英语拼写【问题详解】英国文学史名词解释

2021年1月20日发(作者：juan)
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The Anglo-Saxon Period
I.
1.

_________________ can be termed England
’
s national epic and its hero Beowulf
—
one of the national heroes of the English people.
2.

The literature of Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions, --______
and
________.
The
former
represents
the
poetry
which
the
Anglo-Saxons
probably brought with them in the form of _______, --the crude material out of
which literature was slowly developed on English soil; the latter represents the
_________ developed under teaching of the monks.
3.

The
Song
of
Beowulf

reflects
events
which
took
place
on
the
______
approximately at the beginning of the 6
th
century, when the forefathers of the
____lived in the southern part of the _________.
4.

The old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the __________poetry and
the ______ poetry. (secular, religious)
5.

___________
is
the
oldest
poem
in
the
English
language,
and
also
the
oldest
surviving epic in the English language. (Beowulf)

II.
1.

_______ is the first important religious poet in English literature.
A. John Donne




B. George Herbert


C. Caedmon



D. Milton
2.

In Anglo-Saxon period,
Beowulf
represented the ________ poetry.
A. pagan




B. religious



C. romantic




D. sentimental
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III. Define the literary terms
1.

Epic
It is, originally, an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal
with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance, involving
action of broad sweep and grandeur. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single
individual.
The
characteristics
of
the
hero
of
an
epic
are
national
rather
than
individual.
Typically,
an
epic
includes
several
features:
the
introduction
of
supernatural forces that shape the action; conflict in the form of battles or other
physical combat; and stylistic conventions such as a n invocation to the Muse, a
formal
statement
of
the
theme,
long
lists
of
the
protagonist
involved,
and
set
speeches couched in elevated language. Examples include the ancient Greek epics
by
Homer,
Iliad

and
Odyssey
,
The
Faerie
Queene

by
Edmund
Spenser
and
The
Paradise Lost
by John Milton.

2.

Alliteration
A repeated initial consonant to successive words.
























The Anglo-Norman Period
I.

1.
In
the
year
________,
at
the
battle
of
______________,
the
Normans
headed
by
William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.
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2. The literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright,
romantic
tales
of
_____
and
______,
in
marked
contrast
with
the
___________
and
___________ of Anglo- Saxon poetry.
3. The literature of the Anglo
–
Norman period was of three classes: the matter of
_________; matter of __________________; matter of ___________.

4. after the __________ Conquest, feudal system was established in English society.
(Norman)
5. The most prevalent kind of literature in feudal England was ___________. It was a
long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and
adventure of a noble hero. (romance)






















Geoffrey Chaucer
I.

1. Geoffrey Chaucer, the
“
____________________
”

and one of the greatest narrative
poets of England, was born in London in or about the year 1340.
2. Being specially fond of the great ____________ writer Boccaccio, Chaucer composes
a long narrative poem____________, based upon Boccaccio
’
s poem __________.
3. Chaucer greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary language, the
basis of which was formed by the _________ dialect, so profusely used by the poet.
4.
Chaucer
’
s
masterpiece
is
_____________,
one
of
the
most
famous
works
in
all
literature.
5.
The Prologue
is
a splendid
masterpiece
of
___________
portrayal,
the first
of
its
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kind in the history of English literature.

6. In his greatest work,
The Canterbury Tales,
Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant
and picturesque panorama of his ________________ and his _____________.
7. Chaucer
’
s work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking, so characteristic of the
age of _____________ whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus becomes.

II. Define the literary terms
1.

Romance
It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages, dealing, in verse or prose, with
legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. The term was applied
to
tales
specifically
concerned
with
knights,
chivalry,
and
courtly
love.
Popular
subjects
for
romances
included
the
Macedonian
King
Alexander
the
Great,
King
Arthur of Britain and the knights of the Round T
able, and Emperor Charlemagne.

2.

Ballad
It is a lyric poem generally of three eight- line stanzas with a concluding stanza of
four lines called an envoy. With some variations, the lines of a ballad are iambic or
anapestic
tetrameter
rhyming
ababbcbc;
the
envoy,
which
forms
a
personal
dedication
to
some
person
of
importance
or
to
a
personification.
The
ballad
became popular in England in the late 14
th
century .





























Renaissance
I.

Complete
the
following
statements
with
a
proper
word or a phrase according to the textbook.
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1.

The
16
th

century
in
England
was
a
period
of
the
breaking
up
of
________
relations
and
the
establishing
of
the
foundations
of
____________.
2.

The
16
th

century
was
a
time
when,
according
to
Thomas
More,
“
_________
”
.
3.

The term ____ originally indicated a revival of classic Greek and Roman
arts and sciences after the dark ages of obscurantism. (Renaissance)
4.

________
broke
off
with
the
Pope,
dissolved
all
the
monasteries
and
abbeys in the country, confiscated their lands and proclaimed himself
head of ___________.
5.

The
old
English
aristocracy
having
exterminated
in
the
course
of
_________, a new nobility, totally dependent on the king
’
s power, came
to the fore.
6.

At
the
beginning
of
the
16
th

century
the
outstanding
humanist
________
wrote
his
Utopia
in
which
he
gave
a
profound
and
truthful
picture of the people
’
s sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future
happy society.
7.

