aimini-当初
The Faerie Queene (written by Edmud Spenser)
A Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine,
一位高贵的骑士正策马穿过平原，
Ycladd in mightie armes and silver shielde,
他全副武装，手持银盾，
Wherein old dints of deepe wounds did remaine,
盾上仍留着陈旧的深深的凹痕，
The cruell markes of many a bloudy fielde;
这残酷的标记来自多次血腥的战阵；
Yet armes till that time did he never wield:
但这些武器至今他还未用过；
His angry steede did chide his foming bitt,
他那愤怒的坐骑暴躁地咬着马勒，
As much disdayning to the curde to yield:
似乎桀骜不驯，不愿受主人的控制；
Full jolly knight he seemed , and faire did sitt,
他看上去是位真正的骑士，端坐马上，
As one for knightly giusts and fierce encouters fitt.
好象准备参加骑士比武，迎接激烈对抗。
But on his brest a bloudie Crosse he bore,
然而，他胸前带着一个血十字
The deare remembrance of his dying Lord,
这是他对垂死的主耶稣的珍贵记忆，
For whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore,
就为了耶稣，他佩带那光荣的徽章，
And dead as living ever him adored:
虽死犹生，耶稣永受他崇敬；
Upon his shield the like was also scored,
他的盾上也有着同样的血十字，
For soveraine hope, which in his helpe he had:
这是耶稣基督帮助他得到最高希望的标记；
Right faithfull true he was in deede and word,
他忠诚正直，言行一致，
But of his cheere did seeme too solemne sad;
他的面容却显得过于严肃忧郁；
Yet nothing did he dread, but ever was ydrad.
但对于任何可怕的东西，他都无所畏惧。
Upon
a great adventure he was bond,
他承担着一个冒险的壮举，
That greatest Gloriane to him gave,
这是最伟大的光荣女王交给他的使命，
That greatest Glrious Queene of Faerie Lond,
那仙国的最伟大的光荣之后，
to winne him worship, and her grace to have,
使他崇拜，的到她恩宠，
Which of all earhly things he most did crave;
是他在尘世间最强烈的愿望；
And ever as he rode, his hart did
earne
当他骑马前行，他的心时刻盼望，
To prove his puissance in battell brave
在抗击敌人的无谓的战争中，
Upon his foe, and his new force to learne;
证明他英勇和他学习的潜力；
Upon his foe, a Dragon horrible and stearne.
抗击他的敌人，一个可怕而凶猛的恶魔。
A lovely Ladie rode him faire beside,
一位可爱的女士伴他前行，
Upon a lowly Asse more white then snow,
骑着一头比雪还白的温驯的白驴，
Yet she much whiter, but the same did hide
而她本人更白，但她的脸藏在
Under a vele , that wimpled was full low,
面纱之后，面纱带着折纹低低垂下，
And over all a blacke stole she did throw,
她又用一条黑披肩蒙住全身，
As one that inly mournd: so was she sad,
如满心哀思之人；她的确十分忧伤，
And heavier sat upon her palfrey slow:
做在缓缓的坐骑上她显得忧郁，
Seemed in heart some hidden care she had,
似乎心中藏着重重忧虑，
And by her in a line a milke white lambe she lad.
她身边还牵着一只乳白色的小羊羔。
The
So pure an innocent , as that same
lambe,
她在生活里和每一个关于美德的传说中，
She was in life and every vertuous lore,
都像那只小羊羔一样纯洁无暇；
And by descent from Royall lynage came
她出生于皇室贵族，
Of ancient Kings and Queenes, that had of yore
那昔日的国王与王后的后裔；
Their scepters strecht from East to Westerne shore,
他们的权杖从东海岸伸到西海岸，
And all the world in their subjection held;
整个世界都在他们的统治之下；
Till that infernall feend with foule uprore
直到那可怕的恶魔淫威肆虐，
Forwated all their land , and them expeld:
蹂躏他们的全部国土，将他们赶走；
Whom to avenge, she had this Knight from for compeld.
为了给他们报仇，她请来这远方的骑士。
Behind her farre away a Dwarfe did lag,
她身后的一个侏儒远远落在后面，
That lasie seemed in being ever last,
他似乎因为总在后面而显得懒洋洋，
Or wearied with bearing of her bag
或者因为背负着她的一袋衣物，
Of needments at his backe. Thus as they past,
已经疲惫。当他们这样行进时
The day with cloudes was suddeine overcast,
白昼忽然被乌云所笼罩，
And angry Jove and hideous storme of raine
愤怒的朱庇特将一场可怕的暴风雨
Did poure into his Lemans lap so fast,
倾注在他的大地爱人的怀中，如此迅疾，
That every wight to shrowd
it did constrain,
每个人都被迫找地方躲避。
And this faire couple eke to shroud themselves were fain.
