卡布奇诺是什么意思-chamonix
一 定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。汉语中常用‘……的’表示。 定语主要由形容词担任。此外名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式(短语)、分
词也可以
做定语。
a beautiful city; a bag full of money.注意:
汉语的定语无论多长都放在被修饰词的前
面,而英语中的定语则不然,是一个词时,放在被修饰词的前面
, 若是两个以上的词组、
短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面,
thirty women
teachers his father; the girl in red. the boy
from America
Our monitor is always the first
student to enter the classroom.
falling
leaves; fallen leaves; the boy playing basketball;
the book bought by my
mother; a reading room;
a swimming pool
He is the man who you are
looking for.
二:定义及相关术语
1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从
句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先
行词之后。
2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,
which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有when, where,
why.
1. I have an apple. An apple is red.
I have an apple thatwhich is red. ↑ ↑
先行词
关系代词
like some friends. Some friends like
sports.
I like friends who like sports.
↑
↑
先行词 关系代词
like music. The music is
quiet.
I like music thatwhich is quiet.
↑
↑
先行词 关系代词
关系词通常有下列三个作用:A、引导定语从句,连接主从句;B、代
替先行词;C、在定语
从句中担当一个成分。
(二)关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。
The boys who are
playing football are from Class One. Those who
want to go to the
museum must be at the school
gate at 7 tomorrow morning. Yesterday I helped an
old
man who had lost his way. That is the
teacher who teaches us physics. 2.whom
指
人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person (
whom ) you talked about on the bus. Li Ming is
just the boy
( whom ) I want to see. The
professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come.
The
girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is
our monitor.
注意:关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who
来代替,也可省略。
The man ( whom who )you met just
now is my old friend.
3.Which
指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game
which is liked by most boys. He likes to read
books which are
written by foreign writers.
The house which is by the lake looks nice. This is
the
pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.
The film ( which ) they went to see last night
was not interesting at all. 。
4.That
即可指人,也可指物.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。
The number
of people that who come to visit this city each
year reaches one million.
Where is the man
that whom I saw this morning The person that whom
you introduced
to me is very kind.
The
season that which comes after spring is summer.
Yesterday I received a letter that which came
from Australia.
5.Whose 即可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all
over the country. He has a friend whose
father
is a doctor.
I once lived in the house whose
roof has fallen in. 注意:指物时,常用下列结构来
代替:
The
classroom whose door is broken will soon be
repaired.
The classroom the door of which is
broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the
book whose cover is yellow
Do you like the
book the cover of which is yellow
(一)限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing
(something 除外), all, none, few, little,
some等不定代词时,或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no,
little, few, much等不
定代词修饰时。如:
Have you
taken down everything that Mr. Li said
There
seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in
the world.
All that can be done has been
done. 。
There is little that I can do for you.
He stayed in the library and looked up any
information that they needed.
注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who,如:
Any man that
who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. All
the guests that
who were invited to her
wedding were important people.
2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如:
The first place that they
visited in London was the Big Ben.
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如:
This is the best film
that I have ever seen.
4.当先行词被the very, the
only修饰时。如:
This is the very dictionary that I
want to buy.
After the fire in his house, the
old car is the only thing that he owns.
注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who。如:
Wang Hua is the
only person in our school who will attend the
meeting.
5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如:
Who
is the man that is standing by the gate
Which
is the T-shirt that fits me most
6.当先行词为人与物时。如:
They talked about the
persons and things that they remembered at school
(三)关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when
指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。当先行词是表时间的名词,比如time, day,
week,
month, year等;且定语从句中缺时间状语时用when.
若先行词是表时间的名词,定
语从句中缺主语或宾语时,用thatwhich引导。
I
still remember the day when I first came to this
school.
The time when we got together finally
arrived.
Do you remember the years when he
lived in the countryside with his grandpareDo you
remember the days(thatwhich) we spent together
last year I will never forget the
days when we
spent our holidays together. I will never forget
the days that which
we spent together.
2. where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。若先行词是表地点的名词,比如park,
city,
farm, place等;且定语从句中缺地点状语时用where.
若先行词是表地点的名词,定语从
句中缺主语或宾语时,用thatwhich引导。
Shanghai is the city where I was born.
上海是我出生的城市。
The house where I lived ten years
ago has been pulled down. I visited the farm where
a lot of cows were raised . Shanghai is the
city (whichthat) I want to visit.
I know a
place where we can have a picnic. I know a place
which that is famous
for its beautiful
natural scenery.
3. why
指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。若先行词是reason; 且定语从句中缺原因状
语时,用why
引导。若先行词是reason,定语从句中缺主语或宾语,用whichthat引导。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the
plane.
