tugboat微生物英文名词解释

2021年1月20日发(作者：曹国舅)
/kech/wswx/cn/test/
考）
*
不做重点
*

Section 1 Microorganisms and Microbiology
华中农业大学微生物试题集
（仅参
1
Archaea
：

a group of phylogenetically related prokaryotes distinct from
Bacteria

2
Bacteria
：
a group of phylogenetically related prokaryotes distinct from Archaea

3
Chromosome
：

a genetic element carrying genes essential to cell function
4
DNA
：
deoxyribonucleic acid, the hereditary material of cells and some viruses
5
Enrichment culture

：
a method for isolating microorganisms from nature using
specific culture media and incubation conditions
6
Enzymes
：
protein catalysts that function to speed up chemical reactions
7
Eukaryote

：
a cell possessing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and usually other
organelles
8
Genetics
：
heredity and variation of living organisms
9
Microorganism
：
a microscopic organism consisting of a single cell or cell
cluster, including the viruses
10
Plasmid

：
a small genetic element that exists separately from the chromosome
11
Pure culture
：
a culture containing a single kind of microorganism
12
Spontaneous generation
：
the hypothesis that living organisms can originate
from nonliving matter
13
Aseptic
：
technique methods for maintaining sterile culture media and other
sterile objects free from microbial contamination during manipulations
14
Cell
：
the fundamental unit of living matter
15
Cytoplasm
：
the fluid portion of a cell, bounded by the cell membrane but
excluding the nucleus (if present)
16
Ecology
：
the study of organisms in their natural environments
17
Entropy

：
a measure of the degree of disorder in a system; entropy always
increases in a closed system
18
Eukarya
：
all eukaryotic organisms
19
Evolution
：
change in a line of descent over time leading to the production of
new species or varieties within a species
20
Metabolism
：
all biochemical reactions in a cell
21
Pathogen

：
a disease-causing microorganism
22
Prokaryote

：
a cell lacking a nucleus and other organelles
23
RNA

：
ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis as messenger RNA,
transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA
24
Sterile

：
absence of all living organisms and viruses
Section 2 Cell Biology

1
Antigen-Binding Cassette transporter
：
a membrane transport system consisting
of three proteins, one hydrolyzes ATP as an energy source to drive the transport
event, one binds the substrate on the outside of the cell, and one functions as the
transport channel through the membrane

2
Chloroplast
：
the chlorophyll- containing photosynthetic organelle of eukaryotic
photosynthetic organisms
3
Cytoplasmic

：
membrane the permeability barrier of the cell, separating the
cytoplasm from the environment
4
Eukaryote
：
a cell containing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and usually other
organelles
5
Gas vesicles
：
gas-filled cytoplasmic structures bounded by protein and
coriferring buoyancy on cells
6
Gram- positive

：
a prokaryotic cell whose cell wall consists chiefly of
peptidoglycan and lacks the outer membrane of gram-negative cells
7
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
：

lipid in combination with polysaccharide and
protein forming the major portion of the cell wall in gram-negative Bacteria
8
Mitochondrion (mitochondria)
：
an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells in
which respiration and energy generation occurs
9
Nucleus
：

a membraned-enclosed structure in cells of Eukarya that contains the
genetic material, arranged in chromosomes
10
Flagellum
：

Peptidoglycan
：
a polysaccharide composed of alternating repeats
of acetylglucosamine and acetylmuramic acid with the latter in adjacent layers
cross- linked by short peptides
11
Peritrichous

：
in reference to flagellation pattern; flagella located in many
places around the surface of the cell Phototaxis movement of an organism toward
light
12
Prokaryote

：
a cell that lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and that usually
has a single circular DNA molecule as its chromosome
13
Ribosome
：
small particles composed of RNAs and proteins that function in
protein synthesis
14
Chemotaxis
：
movement of an organism toward (positive) or away from
(negative) a chemical gradient
15
Chromosome
：
a DNA molecule, usually circular in prokaryotes and linear in
eukaryotes, carrying genes essential to cellular function
16
Endospore
：

a highly heat-resistant, thick-walled, differentiated cell produced
by certain gram- positive Bacteria
17
Flagellum
：

a long, thin cellular appendage capable of rotation in prokary otic
cells and responsible for swim-ming motility
18
Gram- negative