这漂亮的一对也欣然地隐蔽自己。
Enforst to seeke some covert nigh at hand,
在森林里寻找就近的隐蔽处，
A shadie grove not far away they spide,
他们看见不远处一片树荫，
That promist ayde the tempest to withstand:
可以让他们藏身，抵挡暴风雨；
Whose loftie trees yclad with sommers pride,
那些高高的大树披着夏日的骄傲，
Did spred so broad, that heavens light did hide,
绿茵伸得宽宽，挡住天上的光，
Not perceable with power of any starre:
没有一颗星有能力穿透，
And all within were pathes and alleies wide,
在浓荫下有许多宽宽的路径，
With footing worne , and leading inward farre:
被行人脚步踏平，通向远远的深处；
Faire harbour that them seemes; so in they entred arre.
这似乎是平安港湾，于是他们向里走去。
-------------- -----------------------------------------------
Spenser's masterpiece is The Faerie Queene, a great poem of its age.
What are the five main qualities of Spenser
’
s Poetry?
The five main qualities of Spenser's poetry are
1) a perfect melody
（完美的韵律）
;
2) a rare sense of beauty
（珍贵的美感）
;
3) a splendid imagination
（灿烂壮观的想像）
;
4) a lofty moral purity and seriousness
（崇高的道德纯洁性与严肃性）
;
5) a dedicated idealism
（一种献身的理想主义）
.
In addition to the above, Spenser uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words
in order to increase the rustic effect. It is Spenser's idealism, his love of beauty, and
his exquisite melody that make him known as
（诗人中的诗人）
.
The poem is written in the stanza invented by the poet himself, the Spenserian
stanza, i.e., a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and
the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbc.
============ =========================================
===
Passionate Shepherd to His Love
Christopher Marlowe
Come live with me and be my love,
And we will all the pleasures prove That valleys, groves, hills, and fields, Woods, or
steepy mountain yields.
And we will sit upon the rocks,
Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,
By shallow rivers to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals.
And I will make thee beds of roses And a thousand fragrant posies, A cap of
flowers, and a kirtle
Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle;
A gown made of the finest wool
Which from our pretty lambs we pull;
Fair lined slippers for the cold, With buckles of the purest gold;
A belt of straw and ivy buds,
With coral clasps and amber studs:
And if these pleasures may thee move, Come live with me, and be my love.
The shepherds
’
swains shall dance and sing For thy delight each May morning:
If these delights thy mind may move, Then live with me and be my love.
参考译文：
热恋的牧羊人
克里斯多夫·马洛
来和我一起生活，做我的至爱，
我们将共享人间的一切欢快。
这里有俊俏秀丽的山峦，
还有风光明媚的山谷田园。
在那边，我们坐在山岩上，
看着牧羊人喂食可爱的羊羔，
在浅浅的小河旁，
有小鸟婉转动听的鸣唱。
我将用玫瑰花瓣为你铺床，
还将扎起一千束芬芳的花朵，
我将编织一顶花冠，一袭绣装，
全身用桃金娘叶芽织就。
从最可爱的羊羔身上剪下上等羊毛，
织成温暖绵软的衣袍，
做成御寒的羊毛衬里拖鞋，
用纯金为你制作鞋扣。
芳草和常春藤编成的腰带，
点缀着琥珀饰纽和珊瑚扣环，
如果这些享受能开启你的心怀，
来和我一起生活，做我的心爱。
牧羊少年将在五月的每一个清晨
献上歌曲和舞蹈，
为的是让你欢欣，
如果这些快乐能打动你的芳心，
就过来和我一起生活，做我的爱人。
--------------------- -------------------------------
Identify the author and the title of this poem.
/Marlove/The passinate shepherd
to his love
Whom does
Shepherd
What emotion does the poet express in this poem?
This poem derives from the pastoral
tradition,in which the shepherd enjoys an
ideal country life,cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his
emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature where lovers are not disturbed
by worldly concern.
Explain the poem in English.
come to love with me and become my love,and we will together experience the
joys that the valleys,groves,hills and fields,woods or uneven mountains give to us.
What are Marlower
’
s two major literary achievements?
Marlowe's artistic achievement is his perfect verse and without rhyme body has
become the most important British drama style. Marlowe's second achievement is
his creation of the Renaissance hero image. < br>----------------------------------------------- ------------------------
“
What, is great Mephistophilis to passionate
For being deprived of the joys of heaven?
Learn thou of Faustus manly fortitude
And scorn those joys thou never shalt possess.
