高中英语语法(时态和语态)

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高中英语语法(时态和语态)
一． 动词的时态

时 态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，
但是常见的只有九种： 一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、
现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来 时、现在完成进行时。
(一） 一般现在时（do does）
1．具体用法
1) 表示经常性或习惯性动作
We always care for each other and help each other. 我们总是互相关心互相帮
助。
He goes to school every day.
2) 表示现在的特征或状态
He is very happy.
Do you sing? ----A little.
3) 表示普遍真理
Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。
Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜过言语。
* 常与一般现在时态连用的词或短语主要有：often, usually, sometimes, every day,
every morningafternoon, on Sundaysweekends等等。
I often go to the cinema on Sundays. 我经常星期天去看电影。
He goes to work early every day. 他每天上班很早。
（二）一般过去时( did )
（1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状 态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、
短语或从句连用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
（2）表示过去习惯性动作。例如：
He always went to class last.
I used to do my homework in the library.
（三）一般将来时 ( will shall do)
1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：
I shall graduate next year.
2）一般将来时有时可以表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如
Crops will die without water.
You won’t succeed without their support.
3) 几种替代形式：
*be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如：
I'm going to buy a house when we've saved enough money.
*be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有必要的强制性意义。例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
*be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
*be due to +v表示预先确定了的事， 必定发生的事。例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5）少数动词如：begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等的一般现在时
可用来表示将来的动作。（多用 来表示按计划事先安排好即将发生的动作，句中通常还有一
个表示将来的时间状语）。例如：
The meeting begins at seven.
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The train starts at nine in the morning.
（四）现在进行时 ( is are doing)
1） 表示现在某时或某段时间内正在进行的动作。常与现在进行时连用的词组
是now， right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present, 或某个具体的时间
（几点钟）。
He is writing a letter now.
She is visiting Beijing this week.
2） 有时用来代替一般现在时态，表示一个经常性动作或状态，这时是为了表示
一种感情（如赞叹，厌烦，满意，不满等）
He is always thinking of his work. (表示赞许)
The boy is always talking in class. （表示不满）
3) 有时用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有一个表示未来
的时间的状语）
We are leaving on Friday. 我们星期五动身。
How many of you are coming to the party?
（五）现在完成时（have has done）
（1）现在完成时用来表示对目 前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，
just连用），或者过去某一时 刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。例如：
I have just finished my homework.
Mary has been ill for three days.
（2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词
already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning,
month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
So far, she hasn't enjoyed the summer vacation.
There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
（3）完成时态可用在下列结构中：
*This (That, It) is (was) the first (second...) time +定语从句；
*This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；
*This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。
如果主句的谓语动 词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词
是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通 常用过去完成时。例如：
（1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
（2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that
evening.
（六）过去进行时 (was were doing)
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示
过去 反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：
1）We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
（七）过去完成时 ( had done)
（1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况 ，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词
短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作 在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：
1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
（2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示
过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away.
另外两种表示过去想做而未做的事的表达方式是：
1）was were + to have done sth, 例如：
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We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't.
2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have
done sth, 如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
（3）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2）no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3）by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon.
(八)一般过去将来时
1. 一般过去将来时的形式
Should would+ 动词原形
was were + 动词-ing形式
2. 一般过去将来时常用于宾语从句中，其主语的谓语动词为过去时态，可表示从 过去某时
看来将要发生的事情，如：
He said that he would speak at the meeting.
He was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy.
（九）现在完成进行时 ( has have been doing)
现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven't found it.

运用动词时态要注意的几个问题
（一）在时间和条件等状语从句中不要用将来时态，如
We’ll give him the book if he wants it.
He decided to fight back if he was hit again.
I’ll call you as soon as I’ve finished my work.
(二) 时态的一致（时态的呼应），如
We saw that the smoke was coming from a window.
I didn’t know if she would come.
He admitted that he had been on the march.
*不进行时态调整的情况：
1）从句说的是一种普遍真理，如：
Long ago, people didn’t know the earth moves round the sun.
2）当从句的谓语改成过去时可能造成误会，如
Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30?
（三）瞬间动词在完成时态中的使用，如：
误：I have received her letter for three months.
正：I received her letter three months ago.
正：It is three months since I received her letter.
（四）注意某些要求一定时态的句型
* was were doing sth. when …did sth.
I was reading a book when the bell rang
* waswere about to do sth. when … did sth.
We were about to leave when the telephone rang.
She was about to go out when it started to rain
* 表示做事做了第几次或共几次，要用完成时态，如：
It’s the first time I’ve seen her.
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We have been there three times.
* It is has been… since…
It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.
She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.
* hardly…when…
We had hardly got in the crops when it began to rain.
Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.
* no sooner…than…
I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.
No sooner had I come into the room than the door was closed.

