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第一讲：英语句子的基本构成要素和五种简单的句子结构
英语的句子成分有
8
种，
分别是主语；
谓语；
宾语；
表语；定语；状语；补语和同位语 。
如：
I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday
1.
主语
(Subjec t)
：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，常位于句首。但在
there
be
结 构、疑问
句（主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后。主语可由下
列结构表示
1) During the 1990s, American
country music
has become more and more popular.
（名词）
2)
We
often speak English in class.
（代词）
3)
One-third
of the students in this class are girls.
（数词）
4)
The rich
should help the poor.
（名词化的形容词）
5)
To swim
in the river is a great pleasure.
（不定式）
6)
Smoking
does harm to the health.
（动名词）
7)
When we are going to have an English test
has not been decided.
（主语从句）
8)
It
is necessary
to master a foreign language
.
（
it
作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
2.
谓语
(Predicate)
：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在 句中作谓语，
一般放在主语之后。
1)
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
He
practices
running every morning.
2)
复合谓语：
（
1
）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
You
may keep
the book for two weeks.
He
has caught
a bad cold.
（
2
）由系动词加表语构成。
We
are students
.
3.
表语
(Pre dicative)
：
表语用以说明主语的身份、
特征和状态，
它一般位于系 动词
（如
be(am,
is, are, were, was), appear, look, seem, feel, smell, taste, sound, keep, turn, become, get, grow,
come, go etc.
）之后。表语一般由下列结构表示。
1) Our teacher of English is an
American
.
（名词）
2) Is it
yours
?
（代词）
3) The weather has turned
cold
.
（形容词）
4) The speech is
exciting.
（分词）
5) Three times seven is
twenty one
?
（数词）
6) His job is
to teach English
.
（不定式）
7) His hobby is
playing football
.
（动名词）
8) The machine
must be
out of order.
（介词短语）
9) Time is
up
. The class is
over
.
（副词）
10) The truth is
that he has never been abroad
.
（表语从句）
4.
宾语
(Object)
：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语种类
：
（
1
）双宾语（间接宾语
+
直接宾语）
Lend
me your dictionary
.
（
2
）复合宾语（宾语
+
宾补）
They elected
him their monitor
.
1) They went to see an
exhibition
yesterday.
（名词）
2) The heavy rain prevented
me
form coming to school on time.
（代词）
3) How many dictionaries do you have? I have
five
.
（数词）
4) They helped
the old
with their housework yesterday.
（名词化形容词）
5) He pretended
not to see me
.
（不定式短语）
6) I enjoy
listening to popular music
.
（动名词短语）
7) I think
（
that
）
he is fit for his office.
（宾语从句）
8) He found it hard to solve the problem.
（
it
作形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的不定式）
5.
宾语补足语
(Object Complement)
：英语中有些及物动词，除有一 个直接宾语外，还要有
一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。
1) His father named him
Dongming
.
（名词）
2) They painted their boat
white
.
（形容词）
3) Let the fresh air
in
.
（副词）
4) You mustn
’
t force him
to lend his money to you.
（不定式短语）
5) We saw her
entering the room
.
（现在分词）
6) We found everything in the lab
in good order
.
（介词短语）
7) We will soon make our city
what your city is now.
（从句）
6.
定语
(Attribute)
：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
1) Guilin is a
beautiful
city.
（形容词）
2) China is a
developing
country; America is a
developed
country.
（分词）
3) There are thirty
women
teachers is our school.
（名词）
4)
His
rapid progress in English made us surprised.
（代词）
5) Our monitor is always the first
to enter the classroom
.
（不定式短语）
6) The
teaching
plan for next term has been worked out.
（动名词）
7) He is reading an article
about how to learn English
.
（介词短语）
8) He has a sister who works in Hong Kong. (
定语从句
)
7.
状语
(adverbial modifier)
：修饰动词、形容词 、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的
句子成分，叫做状语。
1) Light travels
most quickly
.
（副词及副词性词组）
2) He has lived in the city
for ten years
.
（介词短语）
3) He is proud
to have passed the national college entrance
examination
.
（不定式短语）
4) He is in the room
making a model plane.
（分词短语）
5)
Once you begin
, you must continue.
（状语从句）
常见状语有如下
9
种：
1) How about meeting again
at six
?
（时间）
2) Last night she didn
’
t go to the dance party
because of the rain
.
（原因）
3) I shall go there
if it doesn
’
t rain
.
（条件）
4) Mr Smith lives
on the third floor
.
（地点）
5) She put the eggs into the basket
with great care
.
（方式）
6) She came in
with a dictionary in her hand
.
（伴随）
7)
In order to catch up with the others
, I must work harder.
（目的）
8) He was so tired
that he fell asleep immediately
.
（结果）
9) She works very hard
though she is old
.
（让步）
8.
同位语：
句子中指代同一事物的两个词、片语或子句，称同位关系。同位语是在名词或代
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