……
Say he will spare him Four and twenty years
Letting him live in all voluptuousness
Having thee ever to attend on me
…
Questions:
1)Identify the passage and author;
2)
“
Say he surrenders up to him his soul
”
, who will surrender his soul? What for?
3)Who are thee? What will he do?
参考答案：
1) The passage comes from
“
s
”
written by Christopher Marlowe. (P25
—
26)
2) s will surrender his soul to devil. Because he was a great scholar who
has a strong desire to
’
get knowledge
’
in vain, finally he
’
made a bond
’
to sell
his soul to Devil in return for 24 years of life in which he may get anything he
desires. (P22)
3) The
“
thee
”
, refers to
“
Mephistophilis
”
, the Devil
’
s servant.
He helped s to do anything he wants. (P22)
What kind of character is s?
s is the hero in s by Chritopher is one of the
Renaissance heroes in Marlove's is individulistic and full of ambition,facing
bravely the chanlenge shows Marlowe's humanistic idea of human
dignity and capacity. In portraying Faustus,an introspective and philosophical
figure,Marlowe praises his soaring aspiration of knowledge while warning against
the sin of pride since Faustus's downfull was caused by his despair
in God and
trust in Devil.
========================== =========================
3.
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day
？
我能否以夏日将你相比？
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
其实你更温柔也更美
丽：
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
五月的娇蕾在风中狂悸，
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
夏季老匆匆然白驹过隙；
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
有时候太阳照得太热狂，
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
光；
And every fair from fair sometime decline,
－
By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
衰，
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;
态；
Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st;
在：
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
苍天的红脸常暗然无
美中之美一旦人老珠黄
便自然代谢，
或毁于无常；
然而你的夏天长盛不
你不会失却姣好的仪
死神岂矜夸你蹈其阴霾，
不朽的诗行将与你同
只要人类能睁眼与呼吸，
这诗便活着－赋生命予你！
by William Shakespeare (1564
－
1616)
------ -------------------------------------------------- ----------------
please give the name of the poet.
What does a summer's day refer to?/A summer's day may refer to a period or the
season of summer.
What rhetorical devices are used in these four lines?
Metaphor,personification
Analyze the theme of this sonnet./In this sonnet,Shakespeare has a profound
meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth
by poetry to the one he lvoes.A nice summer's day is usually transient,but the
beauty in poetry can last for shakespeare have a faith in the permanence
of poetry.
答案：
---- -------------------------------------------------- --------
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou are more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May.
Questions:
A. Who is the author?
B. What is the theme of the poem? What is the title of the poem?
C. What kind of poem is it? From which the quoted lines are taken?
答案：
Shakespeare;eternity of poetry,
Day
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---
The following passage is taken from The Merchant of Venice. Read it carefully and
find the dramatic irony it contains.
Use it as an example to illustrate what dramatic irony is.
“
Bassanio: Antonio, I am married to a wife
Which is as dear to me as life itself;
But life itself, my wife, and all the world,
Are not with me esteem
?
d above thy life;
I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all,
Here to the devil, to deliver you.
Portia: Your wife would give you little thanks for that,
If she were by to
hear you make the offer.
”
答案：
A. When the audience is aware of a discrepancy between a character
?
s
perception of his or her own situation and the true nature of that situation, that is
dramatic irony.
B. In the given example, Portia, Bassanio
?
s newly-married wife, disguised herself
as the lawyer to take charge of the case. Portia herself and the audience know all
this, but Bassanio is ignorant of it. So when Bassanio offers in front of his disguised
wife to sacrifice her in order to deliver Antonio, he makes himself behave in a
ridiculous way in the eyes of the audience. Thus an effect of dramatic irony is
achieved.
=============================================
be, or not to be: that is the question:
Whether
’
tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to,
’
tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish
’
d. To die, to sleep;
To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there
’
s the rub;
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause: there
’
s the respect
That makes calamity of so long life;
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,
The oppressor
’
s wrong, the proud man
’
s contumely,
The pangs of despised love, the law
’
s delay,
The insolence of office and the spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes,
When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
But that the dread of something after death,
The undiscover
’
d country from whose bourn
No traveller returns, puzzles the will
And makes us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o
’
er with the pale cast of thought,
And enterprises of great pith and moment
With this regard their currents turn awry,
And lose the name of action.
–
Soft you now!
The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy orisons
Be all my sins remember
’
d.
