reborn通过联想学英语单词

2021年1月16日发(作者：于德基)
通过联想学英语单词
当我们在学习基本语法和句法的同时，也开始学词汇，终身不停。
学词汇的方法很多，学习效果也不同；有些方法的效果比较好，有些则差些。
有个特 别值得推荐的方法是“联想”。例如从“party”这个字，可以联想到其他的字，如：
meetin g, assembly, seminar, negotiation 等。
现在看看下列 8 组字，如何凑在一起：
⒈下列 6 个动词的共同意思是“伤害”或“破坏”：
damage, harm, hurt, impair, injure, mar
⒉下列 6 个动词的共同意思是“减少”：
decrease, lessen, diminish, reduce, abate, dwindle
⒊下列 6 个名词的中心意思是“武装叛变”：
rebellion, revolution, uprising, revolt, mutiny, insurrection
⒋下列 7 个名词都含有“边缘”之意： edge, brink, brim, rim, verge, border, margin
⒌下列 7 个名词都含有“ 路”之意： way, road , path , route, passage, street, aveune
⒍下列 7 个形容词都含有“著名”之意： famous, renowned, celebrated, noted,
distinguished, eminent, illustrious
⒎下列 7 个形容词都含有“快速”之意：
fast, rapid, swift, quick, speedy, hasty, expeditious
⒏下列 9 个动词含“胜过”或“克服”之意：
conquer, defeat, vanquish, overcome, beat, rout, surmount, subdue, overthrow
上述 8 组字，每组都有个中心意 思。在学习词汇时，若能将意思有关联的字词或习语摆在
一起，通过联想来记忆，不但轻松而且还很有效 。必须注意的是，虽然几个字有共同的意思，但
是每个字在句子中的用法，难免会有些差别，不可不察。
现在举个和“laugh”（笑）有关的动词，来说明这点。
① The President smiled（微笑） as he went past the crowd.
② His joke made us laugh（发笑）.
③ The spectators jeered（嘲笑） when their team was defeated.
④ The audience roared with rage（暴笑如雷）.
⑤ If you tease（揶揄） her again, she will get angry.
⑥ The pupils giggled（格格地笑） on seeing the teacher fall down.
⑦ The crowd booed（喝倒采） when the referee made a mistake.
⑧ The listeners hooted（轻蔑地叫喊） at the ignorant speaker.
⑨ Irene sat at a corner, chuckling（轻声暗笑） to herself.
⑩The naughty girl grinned（露齿而笑） in response to her mother's question.
英语多义词
随着科技的突飞猛进以及电脑资 讯的普及，科学术语、电脑词汇与日俱增；即使同一个字，有时
意思在增加，用途也在扩大。工业或行政 上的 input 和 output 和电脑上的意思，哪会完全相同？
小孩时期看到在地上跑的 mouse 和现在出现在电脑旁的 mouse，形状相似，但意思也一样吗？
不说特殊用语， 就是天天见面的常用字，不管是名词、形容词、动词或副词，十九都是多义
词，甚至是多种词类的，既可 当名词、动词，又可当形容词，甚至副词。
关于这点，《英语词汇：意思和用法》一文中已举例说明，大家应该记忆犹新，不再重复。
由于一词多义在英语词汇的运用上非常重要，这里不厌其烦地再举一个家喻户晓的常用字
break，以加强我对这点的重视。
作为动词，break 有下列 12 个常用意思：
① 打破、断，如：(a) If you drop the cup, you will break it. (b) The rope suddenly broke.
② 违反、违约，如：(a) Don't break the law. (b) Tom is notorious for breaking promises.
③ 伤、毁，如：(a) Tony broke Jane's heart by not marrying her. (b) Judy dropped her watch
and broke it.
④ 中断、打断，如：(a) The barking of the dog broke our sleep. (b) The stranger rushed in
and broke our conversation.
⑤ 破晓，如：They arrived at the airport just as the day was breaking.
⑥ 放弃，如：It is hard to break the habit of smoking.
⑦ 开路，如：We sometimes saw voluntary workers help break paths in villages.
⑧ 毫无得失，如：He bought the sewing machine at $$700 and sold it at the same price. He
broke even on the deal.
⑨ 闯入，如：A thief broke into my neigbour's house and ran away with some valuables.
⑩ 爆发，如：If a new world war breaks out, can you imagine the consequences?
11. 突破，如：The soldiers tried to break through the enemy's line.
12. 停止，如：The meeting suddenly broke up.
当名词时，break 有 5 个常见义，如下：
① 裂口：Please send for a plumber to repair the break in the water pipe.
② 拂晓：Fish mongers start work at the break of the day.
③ 吃茶点时间：A few of us have a tea- break at 11am every day.
④ 休息：There is one- hour break for lunch。
⑤ 变动：The bankrupt man has a break in his way of living.
英语派生词哪里来？
前几期谈到英文后缀和英文前缀。在这两篇文章里都没有全面探讨前、后缀的 功能。这里便
来谈这问题。
大家知道，派生法（derivation）是英语主要的构 词法。这方法是借前缀或后缀之助，制造
出派生词（derivative words），主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。
前缀以否定前缀（negative prefixes）un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, dis-, mis-, mal-等为主，使
延伸出来的派生词变成反义词。
Ⅰ名词派生词
Balance→imbalance；pleasure→displeasure；management→ mismanagement；
efficiency→inefficiency；concern→ unconcern ；literacy→illiteracy；resolution→irresolution；
interference→noninterference；nutrition→malnutritio n.
