comet剑桥雅思12阅读(纯文本)

2021年1月16日发(作者：汤贻汾)
Test5
ReadingPassage1Cork
Cork---thethic kbarkofthecorkoaktree(Quercussuber)---ugh,
elas tic,buoyant,andfire-resistant,lsobeenused
formi llennia:theancientEgyptianssealedtheirsarcophagi(s tonecoffins)withcork,whilethe
ancientGreeksandR omansuseditforanythingfrombeehivestosandals.
kg rowsupto20cminthickness,insulating
thetreelikea coatwrappedaroundthetruckandbranchesandkeepingthei nsideataconstant20
℃
pedmostprobablyasadefen ceagainstforestfires,thebarkofthecorkoak
hasapa rticularcellularstructure--- withabout40millioncellspercubiccentimeter---thatte chnology
lsarefilledwithair,
alsohasanelasti citythatmeansyoucansquashitandwatchitspringbacktoi tsoriginalsizeand
shapewhenyoureleasethepressur e.
CorkoaksgrowinanumberofMediterraneancountrie s,includingPortugal,Spain,Italy,Greeceand
ouris hinwarm,sunnyclimateswherethereisaminimumof400mill imetersof
rainperyear,apevines,thetreesthrivein poorsoil,
rnPortugal’sAlentejoregion
meetsal loftheserequirements,whichexplainswhy,bytheearly20
th
century,thisregionhad
becometheworld’ slargestproducerofcork,andwhytodayitaccountsforrou ghlyhalfofallcork
productionaroundtheworld.
thesefamilybusinesses,andindeedmanyofthetrees
t hemselves,oductionis,aboveall,
theplantingofaco rksaplingtothefirstharvesttakes25years,andagapofap proximatelyadecade
top-qualitycork,it’snecessar ytowaita
nhavetowaitfortherightkindofsummer’
thebarkisstrippedonadaywhenit’stoocold--- orwhentheairisdamp---thetreewillbedamaged.
anic almeansofstrippingcorkbarkhas
beeninvented,,the ymakeverticalcuts
downthebarkusingsmallsharpaxe s,
mostskillfulcork-stripperspriseawayasemi-cir cularhuskthatrunsthelengthofthetruckfromjust
en driedonthegroundforaboutfourmonths,before
being takentofactories,60%
ofcorkthengoesontobemadein totraditionalbottlestoppers,withmostoftheremainder being
ardandcorktilesareidealforthermalandacous ticinsulation,
whilegranulesofcorkareusedinthem anufactureofconcrete.
Recentyearshaveseentheend ofthevirtualmonopolyofcorkasthematerialforbottlest oppers,
causedbya
chemicalcompoundcalled2,4, 6-trichloroanisole(TCA),whichformsthroughtheintera ctionofplant
phenols,iestconcentrations---aslit tleasthreeorfourpartstoa
ulthasbeenagradualyet< br>steadymovefirsttowardsplasticstoppersand,morere cently,
substitutesarecheapertomanufactureand,i nthecaseofscrewcaps,moreconvenientfortheuser.
T heclassiccorkstoppersdoeshaveseveraladvantages,y,i tstraditionimageismore
inkeepingwiththatofthety peofhighqualitygoodswithwhichithaslongbeenassociat ed.
Secondly---andveryimportantly---corkisasust ainableproductthatcanberecycledwithout
er,corkf orestsarearesourcewhichsupportlocalbiodiversity,an dprevent
,giventhecurrentconcernsabout
envir onmentalissues,thefutureofthisancientmaterialoncea gainlookpromising.(743words)
ReadingPassage2Col lectingasAhobby
Collectingmustbeoneofthemostvar iedofhumanactivities,andit’sonethatmanyofus
rms ofcollectinghavebeendignifiedwithatechnicalname:anarchtophilistcollectsteddybears,aphilatelistco llectspostagestamps,andadeltiologistcollects
ng hundredsoreventhousandsofpostcards,chocolatewrappe rsorwhatevertakes
time,thereare
heydoit?
Therearethepeoplewhocollectbecausetheywanttomakemo ney---thiscouldbecalledan
instrumentalreasonfor collecting;thatis,’lllookfor,say,
remaywellbea< br>psychologicalelement,too---buyingcheapandsellin gdearcangivethecollectorasenseoftriumph.
Andass ellingonlineissoeasy,moreandmorepeoplearejoiningin .