译文（朱生豪译）：
生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；
默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，
通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？
死了；睡着了；什么都完了；
要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，
以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，
那正是我们求之不得的结局。
死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；
嗯，阻碍就在这儿：
因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，
在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。
人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故；
谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、
傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、
官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，
要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？
谁愿意负着这样的重担，
在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，
惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，
是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，
不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？
这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，
决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，
伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，
失去了行动的意义。
---------------------------------------------- --------
Identify the author./Shakespeare
From which work is the above sentence taken?Hamlet
How do you undertand
suffer or take action.
------------------------------ -------------------------------------------
(Shakespeare, Humlet)
A. What does the
determination (determinedness, action, activity, ...)
B. What does the
consideration (indecision, inactivity, hesitation, ...)
C. What idea do the two lines express?
Too much thinking (consideration,...) made (makes) activity (action) impossible.
----------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
Why is Hamlet so impressive in Shakespeare
’
s Hamlet?
The hero Hamlet in Shakespeare
’
s play Hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take
his revenge,his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do
came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became
hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill he loved his widowed
mother shi later married his uncle,this made him deep in trouble,when he planned
to kill his uncle,and he was afraid to hurt his also,when everything was
ready for him to kill his uncle,he forgave him for his uncle was praying to God for
his he lost the good represented humanism of his time.
Hamlet is one of Shakespeare
’
s great to discuss the social
significances of Hamlet and analyze the character Hamlet.
The social significance of Hamlet:The play is Shakespeare
’
s most detailed expose
of a corrupted court
―“
an unweeded garden
”
in which there is nothing but
“
a foul
and pestilent congregation of vapours
”
.By revealing the power- seeking,the jostling
for place,the hidden motives,the courteous superficialities that veil lust and
guilt,Shakespeare condemns the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption at
the royal court.
The character of Hamlet:Hamlet is neither a frail and
weak- minded youth nor a thoughtsick has none of the single-minded
blood lust of the earlier is not because he is incapable of action,but
because the cast of his mind is so speculative,so questioning and so contemplative
that action ,when it finally comes,seems almost like defeat,Trapped in a nightmare
world of spying,testing and plotting,and apparently bearing the intolerable burden
of the duty to revenge his father
’
s death,Hamlet obliged to inhabit a shadow
world,to live suspended between fact and fiction,language and life is one
of constant role-playing,examining the nature of action only to deny its
possibility,for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role
of a stage characterizing Hamlet,Shkespeare successfully makes a
philosophical exploration of life and is also a humanist,a man who is
free from medieval prejudices and has an unbounded love for the
world rather than cherishes a profound reverence for man and a firm
belief in man
’
s power over destiny.
------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------
Shakespeare is the master of English wrote all together 38 plays in
his s the four periods of his dramatic career,his views on
literature,the characteristics of his characters,plot and language.
Shakespeare
’
s four periods of dramatic career:The first period of Shakespeare
’
s
dramatic career was one of wrote five history plays(
Ⅵ
),four comedies( Comedy of Errors).In the second period,Shakespeare
’
s
style and approach became highly wrote five histories(
Ⅳ
),six comedies( Merchant of Venice)and two tragedies( and
Juliet).His third period includes his greatest tragedies()and his so-called
dark comedies(e for Measure).The last period includes his principal
romantic tragicomedies( Tempest).
Shakespeare
’
s views on
literature:He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty,kindness and
truth,and should reflect nature and reality.
The characteristics of Shakespeare
’
s characters:His major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type
ones,they
are
individuals
representing
certain
character
has
his
or
her
own
personalities;meanwhile,they may share features with others.
The
characteristics of Shakespeare
’
s plot:Shakespeare
’
s plays are well-known for their
adroit plot peare seldom invents his own plots;instead,he
borrows them from some old plays or storybooks,or from ancient Greek an Roman
sources.
The characteristics of Shakespeare
’
s language:The language is his
subtle pear can write skillfully in different poetic forms,like the
sonnet,the blank verse,and the rhymed has an amazing wealth of
vocabulary and coinage of new words and distorition of the meaning of
the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.
-------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
Name Shakespeare 4 greatest tragedies.
What are the characteristics of the four tragedies in common?
Briefly summerize each hero's weakness of nature.
答案
A. Shakespeare's four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear,and
Macbeth.(HMOK)
B. Each portrays somke noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is
caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of
the whole nation.
C. Each hero has his weakness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar; Othello' s
inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is
unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth' s lust for power stirs up his
ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.
======================== =========================
6.
find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.
Identify the author./Francis Bacon.
From which work is the above sentence taken?/Of studies.
What does the sentence mean?/The sentences means that we should read for the
right value of the book,that is ,we should not deny the volues of the book nor
should we wholly accept it.
----- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------
Bacon's 58 is it about?
A:
by different people to pursue studies,and how studies exert influence over human
ul and pursuasive,conpact and precise,
Bacon's mature attitude towards learning.