Edmund
Spenser
was
the
author
of
the
greatest
epic
poem
of
the
time, ______.
8.

The
greatest
of
the
pioneers
of
English
drama
was
_________
who
reformed that genre in England and perfected the language and verse
of dramatic works.
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9.

William
Shakespeare
was
born
on
the
23
rd

of
April,
_____,
in
_______,
Warwickshire.
10.

_
________ speaks the famous
“
To be, or not to be
”

11.

S
hakespeare
’
s
sonnets
fall
into
two
series:
The
first

sonnets
are
addressed to a young man, and the rest (except the last two ones) are
addressed to _____. (dark lady)
12.

T
he four great tragedies in Shakespeare
’
s mature period are _____,
__________, _______ and __________. (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth)
13.

P
ope describe ______ as
“
the wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind
”
.
14.

O
f Bacon
’
s literary works, the most important are the _________.

II.

Define the literary terms listed below.
1.

Renaissance:
Renaissance, meaning
“
rebirth
”

or
“
revival
”
, marks a transition from
the
medieval
to
the
modern
world.
Generally,
it
refers
to
the
period
between the 14
th
and mid-17
th
centuries. It first started in Italy, with the
flowering
of
painting,
sculpture,
architecture,
and
literature.
From
Italy
the movement spread to the rest of Europe. It is a movement stimulated
by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman
and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the
religious reformation and the economic expansion.

Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. The Renaissance humanist
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thinkers
found
that
human
beings
were
glorious
creatures
capable
of
individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world
they
inhabited
was
theirs
not
to
despise
but
to
question,
explore,
and
enjoy.
T
o
them,
nothing
was
impossible
to
accomplish.
Thus,
by
emphasizing
the
dignity
of
human
beings
and
the
importance
of
the
present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right
to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and
perform wonders.

2.

Sonnet

It is a lyrical poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme.
Traditionally, when writing sonnets, English poets usually employ iambic
of the best-known sonnet writers is
Shakespeare, who
wrote
154
of
them.
A
Shakespearean
sonnet
consists
of
14
lines,
and
each
line
is
written
in
iambic
pentameter.
The
rhyme
scheme
in
a
Shakespearean sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, in which the last two lines
are a rhymed couplet.
3.

Allegory:
a
tale
in
verse
or
prose
in
which
characters,
or
settings
represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with
two meanings : a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning

4.

Humanism:
Humanism
is
the
essence
of
the
Renaissance.
It
emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the
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present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of
the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty
of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and perform
wonders

III.

Literary Comprehension and Analysis
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer's lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimmed,

And every fair from fair sometime declines,

By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,

Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,

When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,


So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,


So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.







Questions:
1.

By
means
of
what
comparison
does
the
author
achieve
this
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movement from tangible to intangible? Trace his logic to show
his movement
2.

What does
“
this
”

refer to in the last line? What is the speaker
’
s purpose in writing his
“
eternal lines
”

and what conditions
are necessary for his purpose to be carried out?
1.

The
author
first
compares
the
youth
with
a
summer
day,
but then says that the youth is more gentle than a summer
day. He explains that the summer can be imperfect with the
destructive wind and the hot sun, which will be dimmed by
overcast and clouds. Then he announces that the youth will
possess
eternal
beauty
and
perfection,
thus
achieves
his
movement
from
the
tangible
natural
objects
to
the
intangible youth.
2.

“
This
”

refers to the poem written by the author. He wants
to dedicate this poem to the person described in the poem.
The condition is that as long as humans live and breathe on
earth with eyes that can see, this is how long these verses
will
live.
And
these
verses
celebrate
the
youth
and
continually renew the youth
’
s life.

IV.

Answer the following questions briefly.
1.

Can you say something about Shakespeare
’
s characterization?
Shakespeare
is
particularly
good
at
character
portrayal.
During
his
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long
dramatic
career,
he
has
created
a
variety
of
lifelike
characters.
The
major
characters
in
his
plays
are
not
simply
type
ones
representing certain group or class of people, but are individuals with
strong and distinct personalities. To achieve this, Shakespeare makes
frequent
use
of
comparisons
and
contrasts
by
portraying
the
characters
in
pairs
or
setting
them
against
one
another.
He
also
individualizes
his
characters
by
emphasizing
each
one
’
s
dominant
and
unique
qualities,
such
as
the
melancholy
of
Hamlet,
the
wickedness
of
Claudius,
the
honesty
of
Othello,
the
ambition
of
Macbeth, and the beauty and wit of Portia. In addition, Shakespeare
had
made
profound
psycho- analytical
studies
of
his
characters
by
revealing the intricate inner workings of their minds through the full
use of soliloquies, from which we can see the breadth and depth of
the characters
’

thoughtful feelings.

2.

What is the central theme of
The Merchant of Venice
?