Manycollectorscollecttodeveloptheirsociallife ,attendingmeetingsofagroupofcollectorsand
avari antonjoiningabridgecluboragym,andsimilarly
brin gsthemintocontactwithlike-mindedpeople.
Another motiveforcollectingisthedesiretofindsomethingspeci al,oraparticularexampleofthe
collecteditem,yspe ndtheirwhole
logically,thiscangiveapurposetoali fethatotherwisefeelsaimless.
Thereisadanger,tho ugh,thatiftheindividualiseverluckyenoughtofindwhat they’relookingfor,
ratherthancelebratingtheirsu ccess,theymayfeelempty,nowthatthegoalthatdrovethem onhas
gone.
Ifyouthinkaboutcollectingpostage stamps,anotherpotentialreasonforit---or,perhaps,ar esultof
ollectingopensawindowtoothercountries,a ndtothe
plants,animals,rly,inthe19
th
cen tury,many
collectorsamassedfossils,animalsandpl antsfromaroundtheglobe,andtheircollectionsprovided a
tthosecollections,ourunderstanding
wouldbe greatlyinferiortowhatitis.
Inthepast--- andnowadays,too,thoughtoalesserextent---apopularfo rmofcollecting,particularly
amongboysandmen,ght involvetryingtoseeeverylocomotiveofa
particular type,usingpublisheddatathatidentifieseachone,andti ckingoffeachengineasitisseen.
Trainspottersexch angeinformation,thesedaysoftenbymobilephone,sothey canworkoutwhere
togoto,-product,manypractitione rsofthehobbybecomevery
knowledgeableaboutrailwa yoperations,orthetechnicalspecificationsofdifferen tenginetypes.
Similarly,peoplewhocollectdollsma ygobeyondsimplyenlargingtheircollection,anddevelop an
interestinthewaythatdollsaremade,avechangedo verthe
centuriesfromthewoodthatwasstandardin16< br>th
centuryEurope,throughthewaxandporcelainof
latercenturies,totheplasticsoftoday’ectorsmigh tbeinspiredtostudyhowdolls
reflectnotionofwhatc hildrenlike,oroughttolike.
Notallcollectorsarei nterestedinlearningfromtheirhobby,though,sowhatwem ightcalla
psychologicalreasonforcollectingisthe needforasenseofcontrol,perhapsasawayofdealing
o llectors,forinstance,arrangetheirstampsinalbums,us uallyveryneatly,
organizingtheircollectionaccor dingtocertaincommonplaceprinciples---perhapsbycoun tryin
alphabeticalorderorgroupingstampsbywhatth eydepict---people,birds,maps,andsoon.
Onereason ,consciousornot,forwhatsomeonechoosestocollectisto showthecollector’s
ewhodecidestocollectsomethin gasunexpectedasdogcollars,forinstance,
ieveitor not,thereis
atleastonedogcollarmuseuminexistenc e,anditgrewoutofapersonalcollection.
Ofcourse,a llhobbiesgivepleasure,butthecommonfactorincollecti ngisusuallypassion:pleasure
anmostotherhobbies, collectingcanbetotallyengrossing,and
-collector sitmayappearaneccentric,if
harmless,wayofspendi ngtime,butpotentially,collectinghasalotgoingforit. (769words)
ReadingPassage3What’sthepurposeofgai ningknowledge?
A
“Iwouldfoundaninstitutionwh ereanypersoncanfindinstructioninanysubject.”Thatwa sthe
founder’smottoforCornellUniversity,anditse emsanaptcharacterizationofthedifferent
universi ty,alsointheUSA,ntcanprepareforacareerin
resort management,engineering,interiordesign,accounting,m usic,lawenforcement,younameit.
Butwhatwouldthef oundersofthesetwoinstitutionshavethoughtofacoursec alled“Arsonfor
profit”?Ikidyounot:ergraduateswh ohavemettheacademic
requirementscansignupforthe courseinourprogramin“firescience”.
B
Natural ly,thecourseisintendedforprospectivearsoninvestiga tors,whocanlearnallthetricksof
thetradefordetec tingwhetherafirewasdeliberatelyset,discoveringwhod idit,andestablishinga
ldn’tthisalsobetheperfect
courseforprospectivearsoniststosignupfor?Mypoi ntisnottocriticizeacademicprogramsinfire
scienc e:theyar
examplesuggestshowdishonestandillegalb ehavior,withthehelpofhighereducation,cancreep
i ntoeveryaspectofpublicandbusinesslife.