：
a prokaryotic cell whose cell wall contains relatively little
peptidoglycan but contains an outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide,
lipoprotein, and other complex macromolecules
19
Group translocation

：
an energy-dependent transport process in which the
substance transported is chemi-cally modified during the transport process
20
Magnetosomes

：
particles of magnetite (Fe3O4) organized into nonunit
membrane-enclosed structures in the cytoplasm of magnetotactic Bacteria
21
Nucleoid

：
an aggregated state of the circular chromosome of prokaryotic cells
22
Organelle

：
a unit membrane- enclosed structure found in the cytoplasm of
eukaryotic cells
23
Periplasm
：
a gellike region between the outer surface of the cytoplasmic
membrane and the inner surface of the lipopolysaccharide layer of gram-negative
Bacteria
24
Poly-P- hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
：
a common storage material of prokaryotic
cells consisting of a polymer of P-hydroxybutyrate or another 3-alkanoic acid
25
Protoplast
：
an osmotically protected cell whose cell wall has been removed


Section3 Prokaryotic Microorganisms

1
Acid fastness

：
a property of Mycobacterium species in which cells stained with
the dye basic fuchsin resist decolorization with acidic alcohol


2
Chemolithotrophs
：
organisms able to oxidize inorganic compounds as energy
sources

3
Consortia

：
two or more-membered association of prokaryotes, usually living in
an intimate symbiotic fashion

4
Enteric bacteria
：

a large group of gram-negative rod- shaped Bacteria
characterized by a facultatively aerobic metabolism

5
Heliobacteria
：

anoxygenic phototrophs containing bacteriochlorophyll g

6
Heterocyst
：

a differentiated cyanobacterial cell that carries out nitrogen
fixation but not oxygenic photosynthesis

7
Homofermentative
：

in reference to lactic acid bacteria, producing only lactic
acid as a fermentation product

8
Methylotroph
：
an organism capable of oxidizing organic compounds that do
not contain carbon-carbon bonds; if able to oxidize CH4, also a methanotroph

9
Purple nonsulfur bacteria
：

a group of phototrophic prokaryotes containing
bacteriochlorophylls a or b that grow best as photoheterotrophs and have a
relatively low tolerance for H2S

10
Prostheca
：
an extrusion of cytoplasm often forming a distinct appendage,
bounded by the cell wall
11
Pseudomonad
：

member of the genus Pseudomonas, a large group of
gram- negative, obligately respiratory (never fermentative) Bacteria

12
Spirochete
：
a slender, tightly coiled gram-negative prokaryote characterized
by possession of axial filaments used for motility

13
Sulfate-reducing bacteria
：
a large group of anaerobic Bacteria that respire
anaerobically with SO42- as electron acceptor, producing H2S

14
Carboxysomes
：
polyhedral cellular inclusions of crystalline ribulose
bisphosphate carboxylase (RubisCO), the key enzyme of the Calvin cycle

15
Chlorosomes
：

cigar-shaped structures bounded by a nonunit membrane and
containing the light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll (c, d, or e) in green bacteria
and Chloroflexus

16
Cyanobacteria
：
prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs that contain chlorophyll a
and phycobilins but not chlorophyll b

17
Green bacteria
：

anoxygenic phototrophs containing chlorosomes and
bacteriochlorophyll c, cs, d, or e as light-harvesting chlorophyll

18
Hyperthermophile
：

an organism with a growth temperature optimum of
greater than 80oC

19
Heterofermentative
：

in reference to lactic acid bacteria, capable of making
more than one fermentation product

20
Methanotroph
：
an organism capable of oxidizing methane (CH4)

21
Nitrifying bacteria
：

chemolithotrophs capable of carrying out the
transformation NH3?NO2- or NO2-?NO3-

22
Prochlorophyte
：
a prokaryotic oxygenic phototroph that contains chlorophylls
a and b but lacks phycobilins

23
Proteobacteria
：
a major lineage of Bacteria that contains a large number of
gram- negative rods and cocci

24
Purple sulfur bacteria
：
a group of phototrophic prokaryotes containing
bacteriochlorophylls a or b and characterized by the ability to oxidize H2S and
store elemental sulfur inside the cells (or in the genus Ectothiorhodospira, outside
the cell)