The central theme of the play is the triumph of love (between Portia and
Bassanio) and friendship (between Antonio and Bassanio) over insatiable
greed and brutality (as represented by Shylock). And the play exalts the
ingenious heroine Portia and the two great friends who she eventually
saves from the barbarous clutches of the villain (Shylock). A completely
happy
ending
is
brought
about
when
the
villain
is
punished,
the
merchant
’
s ships all come about home and the three pairs of lovers live
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happily
ever
after. Such
a
conclusion
was
natural
for
the
playwright
as
well as for his Elizabethan audience, when anti-semitic sentiments was
prevailing
in
London.
Yet
even
in
such
an
environment,
in
Shylock
’
s
vociferous
complaints
of
his
sufferings
resulting
from
racial
discrimination and religious persecution, we can hear quite unmistakably
Shakespeare
’
s own voice speaking on the Jew
’
s behalf, and with great
vehemence sympathizing with the oppressed Shylock while condemning
racial
persecution
in
general.
That
Shakespeare
should
sometimes
condemn Shylock and sometimes sympathize with him has led to much
confusion for Shakespearean scholars and critics and the general reading
public, and hence the play has been regarded as not a pure comedy but
a tragic- comedy.

3.

What do the four heroes in Shakespeare
’
s great tragedies have in
common?

All of them face the injustice of human life and are caught in a difficult
situation and their fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole
nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic
scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; the old
King Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself
suffer from treachery and infidelity; Macbeth
’
s lust for power stirs up
his
ambition
and
leads
him
to
incessant
crimes;
and
Othello
was
a
brave man, but outside the battlefield he had insecurities.

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4.

The Renaissance period of British Literature.
The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England
dating from the early 16
th
century to the 17
th
century. It is associated with
the
pan-European
Renaissance
that
many
cultural
historians
were
believed originated in northern Italy in the 14
th
century.
The
essence
of
the
Renaissance
is
humanism,
which
sprang
from
the
endeavor
to
restore a medieval
reverence
for
the
ancient
authors.
It
is
frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious,
intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such
a conception that man is the measure of all things.
This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as
“
the Age
of
Shakespeare
”

or
“
the
Elizabethan
Era
”
.
Playwrights,
such
as
Christopher
Marlowe
and
William
Shakespeare,
composes
theatrical
representations of the English. Poets such as Edmund Spenser and John
Milton
produces
works
that
demonstrates
an
increased
interest
in
understanding
English
Christian
beliefs,
such
as
the
allegorical
representation
of
the
Tudor
Dynasty
in
The
Faerie
Queene
and
the
retelling of mankind
’
s fall from paradise in Paradise Lost. Nearing the
end
of
the
Tudor
Dynasty,
philosophers
like
Sir
Thomas
More
and
Sir
Francis Bacon published their own ideas about humanity and the aspects
of perfect society, pushing the limits of metacognition at that time.
















The 17th century

Exercise
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I.

Complete
the
following
statements
with
a proper
word
or a phrase according to the textbook.
1.

The 17th century was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the
further development of _____________ in England and the bourgeoisie
could no longer bear the sway of __________.
2.

There are religious division and confusion and a long bitter struggle
between
the
people
’
s
Parliament
and
the
Throne--________fighting
against the ________ who helped the king.
3.

In
1653,
Oliver
Cromwell
imposed
a
military
dictatorship
on
the
country;
after
his death
monarchy
was
again
restored.
It was
called
the period of the __________.
4.

in _____, the Glorious Revolution took place.
5.

The
Glorious
Revolution
meant
three
things:
the
supremacy
of
_____________, the beginning of _________, and the final triumph of the
principle of ________.
6.

The puritans believed in _____ of life.
7.

Restoration
created a
literature
of
its own,
that
was
often
__________
and _____________, but on the whole __________ and __________. The most
popular genre was that of __________ whose chief aim was to entertain
the licentious aristocrats.
8.

The first thing to strike the reader is Donne
’
s extraordinary frankness
and
penetrating
_____________.
The
next
is
the
_________
which
marks
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certain
of
the
lighter
poems
and
which
represents
a
conscious
reaction
from
the
extreme
__________
of
woman
encouraged
by
the
Petrarchan tradition.
9.

The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the youthful love
lyrics, and the latter________. (sacred verses)
10.

M
ilton opposed the ________ and gave all his energies to the writing of
___________ dedicated to the people
’
s liberties.

11.

P
aradise Lost
tells how ____ rebelled against God and how Adam and
Eve were driven out of _________.
12.

P
aradise Lost
presents the author
’
s views in an _________ form.
13.

P
aradise
Lost
consists
of
________
books.
It
is
based
on
the
________
legend
of
the
imaginary
progenitors
of
the
human
race--__________
and _________.
14.

J
ohn Milton
’
s Paradise Lost ends with the departure of _________ from
the Garden of Eden. (Adam and Eve)
15.

P
aradise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books, the stories of which
are taken from ______. (The Old Testament)
16.

M
ilton gave us the only __________ since Beowulf, and Bunyan gave us
the only great _________.
17.

B
unyan
’
s most important work is _______, written in the old-fashioned,
medieval form of ___________ and _________.
18.

_
________
is
the
most
successful
religious
allegory
in
the
English
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language. (The Pilgrim
’
s Progress)
19.

T
he Pilgrim
’
s Progress begins with a man called _______ setting out
with
a
book
in
his
hand
a
great
load
on
his
back
from
the
city
of
_________.
20.