C
Ire alizedthisanewwhenIwasinvitedtospeakbeforeaclassin marketing,whichisanotherofour
ularinstructorisa colleaguewhoappreciatesthekindofethicalperspective
reendlesswaysIcouldhaveapproachedthisassignmen t,butI
tookmycuefromthetitleofthecourse:“Princi plesofMarketing”.Itmademethinktoaskthe
students ,“Ismarketingprincipled?”Afterall,asubjectmatterca nhaveprinciplesinthesenseof
beingcodified,havin grules,aswithfootballorchess,withoutbeingprinciple dinthesenseofbeing
thestudentsimmediatelyassume dthattheanswertomyquestionaboutmarketing
princi pleswasobvious:okatthewaysinwhicheverythingunderth esunhasbeen
marketed;obviouslyitneednotbedonein aprincipled(=ethical)fashion.
D
Isthatobviou s?Imadethesuggestion,whichmaysounddownrightcrazyin lightoftheevidence,
irationforthisjudgementisth e
philosopherImmanuelKant,whoarguedthatanybodyo fknowledgeconsistsofanend(orpurpose)
andameans.
E
Letusapplyboththeterms“means”and“end”dent shavesignedupfora
hatend?Thereseemtobetwomainhattheanswerisobvious:thepurposeofmarketingistos ell
erattitudeisthatthepurposeofmarketingisirre levant:Each
personcomestotheprogramandcoursewit hhisorherownplans,andtheseneednotevenconcern
os al,whichIbelievewouldalsobeKant’s,is
thatneithe rofthes
ofknowledgeoraprofessionalendeavorisdef inedbyboththemeansandtheend;henceboth
tsneedtos tudybothhowtoachieveX,andalsowhatXis.
F
Itis atthispointthat“ArsonforProfit”urseispresumablyall
aboutmeans:ereforeassumedthattheendis
skfir esciencestudentstoarticulatetheend,orpurpose,ofthe ir
field,theyeventuallygereralizetosomethinglik e,“Thesafetyandwelfareofsociety,”whichseems
ves een,someonecouldusetheverysameknowledgeofmeanstoac hieveamuch
lessnobleend,suchaspersonalprofitvia destructive,dangerous,ouldnot
aseparatewordfori t:rly,ifyouemployedthe
“Principlesofmarketing”i nanunprincipledway,
anothertermforit:vestheexam pleofadoctorandapoisoner,whousetheidentical
dsa ythatoneispracticingmedicine,theother,
murder.( 779words)
Test6
ReadingPassage1
Therisksa griculturefacesindevelopingcountries
Synthesiso fanonlinedebate
A
Twothingsdistinguishfoodpr oductionfromallotherproductiveactivities:first,eve rysingleperson
needsfoodeachdayandhasarighttoit ;andsecond,wo
uniqueaspects,onepolitical,theoth ernatural,makefoodproductionhighlyvulnerableanddif ferent
ametime,culturalvaluesarehighlyentrenche dinfoodand
agriculturalsystemsworldwide.
BFarmerseverywherefacemajorrisks,includingextreme weather,long-termclimatechange,and
r,smallholde rfarmersindevelopingcountries
mustinadditiondea lwithadverseenvironments,bothnatural,intermsofsoil quality,rainfall,etc.,
andhuman,intermsofinfras tructure,financialsystems,markets,knowledgeandtech nology.
Counter-intuitively,hungerisprevalentam ongmanysmallholderfarmersinthedevelopingworld.
C
Participantsintheonlinedebatearguedthatourbig gestchallengeistoaddresstheunderlyingcauses
oft heagriculturalsystem’sinabilitytoensuresufficientf oodforall,andtheyidentifiedasdriversof
thisprob lemourdependencyonfossilfuelsandunsupportivegovern mentpolicies.
D
Onthequestionofmitigatingthe riskfarmersface,mostessayistscalledforgreaterstate
ssay,,PresidentoftheInternationalFundforAgricu ltural
Development,arguedthatgovernmentscansign ificantlyreducerisksforfarmersbyprovidingbasic
serviceslikeroadstogetproducemoreefficientlytomark ets,orwaterandfoodstoragefacilitiesto
Murphy,se nioradvisortotheInstituteforAgricultureandTradePol icy,
suggestedthattheprocurementandholdingofsto cksbygovernmentscanalsohelpmitigatewild
swingsi nfoodpricesbyalleviatinguncertaintiesaboutmarketsu pply.