============================================
,Be Not Proud
低头吧，死亡
by John Donne
约翰
.
多恩
Death,be not proud,though some have called thee
低头吧，死亡，他们称你
不可阻挡，
Mighty and dreadful,for thou art not so;
无所不能，可我知你并非如此；
For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow
有些人蒙你造访，却没有远离尘世，
Die not,poor
Death,nor yet canst thou kill me.
不，可怜的家伙，你不能把我怎样。
From rest and sleep,which but thy pictures be,
你带给人们的不过是惬意休憩的夜幕，
Much pleasure;then from
thee much more must flow,
甚至还有更多的诱人利益，
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
引得最坚定的英雄也争相奔趋，
Rest of their bones,and
soul's delivery.
肉体毁弃，而灵魂永驻。
Thou art slave to fate,chance,kings,and desperate men,
你是命运机缘的苦工，勇士豪杰的奴仆，
And dost with poison,war,and sickness dwell,
这世间惟有天灾人祸
可供你差遣，
And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well
倘若一片烟叶、一段睡
曲便足够我们酣眠，
And better than thy stroke;why swell'st thou then?
你又凭什么感到骄傲满足？
One short sleep
past,we wake eternally
看吧，
灵魂流转，
死亡无非短暂瞬间；
And death shall be no
more;Death,thou shalt die.
最后枯干的只有你自己的容颜。
【注】
该诗系严格按照彼特拉克十四行诗体的格式 而作，
押韵为
形式，
我在翻译的时候纯属随兴，
押的是
韵，
水平有限，
仅供自娱。
古人云：
“生为徭役，死为休息。”约翰.
多恩的这首诗意旨大概如此，但同时又有一定程度的延伸，
言语间充满乐观豁达的豪气， 而言及生死，却也不免倔强苍凉。
------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---
The author,the title/John Donne/Death,be not proud
What is the rhyme pattern of this poem?Sonnet
in the strict Petrarchan
patten,with 14 lines of iambic pentameter rhyming
abba abba cddc ee.
Explain the 7th&13th line/Those best men whom the gods love die young./Shortly
after we die,we'll wake up and live eternally.
-------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------
--
Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of 17th century
is it about? And who is the leading figure of it?
The term
century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious
spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of
the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the
Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of
common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently
that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.
John Donne
============== =======================================
======= =====
8.
—
but O how fallen! how changed
From him who, in the happy realms of light
Clothed with transcendent brightness, didst outshine
Myriads, though bright!
—
if he whom mutual league,
United thoughts and counsels, equal hope
And hazard in the glorious enterprise
Joined with me once, now misery hath joined
In equal ruin; into what pit thou seest
Questions:
A. Where is this excerpt taken from? Who is the author?
The excerpt is taken from Paradise Lost By Milton.
B. What is the theme of it?
The story is taken from Genesis of the Bible. The theme is the
“
Fall of Man
”
.
does the poet intend to do in writing it?
/Milton intended to expose the
ways of Satan and to
D.
--------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------
-------------
Why is John Milton the greatest writer of his time?
In his life,Milton shows himself a real revolutionary,a master poet and a great prose
fought
for freedom in all aspects as a Christian humanist,while his achievements in
literature make him tower over all the other English writers of his time and exert a
great influence over later ones.
新古典主义
I saw in my dream, that when they were got out of the wilderness, they
presently saw a town before t
that town is Vanity; and at the town there is a fair kept, called Vanity Fair; it is kept
all the year long
of Vanity Fair because all that is there sold, or that cometh thither, is vanity. As is
the saying of the wiis vanity'.
Questions:
A. Identify the author and the title of the book. /John Bunyan, The Pilgrim's
Progress
B. Who are
Chritian and his friend Faithful.
C. What type of writing is this book?
religious allegory
D. What is the theme of this book?Life is a journey.
====================== =============================
============
to conceit alone their taste confine,
And glittering thoughts struck out at
every line; Pleased with a work where nothing
’
s just or fit, One glaring chaos and
wild heap of wit,
Poets, like painters, thus unskilled to trace The naked nature and
the living grace, With gold and jewels cover every part, And hide with ornaments
their want of art. True wit is nature to advantage dressed,
What oft was thought,
but ne
’
er so well expressed;
Questions:
A
Who is the author of this poem? What is the title from which these lines are
taken?
B
What idea does the poem express?
C
What is the great significance of the poem?
is the rhyme pattern of this poem?
E. What does
答案：
A An Essay o n criticism by Alexander Pope.
B Here Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or
the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to true wit.
C the poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism, exerted
great influence upon Pope
’
s contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules
and popularizing the neoclassicist
tradition in England.