语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语 态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是
动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
1）We use electricity to run machines. （主动语态）
2）Electricity is used to run machines. （被动语态）

1． 不能用于被动语态的动词和短语
（1）在英语中，不及物动词不 能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词（包括短语）容易
引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur,
come true, take place, consist of。
（2）某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit
也没有被动语态。
2． 被动语态的时态形式
常用的被动语态有下表所列的几种时态形式。
时间 一般时 进行时 完成时

现在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
过去 was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked

将来 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
过去 should be asked should have been asked
将来 would be asked would have been asked

3． 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省
略。例如：
1）So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2）All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4．分词的被动语态
分词结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料
的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，分词还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。
例如：
get dressed（穿衣服） get divorced（离婚）
get engaged（订婚） get confused（迷惑不解）
get lost（迷路） get washed（洗脸）
get married（结婚）
5． 被动语态与系表结构的区别
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二．动词的语态

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（1）The novel was well written.（系表结构）
（2）The novel was written by Diskens.（被动语态）
6． 不能用于被动语态的及物动词，如：have, fit, hold, lack, cost…
I have a computer.
The hall can hold 200 people.
7. 主动性式表被动意义
①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、rea d、sell、wear、
write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启 动”等意义时。
This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。
These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。
My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。
The door won’t lock.门锁不上。
The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。
②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”
等意思时。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。

Choose the right answer
1. They _____ friends since they met in Shanghai.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had
2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he ______.
A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving
3. We all know that ice ______.
A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold
4. ---This cloth _____ well and _____ long.
--- OK. I’ll take it.
A. washes lasts B. is washed; lasted
C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting
5. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
6. It _____ every day so far this week.
A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining
7. --- Are you going to the movies tonight?
--- Yes, I ______ my work by that time.
A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finished
8. --- Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer?
--- No, it _____ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained
9. You won’t know if the coat fits you until you _____ it on.
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A. will try B. are trying C. tried D. have tried
10. My dictionary _______, I have looked for it everywhere but still _______.
A. has lost; don’t find B. is missing; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found D. is missing; haven’t found
11. --- How long ______ each other before they _____ married?
--- For about a year.
A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get
C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got
12. --- Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.
--- Oh, how nice of you. I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going
C. didn’t think; are going D. hadn’t thought; were going
13. When Jack arrived he learned Mary _______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
14 --- I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
--- Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will
15. The police found that the house _______ and s lot of things ______.
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
16. --- Have you moved into the house?
--- Not yet. The rooms ________.
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting
17. If the city noises _______ from increasing, people ______ shout to be heard at the dinner
table 20 years from now.
A. are not kept will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep, have to
18. --- ________ the sports meet might be put off.
--- Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told C. I’m told D. I was told
19. I don’t think Jim saw me; he ______ into space.
A. just stared (凝视) B. was just staring
C. has just stared D. had just stared
20. --- _______ my glasses?
--- Yes, I _______ them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see; saw B. Had you seen; have seen
C. Have you seen; saw D. Would you see; saw
21. --- We could have walked to the station; it was so near.
--- Yes. A taxi _______ at all necessary.
A. wasn’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. won’t be
22. --- Who is Jerry Cooper?
--- ______? I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet
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23. --- Nancy is not coming tonight.
--- But she _______!
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
24. _______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
25. It is clear that his poor education _______ him back.
A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held
26. --- How are you planning to travel to Shanghai?
--- I ____ yet, but I ______ taking a train.
A. haven’t decided; am considering B. haven’t decided, consider
C. didn’t decided; am considering D. hadn’t decided; have considered
27. The pen I _______ I _______ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. think , had lost D. thought, have lost
28. --- Have you heard about the new school?
--- No, when and where to build the new one _______ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. hasn’t decided D. haven’t decided
29. --- Sorry, I’m late.
--- That’s OK. I _____ long.
A. haven’t waited B. don’t wait C. haven’t been waiting D. didn’t wait
30. --- Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom.
--- Oh! I thought she ______ in the back.
A. will sit B. had sat C. is sitting D. has sat
31. I ______ my face when suddenly someone ______ at the door.
A. washed, knocked B. washed, was knocking
C. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knocked
32. I ______ at the station half an hour ago, but the train _____ yet.
A. arrived, hadn’t come B. was arriving, hadn’t come
C. arrived, hasn’t come D. had arrived, didn’t come
33. --- Why did you come by taxi?
--- My car broke down last week and I still _______ it repaired.
A. haven’t had B. didn’t have C. don’t have D. won’t have
34. I’m surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you _____
sick.
A. are B. were C. would be D. had been
35. The price _________, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down
36. --- Did you go to Qingdao for vacation last August?
--- I _______ to go, but I got sick at the last minute.
A. was planning B. had been planning C. planned D. have planned
37. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _____ so happy.
A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt
38. --- How are you today?
--- Oh, I ________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
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39. The reporter said the UFO ______ east to west when he saw it.
A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel
40. --- I think that you need ______ practice on playing the violin.
--- ______ violin lessons every two weeks, but I think I’ll make it every week from now on.
A. less; I have B. less; I’ve taking C. more; I have D. more; I’ve been having
41. I remember ______ for the job, but I forget the exact number.
A. to be paid B. being paid C. get paid D. that I receive pay
42. By this time you come, I ______ the task ______ to me last month.
A. have finished, given B. will have finished, to be given
C. will have finished, given D. have finished, to be given
43. There was a knock at the door. It was the second time that someone ______ me that evening.
A. to have interrupted B. would have interrupted
C. had interrupted D. to interrupt
44. ---- It is a long time ______ I saw you last.
---- Yes. And it will be a long time ______ we see each other again.
A. before, since B. since, before C. then, then D. when, when
45. We ______ that you would be able to visit us, but you did not.
A. hope B. hoped C. had hoped D. are hoping
46. Mary felt both unprepared and nervous about the interview which she ______ the next day.
A. was bout to face B. is going to face C. will face D. was to face
47. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they ______.
A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survive D. will survive
48. ---- Are you member of the club?
---- ______. It’s ten years since I ______ a member of the club.
, was B. No, became C. Yes, had been D. No, was
49. She ______ law the moment she has finished high school.
A. is going to study B. is to study C. is about to study D. will be studying
50. The bikes produced in that factory are of high quality. So they ______ well both at home and
abroad.
A. sell B. are sold C. may be sold D. are to be sold

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