E
ShenggenFan,DirectorGeneraloftheInte rnationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute,heldupsocial< br>safetynetsandpublicwelfareprogrammesinEthiopia, BrazilandMexicoasvaluablewaysto
addresspovertya mongfarmingfamiliesandreducetheirvulnerabilitytoag ricultureshocks.
However,somecommentatorsrespon dedthatcashtransferstopoorfamiliesdonotnecessarily
translateintoincreasedfoodsecurity,astheseprog rammesdonotalwaysstrengthenfoodproduction
ingst atesubsidiesforagriculture,RokeyaKabir,ExecutiveDi rectorof
BangladeshNariProgatiSangha,commentedi nheressaythatthese“havenotcompensatedforthe
,st udiesshowthatsixtypercentofbeneficiariesof
subs idiesarenotpoor,butrichlandownersandnon-farmertrad ers.”
F
Nwanze,MurphyandFanarguedthatprivate riskmanagementtools,likeprivateinsurance,
commo dityfuturesmarkets,andruralfinancecanhelpsmall-sca leproducersmitigateriskandallow
arnedthatfinanc ialsupportschemesoftenencouragethe
adoptionofhi gh-inputagriculturalpractices,whichinthemediumterm mayraiseproductioncosts
notedthatwhenfuturesmar ketsbecomeexcessively
financialisedtheycancontr ibutetoshort-termpricevolatility,whichincreasesfar mers’food
rticipantsandcommentatorsemphasizedth atgreatertransparencyinmarketsis
neededtomitiga tetheimpactofvolatility,andmakeevidentwhetheradequ atestocksandsupplies
contendedthatagribusinessc ompaniesshouldbeheldresponsibleforpaying
forneg ativesideeffects.
G
Manyessayistsme
expla inedthat“inadditiontoreducingcropyields,climatecha ngeincreasesthemagnitudeandthe
frequencyofextre meweatherevents,whichincreasesmallholdervulnerabil ity.”Thegrowing
unpredictabilityofweatherpatter nsincreasesfarmers’difficultyinmanagingweather-rel atedrisks.
Accordingtothisauthor,onesolutionwou ldbetodevelopcropvarietiesthataremoreresilienttoingly,PatMooney,co-founderand
executivedirect oroftheETCGroup,suggestedthat“ifwearetosurviveclim atechange,wemust
adoptpoliciesthatletpeasantsdi versifytheplantandanimalspeciesandvarieties/breeds thatmake
upourmenus.”
H
Someparticipating authorsandcommentatorsarguedinfavorofcommunity-bas edandautonomous
riskmanagementstrategiesthrough collectiveactiongroups,co-operativesorproducers’gr oups.
Suchgroupsenhancemarketopportunitiesforsm all-scaleproducers,reducemarketingcostsand
ingt oMurphy,“collective
actionoffersanimportantwayf orfarmerstostrengthentheirpoliticalandeconomicbarg aining
power,andtoreducetheirbusinessrisks.”One commentator,GielTon,warnedthatcollectiveaction
stime,effort,andmoneytoorganize,buildtrustandto
,likeMarcelVernooij,andstakeholders,includingbusi ness,government,scientist
andcivilsociety,mustw orktogether,startingatthebeginningofthevaluechain.
I
Someparticipantsexplainedthatmarketpricev olatilityisoftenworsenedbythepresenceof
interme diarypurchaserswho,takingadvantageoffarmers’vulner ability,
commentatorsuggestedfarmerscangaingrea tercontroloverpricesandminimizepricevolatilitybyrly,SonaliBisht,founderandadvisortotheInstituteo f
HimalayanEnvironmentalResearchandEducation(IN HERE),India,wrotethat
community-supportedagricu lture,whereconsumersinvestinlocalfarmersbysubscrip tionand
guaranteeproducersafairprice,food
di stributionsystemsnotonlyencouragesmall-scaleagricu lturebutalsogiveconsumersmorecontrol
overthefoo dtheyconsume,shewrote.(880words)
ReadingPassage 2
TheLostCity
Anexplorer’sencounterwiththeru inedcityofMachuPicchu,themostfamousiconoftheIncacivilization
A
WhentheUSexplorerandacademi cHiramBinghamarrivedinSouthAmericain1911,hewas
readyforwhatwastobethegreatestachievementofhislife :theexplorationoftheremotehinterland
tothewesto fCusco,lwas
tolocatetheremainsofacitycalledVitc os,iesona
highplateauatanelevationofmorethan300 0meters,andBingham’splanwastodescendfromthis
pl ateaualongthevalleyoftheUrubambariver,whichtakesac ircuitousroutedowntotheAmazon
andpassesthrougha nareaofdramaticcanyonsandmountainranges.
