carry什么意思英国文学串烧

2021年1月20日发(作者：voter)
I. The Anglo-Saxon Period
(449~1066 the year of the Norman conquest of English)
Beowulf
: the first long poem in English, the national epic, a story of Scandinavians.

Anglo
–
Norman Period
(1066~1350)
Romance:

a literature form in Middle English literature, a long composition in verse
or prose form dealing with the life and adventures of a noble hero, generally a knight.
In romances, loyalty to king and lord is repeatedly emphasized. Romance as a form of
literature, is the upper class literature.

ey Chaucer

(1340~1400)
“
the father of English poetry”


“
the father of English fiction
The Canterbury Tales:
one of the monumental works in English literature
(1)

His contribution to
English literature
can be seen in two aspects:
a. Realism:





All kinds of people except the highest (king and the top nobility) and the lowest
(the very poor laboring people) are represented by these 30 pilgrims. Besides being
the typical representative of her or his own class, each character has her or his own
individual qualities. Therefore it gives a true picture of Chaucer’s time.





b. Humanism:




He
highly
praises
man’s
energy,
quick
wit
and
love
of
life,
thus
he
reveals
his
ideas of humanism.
(2)
His contribution to
English language
:
Ever since Norman Conquest, French and Latin were the languages used by the
upper classes. Chaucer chose to use the London dialect of his day in his masterpiece.
In doing so, he did much in making the London dialect the standard for the Modern
English speech.

Renaissance Period
(14
th
~mid-17
th
century)
The word “Renaissance” means
revival
. The revival of interest in ancient
Greek
and
Roman
culture. Renaissance, therefore, in essence, was a historical period in which
the
European
humanist
thinkers

made
attempts
to
get
rid
of
conservatism
in
feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of
the rising
bourgeoisie
,
to
lift
the
restrictions
in
all
areas
placed
by
the
Roman
church
authorities.

Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
The humanists took interest in human
life
and human
activities
and
gave
expression
to
the new feeling
of
admiration
for
human beauty, human achievement.
Thomas
More,
Christopher
Marlowe
and

William
Shakespeare
are
the
best
representatives of the English humanists.



“
University Wits
”

大学才子派—
Christopher Marlowe
：
s
，
The Jew of Malta
，
Tamburlaine
，

Edward II
the
blank
verse
，

his
creation
of
the
Renaissance
hero
for
English
drama
，

His
brilliant
achievement
as
a
whole
raised
him
to
an
eminence
as
the
pioneer
of
English drama

The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are
Christopher Marlowe,
William Shakespeare
, and
Ben Jonson.

i William Shakespeare
His
plays
can
be
divided
into
four
types:
historical
plays,
comedies,
tragedies
and
romantic tragic- comedies
.
Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are
Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth
.
ii Francis Bacon (1561
–
1626)
“
Father of English Essays”

He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of
thinking and fresh observation rather than as a basis for obtaining knowledge.
His works :

Advancement of Learning
，
The Great Instauration, New

Atlantics,

Essays.
In
Of Studies
, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and
improper ways to pursue one’s studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of
studies upon human character.
iii
Edmund Spenser --
Queen Faerie


V. The Period of Revolution and Restoration

(17
th
century)
i John Donne
The
imagery
is
drawn
from
the
actual
life.
His
poems
give
a
more
inherently
theatrical
impression
by
exhibiting
a
seemingly
unfocused
diversity
of
experiences
and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods.
他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏
剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念，以及漫无边际的情感与 心境。

The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of his
early lyrics.
ii John Milton
His major literary works:
Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes
, all of
which are based on
the biblical legends
.
In
Paradise Lost
,
Satan is a revolt against the tyranny’s authority
. In the image of the
first two human beings, Adam and Eve, Milton shows his belief in the power of man,
and the love between Adam and Eve voices Milton’s own enthusiasm for humanistic
elements.
iii John Bunyan
The Pilgrim
’
s Progress
The Pilgrim
’
s Progress
is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.
Its
purpose
is
to
urge
people
to
abide
by
Christian
doctrines
and
seek
salvation
through
constant
struggles
with
their own
weaknesses
and
all
kinds
of
social evils.
《天路历程》
是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。
它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教教
义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。


Age of Enlightenment (The Neoclassical Period
）

(18
th
century)
It was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against
feudalism.
The
enlighteners
fought
against
class
inequality,
stagnation,
prejudices
and other survivals of feudalism.
It is an age of prose rather than of poetry.

We study 18
th
century writings in
three main divisions:
i the reign of so-called classicism
ii the revival of romantic poetry
iii the beginnings of the modern novel

Joseph
Addison
(1672~1719)
&
Richard
Steele

(1672~1729)
—
the
publishers
of
a
moralistic journal
The Spectator
.
Alexander Pope
–
the poet


“
whatever is, is right
”
















Essay on Criticism
is didactic(
说教的
) poem.
Daniel Defoe
–
Robinson Crusoe
the forerunner of the English 18
th
century realistic
novel.
Henry
Fielding
&

Tobias
George
Smollet
–

the
real
founders
of
the
genre
of
the
bourgeois
realistic
novel
in
England
and
Europe.
Henry
Fielding:

The
History
of
Tom
Jones, a Foundling
.
“
Father of the English novel
”

Samuel
Richardson

–

a
lexicographer,
his
novels
dealt
with
the
private
life
of
an
individual.
As
a
lexicographer,
Johnson
distinguished
himself
as
the
author
of the
first
English
dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task
which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.
作为词典
编撰者，约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人 ，作品为《英文大词典》
，这部
巨著是塞缪尔
.
约翰逊花了七年时间独自完成 的。

The
most
outstanding
personality
of
the
epoch
of
Enlightenment
in
England
was
Jonathan
Swift
who
ruthlessly
exposed the
dirty
mercenary
essence of
bourgeois
relationships
.

In
Gulliver
’
s Travels
, he typified the bourgeois world, drew pictures of the depraved
aristocracy
and
satirically
portrayed
the
whole
of
the
English
State
system.
It
’
s
his
best fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its social significance is great and its
exploration into human nature profound. 《格列佛游记》是斯威夫特最精彩的一
部小说，全书分为四卷，它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性 的探索与揭示也
是深刻的。

Richard B. Sheridan :
School for Scandal

Sentimentalism
came into being in the middle of the 18
th
century in England.
Oliver Goldsmith
:
The Vicar of Wakefield
The
most
outstanding
figure
of
English
sentimentalism
was
Laurence
Sterne
,
his
Tristram Shandy
and
Sentimental Journey
.