
wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.