_
________is famous for his metaphysical conceit, that is, a comparison
between the two strikingly resembling objects. (John Donne)
21.

S
amson Agoniste
was written by ______. (John Milton)
22.

“
If thou be
’
est he
—
but oh how fallen! How unchanged /From him!
—
who
in
the
happy
realms
of
light,/clothed
with
transcendent
brightness,/did
’
st outshine/Myriads, though bright
…”

are the lines
from Milton
’
s ________ spoken to Beelzebub by ______. (Paradise Lost,
Satan)
II.

Define the literary terms listed below
1.

Metaphysical poetry
The term
“
metaphysical poetry
”

is commonly used to designate the
works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John
Donne.
Pressured
by
harsh,
uncomfortable,
and
curious
age,
the
metaphysical poets sought to shat the traditions and replace them with
new philosophies, new sciences, new worlds and new poetry. Thus, with a
rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion
of Elizabethan love poetry, in particular the Petrarchan tradition, which is
full of refined language, polished rhyming schemes and eulogy to ideal
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love, and favored in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a
tightness of expression and the single- minded working out of a theme or
argument.
Their
poetry
offers
logical
reasoning
of
the
objects,
psychological analysis of the emotions of love and religion, prefers the
novel and the shocking, uses the metaphysical conceits, and ignores the
conventional metric devices. Since John Donne links up a wide range of
ideas,
explores
a
complex
attitude
of
the
mind,
and
uses
his
wit
and
ingenious conceits to put human experiences into poetry, he is generally
regarded as the leading member of the school.
2.

Carpe
Diem;
A
tradition
dating
back
to
classical
Greek
and
Latin
poetry and particularly popular among English Cavalier poets. Carpe
Diem means literally
“
seize the day
”
, that is,
“
live for today
”

3.

Genre: A literary species or form, e.g., tragedy, epic, comedy, novel,
essay, biography, lyric poem.

III.

IV.


Answer the following questions.
1.

Comment on John Donne
’
s style.
Most of Donne
’
s poems employ a central speaker who takes effort to
argue, to persuade, to analyze or to confess. His voice resembles that of
stage
character
’
s
in
the
sense
that
the
messages
are
conveyed
in
conversations, though in most cases, only the voice of one talker can be
heard.
Take
The Flea

as
an example,
the man
’
s crafty
persuasion,
the
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woman
’
s growing anger, the killing of the flea, and the man
’
s cunning
response are vividly and immediately shown through the man
’
s part in
the dramatic conversation.

Daily used language is exploited to a great extent, capable of describing
a
large
scale
of
human
experiences
and
feelings,
from
passions
most
sensual and earthly to religious devotion, from mellifluous love to black
sorrow of love
’
s lost, from mischievous mockery to serious moral satire.
The colloquial style of talking, together with Donne
’
s incomparable wit
in edifice and language, fills his poetry with mobile images and moods,
which
can
be
easily
felt
and
touched.
The
tone
of
the
central
speaker
varies
from
sweet
pleading
to
scornful
disparagement,
from
bold
bragging to plain confession, from self- meditation in tranquility to cold
philosophical
analysis
of
an
observer.
Usually,
it
is
not
hard
to
find
an
argumentative speaker who makes a full use of his dialectic and erudition
to persuade himself, his lady, God, the sun, the moon, etc. The various
tones and roles taken by Donne
’
s poetic speakers secure his poetry form
monotony. Actually, Donne
’
s dramatic conversation style enables him to
devour all kinds of experiences in life and to put them into poetry.

2.

What
is
the
central
theme
of
Paradise
Lost
?
Give
a
brief
analysis of Satan.
The central theme of Paradise Lost is taken from the Bible and deals with
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the Christian story of
“
the fall of man
”
, that is, how the first man and
woman in the world, Adam and Eve, were tempted by Satan to disobey
God by eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, and how
they
were
consequently
punished
by
God
and
driven
out
of
paradise,
with the prospect nevertheless of the eventual redemption of mankind
by
Jesus
Christ.
The
purpose
of
the
epic
is,
as
the
poet
himself
makes
clear
in
the
first
book,
to
“
justify
the
ways
of
God
to
man
”
.
The
essentially religious nature of the poem comes naturally from Milton
’
s
fervent belief in Christianity as a Puritan, but this belief is itself a revolt
against
the
established
doctrines
of
the
Catholics
and
of
the
Anglican
Church as he insisted on the freedom of each individual to interpret the
Bible for himself.
The epic seems to be a purely religious poem, both from its biblical story
content and from its purpose as declared by the author, but actually the
poem
contains
much
revolutionary
content,
which
is
revealed
chiefly
through the poet
’
s apparently sympathetic treatment of the revolt of
Satan
and
his
followers
against
God.
And
here
we
see
in
the
poem
Milton
’
s inner contradiction, between Milton the Puritan and Milton the
republican or bourgeois revolutionist, for in the former capacity the poet
was
or
should
be
wholly
on
the
side
of
God
but
because
of
his
revolutionary sympathies he showed himself frequently uttering his own
fiery words of rebellion against tyranny through the speeches of Satan
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and his adherents. Especially in Book I and II which have been generally
been considered as the best parts of the epic on account of the powerful
poetry in the umcompromising speeches of the devil and his followers,
the contradiction becomes most obvious as Satan and his mates in their
cries
for
freedom
and
against
tyranny
directly
attack
God
for
holding
“
the tyranny of heaven
”

and the poet as a rebel against tyranny seems
to show tacitly but quite definitely his sympathy for and even approval of
such rebellious and sacrilegious sentiments.














