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直接引语和间接引语的区别?
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”
。直接引用别人的原话,两边用引号“
” 标出,叫做
直接引语;
用自己的语言转述别人的话,
不需要引号这叫做间接引语,实际上间接引语大都
是宾语从句(其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外,其转换后是不定式)
。那么直接引语为陈
述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句,转换为间接引语时,句子的结构,人称、 时态、
时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化,如何变化呢
?
1
、人称的转变
1
)直接引语中的第一人称,一般转换为第三人称,如:
He said
,
“
I am very sorry.
”
——
>He said that he was very sorry.
2
)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称,如:
“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——
>
My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3
)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对第三人称说的,转换成第三人称。如:
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——
>
She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4
)人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等,如:
He
asked
me,
“Will
you
go
to
the
station
with
me
to
meet
a
friend
of
mine
this
afternoon?”
——
>
He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
总之,人称的转换不是固定的,具体情况,具体对待,要符合逻辑。
2
、时态的转换
直接引语改为 间接引语时,主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时,从句(即间接引语部分)的
谓语动词在时态方面要作相应 的变化,
变成过去时范畴的各种时态
(实际也是宾语从句的时
态要求)
,变化 如下:
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般过去时
过去完成时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去进行时
过去进行时
一般将来时
过去将来时
例如:
“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. ——
>
She said she was very glad to visit our school.
Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” ——
>
Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.
Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” ——
>
Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV
.
He asked the conductor,
“Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” ——
>
He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.
“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. ——
>
The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.
Mother ask
ed me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” ——
>
Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV
.
Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.” ——
>
Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.
He said
,
“
I haven't heard from my parents these days.
”
——
>
He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.
3
、直接引语变成间接引语时,从句时态无须改变的情况
1
)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候,如:
He always says, “I am tired out.” ——
>He always says that he is tired out.
2
)当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候,如:
He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.” ——
>He will say that he will try his best to help me.
3
)当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时,如:
He said, “I went to college in 1994.” ——
>He told us that he went to college in 1994.
4
)当直接引语中有以
when, while
引导的从句,表示过去的时间时,如:
He said
,
“
When I was a child, I usually played football after school.
”
——
>
He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.
5
)当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时,如:
Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.”
——
>
Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
6
)当引语是谚语、格言时,如:
He said
,
“
Practice makes perfect.
”
——
>He said that practice makes perfect.
7
)
当直接引语中有情态动词
should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought
to, used to, need
时,如:
例如:
The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.” ——
>
The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.
He said, “She must be a teacher.”——
> He said that she must be a teacher.
He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”——
>
He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.
The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”——
>
The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.
She asked, “Must I
take the medicine?”——
> She asked if she had to take the medicine.
〔注〕
:此处用
had to
代替
must
更好
8
)此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定,不能机械照搬,如果当地转述,
here
不必改为< br>there,
动词
come
不必改为
go
,如果当天转述< br>yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon
等均不必改
变。如:
Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.
Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?
Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.
4
、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化
1
)时间状语:
直接引语
间接引语
直接引语
间接引语
now
(
then
)
;
tomorrow
(
the next / following day
)
today (that day
)
;
next week
(
the next / following week / month / year
)
yesterday
(
the day before
)
two days ago
(
two days before
)
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