A
An
Essay
o
n
criticism
by
Alexander
Pope.
B
Here
Pope
advises
the
critics
not
to
stress
too
much
the
artificial
use
of
conceit
or
the
external
beauty
of
but
to
pay
special
attention
to
true
wit.
language
C
the
poem,
as
a
comprehensive
study
of
the
theories
of
literary
criticism,
exerted
great
influence
upon
Pope
s
contemporary
writers
in
advocating
the
classical
the
neoclassicist
tradition
in
England.
couplets
E..
ideas or affected thought.
’
rules
and
popularizing
======================== =============================
=======
Essay on Criticism
[Extracts from lines 289
?
336]
Some to conceit(1) alone their taste confine,
And glittering thoughts struck out at every line;
Pleased with a work where nothing's just or fit,
One glaring chaos and wild heap of wit.
Poets, like painters, thus unskilled to trace
The naked nature and the living grace,
With gold and jewels over every part,
And hide with ornaments their want of art.
True wit is Nature to advantage dressed,
What oft was thought, but ne'er so well expressed;
Something whose truth convinced at sight we find,
That gives us back the image of our mind.
As shades more sweetly recommend the light,
So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit;
For works may have more wit than does them good,
As bodies perish through excess of blood.
Others for language all their care express,
And value books, as women men, for dress.
Their praise is still
—
the style is excellent;
The sense they humbly take upon content.
Words are like leaves; and where they most abound,
Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found.
False eloquence, like the prismatic glass,
Its gaudy colors spreads on every place;
The face of Nature we no more survey,
All glares alike, without distinction gay.
But true expression, like the unchanging sun,
Clears and improves whate'er it shines upon;
It gilds all objects, but it alters none.
Expression is the dress of thought, and still
Appears more decent as more suitable.
A vile conceit in pompous words expressed
Is like a clown in regal purple dressed;
For different styles with different subjects sort,
As several garbs with country, town, and court.
Some by old words to fame have made pretense,
Ancients in phrase, mere moderns in their sense.
Such labored nothings, in so strange a style,
Amaze the unlearn'd, and make the learned smile;
Unlucky as Fungoso(2) in the play,
These sparks with awkward vanity display
What the fine gentleman wore yesterday;
And but so mimic ancient wits at best,
As apes our grandsires in their doublets dressed.
In words as fashions the same rule will hold,
Alike fantastic if too new or old:
Be not the first by whom the new are tried,
Nor yet the last to lay the old aside.
论批评
(289-336
行
)
亚历山大·蒲柏
有些人只一味追求奇思异想
每一行的构思都要突出闪光；
作品既不合理又不适宜却独自喜悦，
实乃炫目混乱一团，智慧的胡乱堆砌。
诗人，也像画家一样，无力去描绘
真实的大自然和活生生之优美，
就用金玉宝石把每一部分盖住，
用装饰法掩盖他们艺术之不足。
真正的智慧是保持自然最佳状况，
思想平常，但无人表达得这么恰当。
我们发现有些真实东西一看就信服
因为它与我们脑海中的形象无误。
正如阴影能更美好地衬托出亮光，
因此，朴实无华突出智慧更有力量。
作品里奇思异想过多并无好处，
正如体内血液过多反会走上死路。
还有一些人只关心语言风采，
评价书本像女人评价男人只看穿戴。
他们总是赞扬说——文采何等杰出，
对作品的意义勉强满足而低估。
词语像树叶，哪里长得最繁多，
下方就很难找到有意义的硕果。
虚假的雄辩，像多棱镜的色彩，
华丽的光线向每个地方散开；
我们无须去察看大自然的表层，
都一样闪光，没有明显的区分。
真实的表达形式像不变的阳光，
照到哪里，那里就清晰而明朗；
它给万物镀金，但不改他们模样。
语言的表达形式是思想的外衣，
它总是越是适合，就越是得体。
一个拙劣的奇思用了华丽的辞藻，
宛如小丑穿着一身豪华的紫袍：
因为不同风格应与不同事物一致，
正如乡村、城市、宫廷服饰有异。
有些人用旧词矫装，沽名钓誉：
现代人的思想，古代人的词语。
无价值的矫作，风格如此古怪，
使无知者惊奇，把博学者笑坏；
这些花花公子像剧中的凡果索，
虽然显得难堪但虚荣心理执着，
总喜欢展示昨天绅士们的衣钵。
好模仿的古人充其量只知如此
学我们的祖先模样穿紧身上衣。
用词语和风尚的规律都一样，
无论太新或太旧都同样荒唐：
不要第一个去使用时新东西，
也不要最后一个把古旧丢弃。
----------------------- -----------------------------
Author/
Pope
Work/
An essay on Criticism
What does the phrase
Take for granted.