The 18th Century Exercise
I. Filling the blanks
1.

The
enlighteners
repudiate
the
false
religious
doctrines
about
the
_______
of
human
nature,
and
prove
that
man
is
born
_______
and
________,
and
if
he
becomes
depraved,
it
is
only
due
to
the
influence
of
_________
social
environment.
2.

We
study
eighteenth
century
writings
in
three
main
divisions:
the
reign
of
so-called,
the
revival
of
________
poetry,
and
the
beginnings
of
the
modern
________.
3.

The 18
th
century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of
_______.
4.

“
If the censure of Yahoos could any way affect me, I should have great reason
to complain that some of them are so bold as to think my book of travels a mere
fiction
out
of
mine
own
brain.
”

This
quotation
is
selected
from
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_____________.(Gulliver
’
s Travels)
5.

The
Yahoos
are
attacked
by
the
writer
named
_________in
his
fantasy
work
bearing the title ________. (Jonathan Swift , Gulliver
’
s Travels)

6.

The image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th century was created by
Daniel Defoe in his famous novel ______.
7.

Henry
Fielding
has
been
regarded
as
“
______
”

,
for
his
contribution
to
the
establishment of the form of the modern novel. (Father of the English Novel)
8.

In
his
world-famous
novel______
Jonathan
Swift
typified
the
bourgeois
world,
drew ruthless pictures of the depraved aristocracy and satirically portrayed the
whole of the English State system.
9.

The exciting tale of Robinson Crusoe is largely _____ story, rather than the study
of ______.
10.

Jonathan Swift was born of English parents in ________.
11.

Of all the romantic poets of the 18
th
century, Blake is the most ______ and the
most______.
12.

____________ are in marked contrast with
The Songs of Innocence.
The brightness
of the earlier work gives place to a sense of _____ and mystery, and of the power
of _________.
13.

Robert Burns
’

poetry is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the ________
common people.
14.

Elegy
Witten
in
a
Country
Churchyard
by
________
is
taken
as
a
model
of
sentimentalist poetry,

esp. the Graveyard School
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15.

Friday is a character in the novel _________.
16.

Auld Lang Syne
written by __________ deals with friendship and has long become
a universal parting song of all the English-speaking countries (Robert Burns)
II. Define the literary terms:
1.

Enlightenment:

The eighteenth-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age
of Reason. The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement going on
throughout
Europe
at
the
time,
as
France
in
the
vanguard.
The
Enlightenment
celebrated
reason
(rationality),
equality,
science
and
human
being
’
s
ability
to
perfect
themselves
and
their
society.
The
movement
was
based
on
the
basic
theories
provided
by
the
philosophers
of
the
age,
for
example,
John
Locke
’
s
materialism, David Hume
’
s skepticism. Whatever philosophical beliefs they might
have, they held the common faith in human rationality and the possibility of human
perfection
through
education.
They
believed
that
when
reason
served
as
the
yardstick
for
the
measurement
of
all
human
activities
and
social
relations,
superstition,
injustice,
privilege
and
oppression
were
to
yield
place
to
“
eternal
truth
”
,
“
eternal justice
”
, and
“
natural equality
”

or inalienable rights of men. The
belief provided theory for the French Revolution in 1789 and the American War of
Independence in 1776.
Alexander
Pope,
Joseph
Addison,
Richard
Steele,
Jonathan
Swift,
Daniel
Defoe,
Henry Fielding, and Samuel Johnson were the famous enlighteners in England.

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2.

Gothic novel:
The term
“
Gothic
”

derived from the frequent setting of the tales in the ruined,
moss-covered castles of the Middle Ages, but it has been extended to any novel
which exploits the possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy, craggy landscapes,
decaying
mansions
with
dark
dungeons,
secret
passages,
instruments
of
torture,
ghostly visitations, ghostly music or voices, ancient drapes and tapestries behind
which lurks no one knows what, and often, as the central story, the persecution of a
beautiful
maiden
by
an
obsessed
and
haggard
villain.
These
novels,
in
rebellion
against the increasing commercialism and rationalism, opened up to later fiction
the
dark,
irrational
side
of
human
nature
—
the
savage
egoism,
the
perverse
impulses, and the nightmarish terror that lie beneath the controlled and ordered
surface of the conscious mind.
Horace
Walpole
’
s

Castle
of
Otranto

originated
the
mode.
Some
of
the
most
powerful and influential writings are
Mysteries of Udolpho
by Mrs. Ann Radcliffe,
and
Frankenstein
by Mary Shelley.


3.

Irony
It
refers
to
some
contrast
or
discrepancy
between
appearance
and
reality.
Irony
takes a number of special forms: in verbal irony there is a contrast between what is
literally said and what is actually meant.; in dramatic irony the state of affairs known
to the reader is the reverse of what its participants suppose it to be; in situational
irony a set of circumstances turns out to be the reverse of what is expected or is
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appropriate.