B
W henBinghamandhisteamsetoffdowntheUrubambainlateJul y,theyhadanadvantageover
travelerswhohadprecede dthem:atrackhadrecentlybeenblasteddownthevalleycan yontoenable
allprecioustravelershadlefttheriver at
Lllantaytamboandtakenahighpassacrossthemount ainstorejointheriverlowerdown,thereby
cuttingas ubstantialcorner,butalsothereforeneverpassingthrou ghtheareaaroundMachuPicchu.
C
beganslowly,wi th
panionsshowedno
interestinaccompanyinghim upthenearbyhilltoseesomeruinsthatalocalfarmer,Melc hor
Arteaga,ningwasdullanddamp,andBinghamalsoookLostCityofthe
Incas,herelatesthathemakethe ascentwithouthavingtheleastexpectationthathewouldf ind
anythingatthetop.
D
,asheclimbsuptheh ill,he
describestheever-presentpossibilityofdea dlysnakes,“capableofmakingconsiderablesprings
w heninpursuitoftheirprey”,ere’ssenseofmountingdisco veryashe
comesacrossgreatsweepsofterraces,thena mausoleum,followedbymonumentalstaircasesand,
fi nally,thegrandceremonialbuildingsofMachuPicchu.“It seemedlikeanunbelievabledream...the
sightheldme spellbound...”hewrote.
E
Weshouldremember,ho wever,thatLostCityoftheIncasisaworkofhindsight,not writtenuntil
1948,rneyentriesofthetimerevealamu chmoregradual
ttheafternoonattheruinsnotingdown thedimensionsof
someofthebuildings,thendescende dandrejoinedhiscompanions,towhomheseemstohavesaid< br>stage,Binghamdidn’trealizetheextentortheimporta nceofthesite,
nordidherealizewhatusehecouldmake ofthediscovery.
F
However,soonafterreturning itoccurredtohimthathecouldmakeanameforhimselffromt his
cametowritetheNationalGeographicmagazineart iclethatbrokethestoryto
theworldinApril1913,ere dwhetheritcouldhave
beenthebirthplaceoftheveryf irstInca,MancotheGreat,andwhetheritcouldalsohavebe enwhat
chroniclersdescribesas“thelastcityoftheI ncas”.ThistermreferstoVilcabamba,thesettlement
mmadedesperateattemptsto
,hisvisionofthesiteasb oththebeginningandendofthe
Incacivilization,whi leamagnificentone,nowthatVilcabambaactuallylies
65kilometersawayinthedepthsofthejungle.
G
O nequestionthathasperplexedvisitors,historiansandar chaeologistsalikeeversinceBingham,is
renorefere ncesto
itbyanyoftheSpanichchroniclers---andifth eyhadknownofitsexistencesoclosetoCuscothey
whic hhasgainedwideacceptanceoverthe
pastfewyearsist hatMachuPicchuwasamoya,acountryestatebuiltbyanInca emperortoescape
thecoldwintersofCusco,wherethee litecouldenjoymonumentalarchitectureandspectacular
rmore,theparticulararchitectureofMachuPicchusu ggeststhatitwasconstructedat
thetimeofthegreate stofalltheIncas,theemperorPachacuti(c.1438-71).Byc ustom,Pachacuti’s
descendantsbuiltothersimilare statesfortheirownuse,andsoMachuPicchuwouldhavebeen
abandonedafterhisdeath,some50yearsbeforetheSpa nishConquest.(830words)
ReadingPassage3
A
Accordingtothelatestfigures,themajorityoftheworld ’spopulationisnowbilingualor
multilingual,ast,s uchchildrenwere
epastfew
decades,however,tec hnologicaladvanceshaveallowedresearcherstolookmore deeplyathow
bilingualisminteractswithandchanges thecognitiveandneurologicalsystems,therebyidentify ing
severalclearbenefitsofbeingbilingual.
B< br>Researchshowsthatwhenabilingualpersonusesonelan guage,theotherisactiveatthesametime.
Whenwehear aword,wedon’theartheentirewordatonce:thesoundsarri veinsequentialorder.