What is the author main concern in this pasage?/
The author's main concern is to advise the critics not to stress too much the
artificial use of the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to True
Wit which is best set in a plain style.
============================ =========================
=
4.
“
My gentleness and good behavior had gained so far on the Emperor and his
court, and indeed upon the army and people in general, that I began to conceive
hopes of getting my liberty in a short time. I took all possible methods to cultivate
this favorable disposition. The natives came by degrees to be less apprehensive of
any danger from me. I would sometimes lie down, and let five or six of them dance
on my hand. And at last the boys and girls would venture to come and play
hide-and-seek in my hair.
”
Questions
:
A. Identify the author and the title of the book.
The author is
Jonathan Swift and the title of the book is Gulliver
’
s Travels.
B. How many parts does the book contain? What part is this except taken
from?
The book contains four parts and this excerpt is taken from the first part.
C. What is the setting of each part in the book?
The setting of the first part is
Lilliput; the setting of the second part is Brobdingnag; the setting of the third part is
Flying Island and the setting of the fourth part is Houyhnhnm land.
D. Who is
“
I
”
in this excerpt? And what is this excerpt about?
“
I
”
is Gulliver.
In this excerpt he gives an account of some aspects of Lilliputian lire and obviously
alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks of the English government.
----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
5.
distance from this church than from his own, he very often came to Divine Service
here; and both he and the charming Sophia happened to be present at this time.
A:The author and title.__Henry Fielding,
‖
Tom Jones
‖
B. what name does this book bring to the author ___Prose Homer
social significance __it provide a panoramic view of the 18th centrury English
country and city life wirh scores of different places and a whole gallery of about 40
characters.
What are the scen
es in this book?
D---3,in the country,on the highway,in London.
=========================== ==========================
6.
The plowman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness
and to me.
暮已昏，昼已瞑，
牛羊相呼，迂回草径，
农人荷锄归，蹒跚而行，
把全盘的世界剩给我与黄昏。
poet
:Thomas Gray
title
:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
theme&
tone
:In this poem ,Gray reflects on death,the sorrows of life,and the
mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy.
What contrast does the author make in this poem?
The poet compares the common folk with the great ones,wondering what the
commons could have achieved if they had had the he reveals his
sympathy for the poor and the unknown,but mocks the great ones who despise the
poor and bring havoc on them.
What does the poet express in the poem?
The bell rings
and it announces the end of
a hard working mooing herd
of oxen move slowly over the pasture,and the plowman walks toward home
world is so dark and my heart is very upset.
- -------------------------------------------------- ------------
“
The boast of heraldry ,the pomp of power ,
门第的炫耀
,
有权有势的显赫
,
And all that beauty ,all that wealth e
‘
er gave ,
凡是美和财富所能赋予的好处
Awaits alike the inevitable hour.
前头都等待着不可避免的好处
,
The paths of gory lead but to the grave .
‖光荣的道路无非是引导到坟墓
.
(Thomas Gray ,Elegy Written in a Country Churchyars
〈墓园挽歌〉
)
Questions:
A.
What does
“
heraldry
”
mean?
-----Noble birth
B.
What does
“
inevtable hour
“
refer to ?
----Time of death
C.
What does Thomas Gray intend to say?
----Thomas Gray intends to say that
great family ,power ,beauty and wealth will never prevent people from their final
destination ---grave
D
Main idea
: The passage is about man's inevitable matter what family
you are from,what power you have got,what beauty and wealth you have
posessed,you should not feel conceited or sooner or later you
will have to leave those material things behind;you cannot bring them all into the
other world when you death awaits everyone and your glorious life leads
you only to the grave,what is the use of fighting for all thoser material interests.
=================== ==================================
============ ========
7.
The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement in
18th-century Europe. List at least two leading Enlighteners in England
．
What
are the important things those enlighteners celebrated in this movement?
Daniel Defoe,Samual Richard son,Henry Fielding,Oliver Goldsmith,etc.
They are preminent
figures in developing the modern English novel,which gives a
realistic presentation of life of the common English is the most
significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in
the eighteenth century.
---- -------------------------------------------------- ------
一
What is the belief of the neoclassicists about literature
？
According to the neoclassicists,all forms of literature were to be modeled after the
classical works of the ancient Greek andRoman writers and those of the
contemporary French believed that the artistic ideals should be
order,logic,restrained emotion and accuracy,and that literature should be judged in
terms of its service to humanity.
一
.According to the neoclassicists,what are the standards for literature during
the neoclassical period?