4.

Character
It
is
an
individual
within
a
literary
work.
Characters
may
be
complex
and
well
developed
(round
characters)
or
undifferentiated
and
one-dimensional
(flat
characters),
they
may
change
in
the
course
of
the
plot
(dynamic
characters)
or
remain essentially the same (static characters).



5.

The Graveyard School:
The Graveyard Scholl refers to a school of poets of the
18
th
century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentations or
meditation
on
life,
past
and
present,
with
death
and
graveyard
as
themes.
Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy
Written in a Country Churchyard is his representative work.

6.

Neoclassicism:

A
revival
in
the
seventeenth
and
eighteenth
centuries
of
classical
standards
of
order,
balance,
and
harmony
in
literature.
John
Dryden
and Alexander Poe were major exponents of the neoclassical school.

7.

Mock epic:
a comic literary form that treats a trivial subject in the grand, heroic
style of the epic. A mock epic is also referred to as a mock heroic poem

III. Literary Comprehension and Analysis
Tyger! Tyger! burning bright

In the forest of the night

What immortal hand or eye

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Could frame thy fearful symmetry?


In what distant deeps or skies

Burnt the fire of thine eyes?

On what wings dare he aspire?

What the hand dare seize the fire?


And What shoulder, and what art,

Could twist the sinews of thy heart?

And when thy heart began to beat,

What dread hand? and what dread feet?


What the hammer? what the chain?

In what furnace was thy brain?

What the anvil? what dread grasp

Dare its deadly terrors clasp?


When the stars threw down their spears,

And watered heaven with their tears,

Did he smile his work to see?

Did he who made the lamb make thee?


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Tyger! Tyger! burning bright

In the forests of the night,

What immortal hand or eye

Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?

Questions:
1.

Identify the author and the book where the poem is taken from
2.

comment on the poem
1.

William Blake; It is
The Tyger
from
Songs of Experience
2.

The
poem
is
comprised
of
six
quatrains
in
rhymed
couplets.
The
meter is regular and rhythmic; its hammering beat is suggestive of the
smithy
that
is
the
poem
’
s
central
image.
The
simplicity
and
neat
proportions of the poems form perfectly suit its regular structure, in
which a string of questions all contribute to the articulation of a single,
central idea.
The tiger initially appears as a strikingly sensuous image. However, as
the poem progresses, it takes on a symbolic character, and comes to
embody the spiritual and moral problem the poem explores: Perfectly
beautiful
and
yet
perfectly
destructive,
Blake
’
s
tiger
becomes
the
symbolic center for an investigation into the presence of evil in the
world
The
Tyger

consists
entirely
of
unanswered
questions,
and
the
poet
leaves us to awe at the complexity of creation, the sheer magnitude of
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God
’
s power, and the inscrutability of divine will
The open awe of The
Tyger
contrasts with the easy confidence, in
The
Lamb
, of a child
’
s innocent faith in a benevolent universe.

III. Give brief answers to the following questions:
1.

Give a brief analysis of
Robinson Crusoe
.
The book is an immediate and permanent success. It is generally acknowledged as
Defoe
’
s most deeply original as well as representative book. It is supposedly based
on
the
real
adventure
of
a
Alexander
Selkirk
who
once
stayed
alone
on
an
uninhabited island for five years.

The
novel
is
about
the
adventures
of
Robinson
Crusoe,
son
of
a
middle-class
English family, who has an insatiable thirst for the sea. It tells of his first misfortune
at the sea, his life as a planter in South America, the fateful shipwreck that cast him
ashore
on
uninhabited
island,
and
his
twenty
four
years
of
isolated
life
there.
It
devotes
the
greater
space
to
the
minute
account
of
what
happens
there
on
the
island, how, with the help of a few stores and utensils saved from the wrecked ship
and
by
the
exercise
of
infinite
ingenuity,
Crusoe
builds
himself
a
house,
domesticates
goats,
grows
corn,
barley
and
rice,
and
makes
himself
a
boat.
It
describes
the
cannibal
savages
to
the
island,
and
his
rescue
of
the
poor
savage
Friday from death; his rescue of Friday
’
s father and a Spaniard, and finally his own
rescue when he saves the captain of an English ship from a mutinous crew.

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The book is rich enough to contain a number of overlapping meanings. If it is an
adventure story, it is also a moral tale, a commercial account and a Puritan fable. It
is
one
of
the
great
myths
of
modern
civilization.
It
celebrates
the
eighteenth
century Western civilization
’
s material triumph and the strength of human rational
will to conquer the natural environment. Robinson is cast as a typical eighteenth
century middle- class tradesman. He is the very prototype of the empire builder,
the pioneer colonist. His success in building up a comfortable living environment
and later a private colony, is shown as due to the sturdy qualities in his character, to
hi sown unaided efforts, to his courage and patience, to his practical skill, and to
this intelligent persistence. In another sense, Robinson is Everyman, struggling with
patience and fortitude through persistent work to conquer or master nature. His
adventures
reflect
different
stages
of
civilization
in
our
human
world.
Thus,
Robinson is the embodiment of private enterprise and colonization.
2.