Ⅱ形容词派生词
Accurate→inaccurate；patient→impatient. regular→ irregular；legal→illegal；
native→non- native；orderly→ disorderly；common→uncommon.
Ⅲ动词派生词
Agree→disagree；judge→misjudge；treat→maltreat； activate→inactivate；use→ill- use；
mobilize→immobilize； manage→mismanage；quote→unquote.
除了否定前缀之外，其他常用的前缀还有 anti-, auto-, bi-, co-, counter-, de-, ex-, inter-,
mono-, post, pre-, pro-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, tri-, ultra-等。例如：
anti-government（反政府）；auto-intoxication（自我迷醉） ；bilateral（双边的）；coexistence
（共存）；counter- argument （反建议）；de-emphasize（不强调）；ex-president（前任会长 ）；
international（国际间的）；monolingual（单语的）；post- war （战后的）；precaution（预先防
备）；pro-China（支持中国）； re-state（重述）；subhuman（低于人类的）；superimpose（加
在上面） ；trans-atlantic（横跨大西洋的）；triangle（三角）； ultra- smart（超能的）。
前面例子证明，加上前缀后的词，虽然意思改变，但词性保持不变。相反 的，加上后缀的词，
不但词义有些改变，词性也完全不同。这样一来，动词或形容词加上适当的后缀之后 ，可以得到
名词派生词，如：
amaze→amazement；kind→kindness.
同样的，名词或动词加上适当的后缀，便可以得到形容词派生词，如：
commerce→commercial；depend→dependent.
最后，名词或形容词加上动词性的后缀，可以得到动词派生词，加上副词性后缀（仅限 -ly），
则得到副词派生词，如：
fright（名词）→frighten（动词）；modern（形容词）→ modernize（动词） ；beauty（名词）
→beautify（动词）；year（名词）→yearly（副词）；q uick（形容词）→quickly（副词）。
英语成语、短语、惯用语不合习惯的用法
英语成语、短语、惯用语很多。有时，它们的构造看起来不合逻辑，甚至不合常理，但又不能随
意更改。 例如，我们用双脚步行，应该是“on feet”，但偏偏是“on foot”才对。一般上说，成语、短语或惯用语中的字眼不可用别的字取代，词序也不可调换，因为一字之差，词序一换，原意可
能走 样，甚至毫无意思。
在下列各组句子中，(a)错、(b)对：
①a. What is the reason of all this shunning away from blue- collar work?
b. What is the reason of all this shying away from blue-collar work?
②a. I am working on the behalf of my company.
b. I am working on behalf of my company.
③a. We need a capable person to help us in time of difficulties.
b. We need a capable person to help us in times of difficultes.
④a. In term of economic development, our country has done a good job.
b. In terms of economic development, our country has done a good job.
⑤a. Few would like to make friend with hypocrites.
b. Few would like to make friends with hypocrites.
⑥a. Let's discuss this matter in details.
b. Let's discuss this matter in detail.
⑦a. That rich woman is covered with jewellery from top to toes.
b. That rich woman is covered with jewellery from top to toe.
⑧a. For the better or worse, we must try to get along with our colleagues.
b. For better or worse, we must try to get along with our colleagues.
⑨a. The Public Relations Officer did not speak much. What is worst, she hated to mingle with
people.
b. The Public Relations Officer did not speak much. What is worse, she hated to mingle with
people.
⑩a. All must come to the meeting without failure.
b. All must come to the meeting without fail.
11a. Most of the students learn historical facts by hard.
b. Most of the students learn historical facts by heart.
12a. A holiday abroad will take your mind of the work tension for a while.
b. A holiday abroad will take your mind off the work tension for a while.
13a. It is out of question for you to go tonight; you haven't finished your assignment yet.
b. It is out of the question for you to go tonight; you haven't finished your assignment yet.
14a. Students should spend their time studying instead of involving in destructive activities.
b. Students should spend their time studying instead of involving themselves in/ getting
involved in destructive activities.
英语惯用语的简化
语言是社会的产物。任何语言都在随着社会的发展而发展。其中一个突出的 倾向，就是简化。例
如英语有些惯用语中的小小成分就可以省略不用，趋向于较简单的形式。
以下便是些惯用语某些成分可以被合法省略的例子:
⒈定冠词 the 的省略，如：
● pull the strings→pull strings：通过人事用其影响力
● the long and the short of...→the long and short of...：总而言之
● if the worst comes to the worst→if worst comes to worst ：大不了
● to go through the proper channels→to go through proper channels：通过正常渠道
⒉不定冠词的省略，如：
● in a great measure→in great measure：在很大程度上
● at a breakneck speed→at breakneck speed：以惊险速度
⒊名词复数符号的省略，如：
● to rack one's brains→to rack one's brain：绞尽脑汁
● in the interests of...→in the interest of：为了……利益起见
⒋所有格代名词的省略，如：
● to save one's face→to save face：保存面子
● to take one's leave of→to take leave：请假
⒌返身代词的省略，如：
● to stand oneself aloof from→to stand aloof from：远离