Neoclassicists had fixed rules for almost every genre of literature
；
Prose should be
precise,direct,smooth and flexibl
；
Poetry should be lyrical,epical,didactic,satiric or
dramatic,and each class should be guided by its own principle
；
Drama should be
written in the heroic couplets,the three Unities should be strictly
observed,regularity in construction should be adhered to,and the typical characters
rather than individuals should be represented.
---------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------
------------
8.
As a rule, and allegory is a story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a
surface meaning, and an implied meaning. List two works as examples of
allegory. What is the implied meaning an allegory is usually concerned with?
Answers:
A. Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress and Spenser's The Faerie Queene, etc.
B. It is usually concerned with moral, religious, political, symbolic or mythical ideas.
---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
- ----------
Bunyan
What does the work symbolically concern? What is the predominant metaphor that
is carried on through the whole work? And what is the author
such a book?
A. It concerns the search for spiritual salvation
B.
“
That life is a journey
”
is the predominant metaphor in the work
C. The author
’
s purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to
seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds
of evils.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------
---------------------
10.
What are the common features of Defoe?s four minor novels? And what
are their social significances?
Defoe's four minor novels deal with the personal history of some hero or heroine,
usually a whore, a pirate, a pickpocket, a rogue or some other criminal. Their history
is traced from their unfortunate childhood, through, their many vicissitudes in life,
to their final prosperity or repentance and death. The all powerful influence of
material circumstances or social environment upon the thoughts and actions of the
hero or the heroine is highlighted. The struggle of the poor unfortunate for mere
existence, mixed with their desire for great wealth, comes into conflict with the
social environment which prevents them from obtaining the goal under normal
circumstances and thus forces them into criminal actions or bold adventures. The
group of the four novels clearly manifest Defoe's deep concern for the poor and
the unfortunate in his society. They are the first literary works devoted to the study
of problems of the lower class people.
------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------
-------------------------------
11.
What makes Sheridan the only important English dramatist of the 18th
century?
答：
There are two reasons. First, his plays, especially The Rivals and The School for
Scandals, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of
Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.
Second, his greatness also lies in his theatrical art. His plays are the product of a
dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.
---- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
--------- ----
12.
Daniel Defoe
’
s Robinson Crusoe is a very influential novel in the
enlightenment period of English
’
depicts Crusoe as a figure of
middle class who makes success through his own hard s the social
reason why the novel becomes so successful.
Robinson Crusoe is supposedly based on the real adventure of an Alexander
Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island Huan Fernandez for five
lly,the story is an the story the author describes inviting
plots of Robinson Crusoe who survives and lives quite well on an island after the
Robinson Crusoe,Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naive
and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in
his eventful realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson here is
a real hero:a typical eighteenth century English middle-class man,with a great
capacity for work,inexhaustible energy,courage,patience and persistence in
overcoming obstacles,in struggling against the hostile natural environment .He is
the very prototype of the empire builder,the pioneer on Crusoe is
an adventure story in the spirit of the when it was published,people all liked
that story,and it became an immediate success.
---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
13.
Robinson Crusoe is Defoe
’
s first novel and also his s the
change and growth of Crusoe
’
and the characteristics of him.
The growth of Robinson Crusoe:Robinson Crusoe changes a lot with his experience
and he ran away from home,he was an inexperienced teenager
and a young man full of bright fancies about the naturally chose going to
sea,because in those days it meant a chance to live a chivalrous life,to see the
wonders of the world and to make a then he had a lot of adventures
and he also grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened
man,tempered by numerous trails in his eventful life. The characteristics of
Robinson Crusoe:Robinson Crusoe is a real hero:a typical eighteenth-century
English middle-class man,with a great capacity for work,inexhaustible
energy,courage,patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles,in struggling
against the hostile natural is new man
―
a man sure of himself and
sure of being able to establish himself anywhere in the is a man of new
age,in which doubt and uncertainty are replaced by hope and on
Crusoe is the enterpriser of this is ready to command nature,his enemy,and
to found his colony beyond the is a merchant-adventurer,interested in
material is the colonist,the empire on Crusoe is an
embodiment of the spirit of individual enterprise and colonial expansion of the
rising bourgeoisie.
---------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------
----
14.
“
A Modest Proposal
”
is a satire written by Swift and it is generally taken as
a perfect model of
er
’
s Travels is Swift
’
s on
them,discuss why Swift is a master satirist.
Swift has the talent of being a prose his life,he wrote many
are A Tale of a Tub,The Battle of the Books,The Drapier
’
s Letters,Gulliver
’
s Travels
and
“
A Modest Proposal
”
.The first two books are on corruption in religion and
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