What is the theme of
Gulliver
’
s Travels
.
As
a
popular
fancy
story,
the
novel
never
loses
its
charm
with
children.
The
wonderful stories about Gulliver
’
s travels into some strange places, the pigmies,
the
giants,
the
island
that
floats
in
the
air,
the
intelligent
horses,
the
despicable
man-like animals called Yahoos, and many other impossible situations have found
their way into many a child
’
s dreams.

But
it
is
more
that a
travel
story.
It
is
a satire on
the eighteenth
century
English
society,
touching
upon
the
political,
religious,
legal,
military,
scientific,
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philosophical
as
well
as
literary
institutions,
about
almost
every
aspect
of
the
society. Bitterly satirical, the book takes great pains to bring to light the wickedness
of
the
English
society,
with
its
tyranny,
its
political
intrigues
and
corruption,
its
aggressive
was
and
colonialism,
its
religious
deputes
and
persecution,
and
its
ruthless oppression and exploitation of the common people. The ugliness of the
eighteenth
century
English
society
is
no
elsewhere
so
thoroughly
and
forcefully
exposed and condemned as in this single book. And, the satire, as its is, is not only
of practical significance in its own day in England and Europe but its exposure is
also true of all countries, all ages. Its satires are applicable to any class, any society,
anywhere in the word and in any period of history.





















The Romantic Period
I.

Complete
the
following
statement
with
a
proper
word
or
a
phrase according to the textbook.
1.

Romanticism as a literary movement came into being in England early
in the latter half of the ________century
2.

_______and
_______
represented
the
spirit
of
what
is
usually
called
Pre-Romanticism.
3.

With
the
publication
of
William
Wordsworth
’
s
_________
in
collaboration with S. T. Coleridge, romanticism began to bloom and
found a firm place in the history of English literature.
4.

The
Romanticism
was
generally
influenced
by
the
Industrial
Revolution and ________.
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5.

________,
__________,
and
________
were
the
watchwords
of
the
French
Revolution.
6.

The eighteenth century was distinctively an age of ________. The Age
of Wordsworth
—
like the Age of Shakespeare
—
was decidedly an age
of _________.
7.

in 1798, ________and Samuel Taylor Coleridge published a joint volume
of poetry entitled
Lyrical Ballads
, which became a landmark in English
poetry. (William Wordsworth)
8.

Many of Wordsworth
’
s poems in the
Lyrical Ballads
were devoted to
the position of _______ and _____ peasants.
9.

In his poems Wordsworth aimed at ______ and ______ of the language,
fighting against the conventional forms of the 18
th
century poetry.

10.

T
he definition that
“
all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
powerful
feelings
”

was
written
by
________
in
________.
(William
Wordsworth, Lyrical Ballads)
11.

‘
Beauty is Truth, Truth Beauty,
”

–
that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.
This quotation is selected from ___________ by ________.
12.

C
hilde Harold
’
s Pilgrimage
is a _________ narrated by a melancholy,
passionate, well- read and very eloquent tourist.
13.

B
yron chose for his poems the _______ stanza.
14.

_
______, Byron
’
s greatest work, was written in the prime of his creative
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power, in the years 1818-1823.
15.

A
s a leading Romanticist, Byron
’
s chief contribution is his creation of
the
“
________
”
,
a
proud,
mysterious
rebel
figure
of
noble
origin.
(Byronic Hero)
16.

T
he
long
narrative
poem
the
story
of
Endymion,
the
Latmian
shepherd
beloved
by
the
moon-goddess,
______,
was
published
in
1818.
17.

T
he English Romantic period produced two major novelists: Scott and
_______.
18.

I
n all Austen
’
s novels the love-making of her young people, though
serious
and
________,
is
subdued
by
______
to
the
ordinary
plane
of
emotion on which most of us live.
19.

A
usten
’
s style is ______ and ______.
20.

T
he Bennets were speedily pronounced to be the luckiest family in the
world, though only a few weeks before when Lydia had first run away,
they had been generally proved to be marked out for misfortune.
This
quotation
is
selected
from
__________
by
_________.
(Pride
and
Prejudice, Jane Austen)


II.

Define the literary terms listed below
1.

Free verse
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A type of poetry that deliberately seeks to free itself from the restrictions
imposed by traditionally fixed conventions of meter, rhyme, and stanza.
Free verse is now often called poetry in open forms.
2.

Spenserian Stanza
In
The Faeire Queene
, Spenser, a poet in the 16
th
century, originated a
nine-line
verse
stanza,
now
known
as
the
Spenserian
stanza
—
the
first
eight lines are iambic pentameter, and the ninth, iambic hexameter; the
rhyme scheme is ababbcbcc. For example, George Byron used this verse
form in his
Childe Harold
’
s Pilgrimage
.

3.

Symbol
Literally,
something
that
stands
for
something
else.
In
literature,
any
word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes a range of
additional
meaning
and
significance.
In
Joseph
Conrad
’
s

Heart
of
Darkness,
for example, the journey up the Congo River into the jungle is
obviously a symbol of a parallel journey into the recesses of the human
heart and back into the bleakest corners of civilization.

4.

Archetype
It
is
used
in
literary
analysis
to
describe
certain
basic
and
recurrent
patterns of plot, character, or theme.

