停止时间吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

2021年1月20日发(作者：wle)
Part One
①
Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the
battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal
wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form
is
the
use
if
alliteration.
Other
features
of
it
are
the
use
of
metaphors(
暗喻
)
and
of
understatements(
含蓄
).

②
Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(
重音
) words in a line begin with the same
consonant sound(
辅音
). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as
can be seen from the above quotation.

③
Romance: The most prevailing(
流行的
) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It
was a long composition, sometimes in verse(
诗篇
), sometimes in prose(
散文
), describing the life
and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in
tournament(
竞赛
), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.

④
Epic:
An
epic
is
a
lengthy
narrative
poem,
ordinarily concerning
a
serious
subject
containing
details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as
primacy, or original epics.

⑤
Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story
told
in
song,
usually
in
4-line
stanzas(
诗节
),
with
the
second
and
fourth
lines
rhymed.
The
subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded
families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil
war,
and
the
matters
and
class
struggle.
The
paramount(
卓越的
)
important
ballad
is
Robin
Hood(
《绿林好汉》
).

⑥
Geoffrey Chaucer
杰弗里
.
乔叟
: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He
is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His
best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(
《坎特伯雷故事集》
), which the Prologue(
序
言
) supplies a miniature(
缩影
) of the English society of Chaucer
’
s time. That is why Chaucer has
been called
“
the founder of English realism
”
. Chaucer affirms men and women
’
s right to pursue
their happiness on earth and opposes(
反对
) the dogma of asceticism(
禁欲主义
) preached(
鼓吹
)
by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man
’
s energy, intellect, quick wit and
love of life. Chaucer
’
s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced
from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in
iambic(
抑扬格
) meter(the
“
heroic couplet
”
) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon
alliterative verse.

⑦【
William Langland
威廉
.
朗兰
: Piers the Plowman
《农夫皮尔斯》
】





Part Two
The English Bible: The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(
约翰
?
威克里
夫
).
The
Authorized
Version
is
King
James
Bible
made
in
1611.
The
result
is
a
monument
of
English language and English literature.

Renaissance: Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are
a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity.
Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.

William
Caxton
威廉
.
卡克斯顿
:
He
is
the
first
English
printer
and
invented
in
England
the
profession of publisher.

Thomas More
托马斯
.
莫尔
: The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author
of Utopia
《乌托邦》
. He is also one of such
“
giants
”
(
巨匠
) of the Renaissance. He distinguished
himself
as
a
learned
scholar,
a
master
of
Latin,
a
witty
talker,
a
lover
of
music,
an
honest
statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(
坚定的
), to his convictions. He
was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from
poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.

Utopia:
It
is
More
’
s
masterpiece,
written
in
the
form
of
a
conservation
between
More
and
Hythloday,
a
returned
voyager.
It
is
divided
into
two
books.
The
first
book
contains
a
long
discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal
communist society, Utopia. The name
“
Utopia
”

comes from Greek words meaning
“
no place
”

and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.

Philip
Sidney
菲利普
.
锡德尼
: He
is well- known
as
a poet
and
critic
of
poetry. His
collection
of
love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella
《爱星者与星》
, was published in 1591.

Edmund Spenser
埃德蒙< br>.
斯宾塞
(
莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人
)
：
The poet
’
s poet of the period
was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model
of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works
of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his
poetic
effusions(
感情的流露
).
His
sonnets
in
Amoretti,
together
with
Sidney
’
s
Astrophel
and
Stella and Shakespeare
’
s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.
【
In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd
’
s Calendar
《牧人日记》

which marked the budding(
萌芽
) of
the
Renaissance
flower
in
the
northern
island
of
England.
The
faerie
Queen
《仙后》

is
his
greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.
】


Francis
Bacon:
He
is
the
founder
of
English
materialist
philosophy
and
the
founder
of
modern
science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also
the first English essayist. To give a few,
“
Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..
”

“
Studies serve for delight.
”

“
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an
exact man.
”



Drama: The Miracle Play
圣迹剧

The Morality Play
道德剧

寓意剧


The Interlude
幕间节目


Christopher
Marlowe
克里斯托弗
.
马洛
:
The
most
gifted
of
the
“
university
wits
”

was
Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine
《帖木儿大帝》
(1587), The
Jew of Malta
《马耳岛的犹太人》
(1592), and Doctor Faustus
《浮士德博士》
(1588). He was the
greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest
English dramatist
——
Shakespeare
——
whose achievements were the monument of the English
Renaissance.

【
His
plays
show
the
spirit
of
the
rising
bourgeoisie,
its
eager
curiosity
for
knowledge,
its
towering pride, its insatiable(
不知足的
) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or
gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval
dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering
the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often
brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.
】


William
Shakespeare:
Shakespeare
is
one
of
the
founders
of
realism
in
world
literature.
His
dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation
（改革）
. Shakespeare long experience
with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand
for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet,
and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a
great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the
summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.
①

The great comedies: A Midsummer Might
’
s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,
Twelfth Night.

②

The great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.

The Merchant of Venice:
威尼斯富商安东尼奥
Antonio
为了成全好友巴萨尼奥< br>Bassanio
的婚
事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克
Shylock
借 债。由于安东尼奥贷款给人从不要利息，并帮夏洛
克的女儿私奔，
怀恨在心的夏洛克乘机报复，
佯装也不要利息，
但若逾期不还要从安东尼奥
身上割下一磅肉。不巧传来安东尼奥的商 船失事的消息，
资金周转不灵，贷款无力偿还。夏
洛克去法庭控告，
根据法律条文要安 东尼奥履行诺言。
为救安东尼奥的性命，
巴萨尼奥的未
婚妻鲍西娅
Porti a
假扮律师出庭，
她答允夏洛克的要求，
但要求所割的一磅肉必须正好是一
磅 肉，
不能多也不能少，
更不准流血。
夏洛克因无法执行而败诉，
害人不成反而 失去了财产。
剧本的主题是歌颂仁爱、
友谊和爱情，
同时也反映了资本主义早期商业资 产阶级与高利贷者
之间的矛盾，表现了作者对资产阶级社会中金钱、法律和宗教等问题的人文主义思想< br>

Ben
Jonson
本
.
琼森
:
Of
the
many
contemporaries
and
successors
of
Shakespeare,
the
most
well-known
was
Ben
Jonson.
He
wad
a
prolific(
多产的
)
dramatist,
writing
dozens
of
plays,
including
tragedies,
comedies,
and
,masques(
假面剧
).
Jonson
’
s
comedies
are
“
comedies
of
humours.
”

Every Man in His Humour
《人各有癖》
is one of his best comedies.