25
Stickland reaction
：
fermentation of an amino acid pair in which one amino
acid serves as an electron donor and a second serves as an electron acceptor
Section4 Eukaryotic Microorganisms

1
Ameboid movement
：

a type of motility in which cytoplasmic streaming moves
the organism forward


2
Chloroplast
：

the photosynthetic organelle of eukaryotic phototrophs

3
Conidia

：
asexual spores of fungi

4
Flagellates
：

a group of protozoa characterized by motility driven by the
whiplike action of one or more long,thin appendages called flagella

5
Hydrogenosome
：

an organelle of endosymbiotic origin present in certain
anaerobic eukaryotic microorganisms that functions to oxidize pyruvate to H2,
CO2, and acetate, along with the production of one ATP

6
Molds
：

filamentous fungi

7
Phagocytosis
：

a mechanism for ingesting particulate food in which a portion
of the cell membrane surrounds the particle and brings it into the cell

8
Slime molds
：

nonphototrophic eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls
and that aggregate to form fruiting structures (cellular slime molds) or masses of
protoplasm (acellular slime molds)

9
Yeasts
：

unicellular fungi

10
Chitin
：

a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine commonly found in the cell walls
of algae and fungi

11
Ciliates
：

a group of protozoa characterized by rapid motility driven by
numerous short appendages called cilia

12
Eukarya
：
all eukaryotic organisms

13
Fungi
：

nonphotosynthetic eukaryotic microorganisms that contain rigid cell
walls

14
Mitochondrion
：

the respiratory organelle of eukaryotic organisms

15
Mushrooms
：
filamentous fungi that produce large, often edible structures
called fruiting bodies

16
Protozoa
：
unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls

17
Sporozoa
：
nonmotile parasitic protozoa
Section 5 Viruses

1
Bacteriophage
：

a virus that infects prokaryotic cells


2
Lysogen
：

a bacterium containing a prophage

3
Oncogene
：

a gene whose expression causes formation of a tumor

4
Plus (positive)-strand nucleic acid
：
an RNA or DNA strand that has the same
sense as the mRNA of a virus

5
Provirus (prophage)
：

the genome of a temperate virus when it is replicating
with, and usually integrated into,the host chromosome

6
Reverse transcription
：

the process of copying information found in RNA into
DNA

7
Transformation
：
a process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell (but
see alternative usage in Chapter 9)

8
Virulent virus
：

a virus that lyses or kills the host cell after infection; a
nontemperate virus

9
Minus (negative)-strand nucleic acid
：

an RNA or DNA strand that has the
opposite sense of (is complementary to) the mRNA of a virus

10
Plaque
：

a zone of lysis or cell inhibition caused by virus infection of a lawn of
sensitive cells

11
Prion
：

an infectious agent whose extracellular form may contain no nucleic
acid

12
Retrovirus
：
a virus whose RNA genome has a DNA in-termediate as part of its
replication cycle

13
Temperate virus
：
a virus whose genome is able to replicate along with that of
its host and not cause cell death in a state called lysogeny

14
Virion
：
the complete virus particle; the nucleic acid surrounded by a protein
coat and in some cases other material

15
Virus
：

a genetic element containing either RNA or DNA that replicates in cells
but is characterized by having an extracellular state

Section 6 Nutrition and Metabolism


1
Activation Energy
energy the energy required to bring substrates to the reactive
state

2
Anabolism
：

the sum total of all biosynthetic reactions in the cell
3
Catabolism
：

biochemical reactions leading to the production of usable energy
(usually ATP) by the cell
4
Chemoorganotroph
：
an organism that uses organic chemicals as energy sources
(electron donors)
5
Coenzyme
：
a small nonprotein molecule that participates in a catalytic reaction
as part of an enzyme
6
Culture medium
：
an aqueous solution of various nutrients suitable for the
growth of microorganisms
7
Electron acceptor
：

a substance that can accept electrons from some other
substance, thereby becoming reduced in the process
8
Enzyme
：

a protein that has the ability to speed up (catalyze) a specific
chemical reaction