5.

Byronic Hero
:

Byronic Hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.
With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on
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his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society,
and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either
in
government,
in
religion,
or
in
moral
principles
with
unconquerable
wills and inexhaustible energies.

6.

Lake Poets:
Romantic
poets
such
as
poets
William
Wordsworth,
Samuel
Taylor
Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District came to be
known as the Lake School or Lake poets

III.

Literary Comprehension and Analysis
It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a
good fortune must be in want of wife
However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his
first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of
the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of
someone or other of their daughters.
Questions:
1.

From which novel is this passage taken from?
2.

who is the author of this novel?
3.

what is the literary style of this novel
4.

what is this story about?

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1.

Pride and Prejudice
2.

Jane Austen
3.

Realism
4.

It is a humorous story of love and life among English gentility during
the
Georgian
era.
Mr.
Bennet
is
an
English
gentleman
with
his
overbearing wife. The Bennet
’
s five daughters: the beautiful Jane, the
clever Elizabeth, the bookish Mary, the immature Kitty and the wild
Lydia. Unfortunately for the Bennets, if Mr. Bennet dies, their house
will be inherited by a distant cousin whom they have never met. The
family
’
s future happiness and security is dependent on the daughter
’
s making good marriages. The main plot is about the five daughters,
especially the main character Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy as they
deal
with
matters
of
upbringing,
marriage,
moral
rightness
and
education in her aristocratic society.

IV.

Answer the following questions
1.

Give a general description of the Romanticism in England
English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said
to
have
begun
in
1798
with
the
publication
of
Wordsworth
and
Coleridge
’
s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter
Scott
’
s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.
The movement was provoked by two important revolutions: the French
Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution.

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The
Romantic
Movement
expressed
a
negative
attitude
toward
the
existing
social
and
political
conditions
that
came
with
industrialization
and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. The Romantics saw both
the corruption and injustice of the feudal societies and the fundamental
inhumanity
of
the
economic,
social
and
political
forces
of
capitalism.
They felt that the society denied people their essential human needs. So
under
the
influence of
the
leading
romantic
thinkers like
Kant
and
the
Post-Kantians,
they
demonstrated
a
strong
reaction
against
the
dominant
modes
of
thinking
of
the
18
th
-century
writers
and
philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the
Romantics
saw
him
essentially
as
an
individual
in
the
solitary
state.
Where
the
Augustans
emphasized
those
features
that
men
have
in
common,
the
Romantics
emphasized
the
special
qualities
of
each
individual
’
s
mind.
Thus,
we
can
say
that
Romanticism
actually
constitutes
a
change
of
direction
from
attention
to
the
outer
world
of
social
civilization
to
the
inner
world
of
the
human
spirit.
In
essence,
it
designates
a
literary
and
philosophical
theory
which
tends
to
see
the
individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It places the
individual at the center of art.

The literary output of the Romantic Movement appeared as early as the
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nid-18
th

century.
But
it
was
not
until
the
very
last
years
of
the
18
th

century and the first two decades of the 19
th
century that romanticism as
a literary
movement in
England
reached its
full
flowering,
especially
in
the
realm
of
poetry.
Blake,
Wordsworth,
Coleridge,
Byron,
Shelley
and
Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the
neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.
Wordsworth
and
Coleridge
were
the
major
representatives
of
this
movement. They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in
poetry
writing.
In
their
separate
ways,
they
saw
poetry
as
a
healing
energy; they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and
the society.

The Romantics extol the faculty of imagination. And nature is not only
the
major
source
of
poetic
imagery,
but
also
provides
the
dominant
subject
matter.
To
escape
from
a
world
that
had
become
excessively
rational,
as
well
as
excessively
materialistic
and
ugly,
the
Romantics
would turn to other times and places. The medieval or renaissance world
were
particularly
favored.
There
one
could
allow
free
play
to
the
supernatural
without
arousing
feelings
of
incongruity.
Romantics
also
tend
to
be
nationalistic,
defending
the
great
poets
and
dramatists
of
their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who
tended to glorify Rome and rational Italian and French neoclassical art as
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superior to the native tradition.


2.

According to Wordsworth, what are the essential to poetry?
Wordsworth
’
s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of
experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other
poet has ever equaled. In defense of his unconventional theory of poetry,
Wordsworth
wrote
a
“
Preface
”

to
the
second
edition
of
the

Lyrical
Ballads,

which
acts
as
a
manifesto
for
the
new
poetic
school
and
sets
forth his own critical creed.. His premise was that the source of poetic
truth is the direct experience of the senses. Poetry, he defined, as
“
the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion
recollected in tranquility
”
. Rejecting the contemporary emphasis on form
and
an
intellectual
approach
that
drained
the
poetic
writing
of
strong
emotion, he maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and
the
speech
of
ordinary
people
were
the
raw
material
of
which
poetry
could and should be made.


3.

What are Keats
’
s poetry
’
s features?
Keats
’
s poetry is sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery, which expresses
the acuteness of his senses. Sight, sound, scent, taste and feeling are all
taken
in
to
give
an
entire
understanding
of
an
experience.
He
has
the
power
of
entering
the
feelings
of
others
—
either
human
or
animal.
He
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