Longbeforethewordisfinishe d,thebrain’slanguagesystembeginstoguesswhatthatwor dmight
ear“can”,youwilllikelyactivatewordslike“ candy”and“candle”aswell,atleast
ingualpeople,th isactivationisnotlimitedtoa
singlelanguage;audi toryinputactivatescorrespondingwordsregardlessofth elanguagetowhich
themostcompellingevidenceforth isphenomenon,called“language
co-activation”,an- Englishbilingualaskedto“pickup
amarker”fromaset ofobjectswouldlookmoreatastampthansomeonewhodoesn’ tknowRussian,
becausetheRussianwordfor“stamp”,m arka,soundsliketheEnglishwordheorsheheard,
“mar ker”.Incaseslikethis,languageco-activationoccursbe causewhatthelistenerhearscouldmap
ontowordsinei therlanguage.
C
Havingtodealwiththispersiste ntlinguisticcompetitioncanresultindifficulties,
instance,knowingmorethanonelanguagecancausespeake rstonamepicturesmoreslowly,andcan
increase“tip- of-the-tonguestates”,whenyoucanalmost,butnotquite,
result,theconstantjugglingoftwolanguagecreates aneedtocontrolhowmuchapersonaccessesa
sreason,b ilingualpeopleoftenperformbetterontasksthat
las sicStroopTask,peopleseeawordandareaskedtonamethecoloroftheword’ecolorandthewordmatch(i.e.,thewor d“red”printedinred),
peoplecorrectlynamethecolo rmorequicklythanwhenthecolorandtheworddon’tmatch(i .e.,the
word“red”printedinblue).Thisoccursbecau setheworditself(“red”)anditsfontcolor(blue)
ual peopleoftenexcelattaskssuchasthis,whichtapintothea bilitytoignore
compeualsarealso
betteratswit chingbetweentwotasks;forexample,whenbilingualshave toswitchfromcategorizing
objectsbycolors(redorb lue)tocategorizingthembyshape(circleortriangle),th eydosomore
quicklythanmonolingualpeople,reflect ingbettercognitivecontrolwhenhavingtomakerapid
changesofstrategy.
D
Italsoseemsthattheneuro logicalrootsofthebilingualadvantageextendtobrainar easmore
Thebenefitsofbeingbilingual
nolingua landbilingualadolescentslisten
tosimplespeechso undswithoutanyinterveningbackgroundnoise,theyshowh ighlysimilarbrain
searchersplaythesamesoundtobo thgroupsinthepresenceofbackground
noise,however ,thebilinguallisteners’neuralresponseisconsiderabl ylarger,reflectingbetter
encodingofthesound’sfu ndamentalfrequency,afeatureofsoundcloselyrelatedto pitch
perception.
E
Suchimprovementsincog nitiveandsensoryprocessingmayhelpabilingualpersont oprocess
informationintheenvironment,andhelpexp lainwhybilingualadultsacquireathirdlanguagebetter< br>vantagemayberootedintheskillof
focusingoninf ormationaboutthenewlanguagewhilereducinginterferen cefromthelanguagesthey
alreadyknow.
F
Res earchalsoindicatesthatbilingualexperiencemayhelpto keepthecognitivemechanismssharp
byrecruitingalt ernatebrainnetworkstocompensateforthosethatbecomed amagedduringaging.
Olderbilingualsenjoyimproved memoryrelativestomonolingualpeople,whichcanleadto< br>dyofover200patientswithAlzheimer’sdisease,adege nerative
braindisease,bilingualpatientsreported showinginitialsymptomsofthediseaseanaverageoffive< br>low-upstudy,researcherscomparedthebrainsof
b ilingualandmonolingualpatientsmatchedontheseverity ofAlzheimer’singly,
thebilinguals’brainshadmore physicalsignsofdiseasethantheirmonolingualcounterp arts,even
rainisanengine,bilingualism
mayhel pittogofartheronthesameamountoffuel.
G
Furth ermore,ttudy,
researcherstaughtseven-month-oldb abiesgrowingupinmonolingualorbilingualhomesthatwhe n
theyheardatinklingsound,rtogeta
reward,the infantshadtoadjusttherulethey’dlearned;onlythebili ngualbabieswereableto
ggeststhatforeveryyoungch ildren,aswellasforolder
people,navigatingamulti lingualenvironmentimpartsadvantagesthattransferfar beyondlanguage.
(916words)
Test7
ReadingP assage1
Flyingtortoises
Anairbornereintroduc tionprogramhashelpedconservationiststakesignifican tstepstoprotectthe
endangeredGalapagostortoise.