梨子的英文2018年12月英语四级考试真题

2021年1月20日发(作者：is是什么)
2018
年
12
月
英语四级真题
选词填空



Part A:
选词填空



【试题】



Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global
economy more than $$5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious
26.______ occurring in the developing world. The figures include a number of
costs 27.______ with air pollution. Only considering lost income alone
amounts to $$225 billion a year.


The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution,
which includes 28.______ like home heating and cooking, has remained
29.______ over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels
of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and
transportation. Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris
Murray 30.______ it as an “urgent call to action.” “One of the risk factors for
premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little
31.______,” he said.



The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in
some places lost labor income 32.______ nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10
people in low and middle income countries live in places where they
33.______ experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.


But the problem is not limited 34.______ to the developing world.
Thousands die prematurely in the U.S. as a result of related ailments. In many
European countries, where diesel 35.______ have become more common in
recent years, that number reaches in the tens of thousands.


【解析】



26. [F] damage



解析：
“Air pollution costs the global economy more than $$5 trillion annually
in welfare costs, with the most serious ______ occurring in the developing
world”;
由最高级限定
“the most serious”
可知此处为名词且内容应与前半句性质
相同，联系句义选项
[F]d amage
符合。



27. [B] associated



解析：
“The figures include a number of costs ______ with air pollutio n”;
此
处选词需与介词
with
搭配，联系上下文，
figure s
指代全球空气污染相关的花费
数据，选项
[B]associated
符合 句义。



28. [M] sources



解析：
“Indoor pollution, which includes ______ like home heating and
cooking,…”;
由介词
like
可知
home heati ng
与
cooking
为空格处选词的举例，
联
系
indo or pollution
与
home heating / cooking
的关系，可知此处
[M]sources
符
合。



29. [D] constant



解析：
“…, has remained ______ over the past several decades despite
advances in the area”;
由
despite
可知空格处选词与后文
advances
成转折逻 辑，
且后文
outdoor pollution
部分描述的是污染趋势
(have grown rapidly)
，
联系动词
remain
的词义与常见搭配，选项
[D]constant
符合句义。



30. [G] described



解析：
“Chris Murray ______ it as an ‘urgent call to action’”;
空格处应为谓
语动词，联系介词
as
的搭配及后文引用
(an “urgent call to action”)
，可知此处应
选
[G]described
。



31. [E] control



解析：
“…the air we breathe, over which individuals have little ______”;
由
have litt le
可知空格处选词应为不可数名词且能与从句提前的介词
over
搭配，
联
系上下文还原从句
“have little ____ over the air we breathe”
，
可知选项
[E]control
符合句意。



32. [H] equals



解析：
“…, where in some places lost labor income _____
_ nearly 1% of
GDP”;
联系上下文可知此句由
“lost labor income”
与
“nearly 1% of GDP”
之间的关
系描述空 气污染带来的损失之严重，选项
[H]equals
符合。



33. [K] regularly



解析：
“where they ______ experience dangerous levels of outdoor air
pollution”;
空格处选词应为副词 性，且此句依然在叙述发展中国家所面对的污染
情况之严重，理解句义，选项
[K]regul arly
符合。



34. [I] exclusively



解析：
“But the problem is not limited ______ to the developing wo rld”;
联系
上下文，可知此处转折句义指空气污染并不只是发展中国家的问题，选项
[I]exclusively
符合句义。



35. [O] vehicles



解析：
“…, where diesel ______ have become more common in recent
years, that number
reaches in the tens of thousands”;
联系前文可知句中
that
numbers
指代过早死亡
(premature death)
的人数， 而
where
从句描述的是这一
人数上万
(reaches tens of thousands)
的背景
/
原因，联系
diesel(
柴油机< br>)
词义可
知此处选项
[O]vehicles
符合。


2018
年
12
月
英语四级
长篇阅读真题答案解析



Section B



Food-as- Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress


[A] Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralph’s
market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping
people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau,
wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her some idea on how to
feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought
about trying fresh juices in the morning?” he asks her. “The frozen oranges
and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices
are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before
and have it ready the next morning.”



[B] Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program
director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St.
Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The center’s ‘Shop with Your Doc’ program
sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for
the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.


[C] Nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni (
通心粉
)-and- cheese boxes in
Scott’s shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and
real cheese. “So I’d have to make it?”she asks, he
r enthusiasm fading at the
thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I’m not sure
they’d eat it. They just won’t eat it.”



[D] Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the
rising diabetes rates among child
ren. “In America, over 50 percent of our food
is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “And only 5 percent of our food is
plant-
based food. I think we should try to reverse that.” Scott agrees to try
more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one
point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.


[E] Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across California. The
food-as-
medicine movement has been around for decades, but it’s making
progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of
treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (
药物
). By prescribing
nutritional changes or launching programs such as ‘Shop with your Doc’, they
are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients
eat. “There’s no question people can take things a long way toward reversing
diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food
choices,” Nadeau says.



[F] In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of ST.
Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make
a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care
organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry
program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its
pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites
throughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food
prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it.
“We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says
Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital’s medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives.
“We want people to understand what they’re eating, how to prepare it, the ro
le
food plays in their lives.”



[G] In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is
offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine
—

that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings
increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does
not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit
substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look
at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and
processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation’s high rates of
obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health
Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused
by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low
consumption of fruits and vegetables.


[H] “It’s a different paradigm(
范式
) of how to treat disease,” says Dr.
Brenda Rea, who helps run the family and preventive medicine residency
program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine
specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in
part, by changing patients’ nutritional habits. The medical center an
d school at
Loma Linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. This way,
patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them
at home.


[I] Many people don’t know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know
how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt
and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how
to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patient’s life. And beyond
that, it might transform the health an
d lives of that patient’s family. “What
people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is
one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of
long-
term disease.”



[J] Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow
inflammation(
炎症
), for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cells.
In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet
—
particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.


[K]
“As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but
that can happen,”says Nguyen. “In the same way physicians used to smoke,
and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, I think
physicians can have a bigger voic
e in it.”



题目解析：
本篇长篇阅读难度较低，
基本上匹配段落与题干都可找到一致性
的词语，< br>做题时只需依照固定的思路和方法进行即可。
文章无需仔细阅读，
先从
题干出发 ，
选择名词作为关键词，
接着以段落为单位在各个段落的收尾处进行关
键词的对应。在 寻找关键词的同时应注意两点，同义替换以及特殊单词
(
中文释
义、转折词
)
。做题时应先易后难提高效率。



36. More than half of the food Americans eat is factory- produced.



答案：
D



解析：本题考查同义替换



【
D
】
Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the
rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 percent of our food
is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “And only 5 percent of our food is
plant-based food. I think we
should try to reverse that.” Scott agrees to try
more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one
point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.


B37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice
to shoppers in food stores.



答案：
B



解析：本题考查原词定位



【
B
】
Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program
director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St.
Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The center’s ‘Shop with Your Doc’ program
sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for
the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.


38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients
recover from various illnesses.



答案：
G



解析：本题考查同义替换
+
概括总结



【
G
】
In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is
offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine
—

that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings
increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does
not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit
substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look