I don’t know the reason why he looks
unhappy today.
I didn’t believe the reason
(thatwhich) he explained to me
注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如:
From the years when in which he was going to
primary school in the country he had
known
what he wanted to be when he grew up. Great
changes are taking place in the
city where in
which they live. The reason why for which he
refused the invitation
is quite clear.
(四)“介词+关系代词whichwhom”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
The
school (which that) he once studied in is very
famous.
The school in which he once studied is
very famous.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the
magazine (which that) you asked for.
Tomorrow
I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.
This is the boy (whom
who that) I played
tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with
whom I played tennis with yesterday. We’ll go to
hear the famous
singer (whom who that) we
have often talked about.
We’ll go to hear the
famous singer about whom we have often talked. The
manager
whose company I work in pays much
attention to improving our working conditions.
The manager in whose company I work pays much
attention to improving our working
conditions.
注意:1. 含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:look
for,
look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which that) I am
looking for. (正)
This is the watch for which
I am looking . (误)
The babies (whom who
that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy.
(正)
The babies after whom the nurse is
looking are very healthy. (误)
2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who,
that;关系代词指
物时只可用which,不可用that。The man with whom
you talked just now is my neighbour.
(正) The
man with that who you talked just now is my
neighbour. (误)
The plane in which we flew to
Canada was really comfortable. (正) The plane in
that
we flew to Canada was really comfortable.
(误)
3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both,
neither, many, most, each,
few等代词或者数词。如:
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are
very kind to him.
In the basket there are
quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
There are forty students in our class in all,
most of whom are from big cities.
Up to now,
he has written ten stories, three of which are
about country life. 注
意事项:如何判断关系代词和关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾
语,
就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词;而及物动词后接宾语,则要求用关系代
词。
例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed
last year.
I'll never forget the days when I
worked together with you.
判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)
(错) This
is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent
in the countryside.
(对) This is the mountain
village (which) I visited last year.
(对)
I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the
countryside.
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)
,也能正确选择出关
系代词关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you
visited a few days ago
A. where B. that C.
on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum
____ the exhibition was held
A. where B. that
C. on which D. the one答案:
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词
(who, whom, that, which, whose);
先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why
原因
状语) 。
(五)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
形式上:不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。
意义上:是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
译法上:译成先行词的定语:“...的”
关系词的使用上:A.作宾语时可省略
B.可用that C.可用who 代替whom
非限制性定语从句
形式上:用逗号“,”与主句隔开。
意义上:只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。
译法上:通常译成主句的并列句。
关系词的使用上:A.不可省略
B.不用that C.不可用who 代替whom
限制性定语从句举例:
The
teacher told me that Tom was the only person that
I could depend on. China is
a country which
has a long history.
In the street I saw a man
who was from Africa.
His mother, who loves
him very much, is strict with him.
China,
which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and
more powerful.
Last summer I visited the
People’s Great Hall, in which many important
meetings
are held every year.
(二)关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as 和which
引导非限制性定语从句时, 其用法有相同之处,也有不同之处。具体情况是:
1. as
和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语,代表前面整个句子。如:
He married
her, as which was natural. 他跟她结婚了,这是很自然的事。
He
is honest, as which we can see. 他很诚实, 这一点我们看得出来。
2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,甚至还可以分割主句。
which
引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外,as
常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如:
As is known to all, China is
a developing country.
He is from the south,
as we can know from his accent.
John, as you
know, is a famous writer.
Zhang Hua has been
to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t
believe.
注意:当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。如:
Tom was late for school again and again, which
made his teacher very angry.
These tables are
made of metal, which made them very heavy.
1.
当先行词受such, so, the same 修饰时,关系词常用as。 如:
I’ve
never heard such stories as he tells.
He is
not such a fool as he looks.
This is the same
dictionary as I lost last week.
注意:当先行词受the
same 修饰时,偶尔也用 that引导定语从句,但与as引导的定语从
句意思有区别。如:
She wore the same dress that she wore at
Mary’s wedding. She wore the same dress
as her
younger sister wore.
(三) 以the
way为先行词时,若定语从句中缺方式状语,定语从句通常由in which或that
引导,而且
还可以省略。若定语从句中缺主语或宾语,用(thatwhich)引导定语从句。
The way
(that in which ) he answered the questions was
surprising.
I don’t like the way (that in
which) you laugh at her. I don’t like the way
(thatwhich) he told me.
做定语从句题一般分三步:第一找出先行
词;第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主
语、宾语或状语);第三选择合适的关联词。
Exercises:
are three bedrooms in the
house,_____ is Mary's.
A the smallest of
which B the smaller of which
C the smallest
of them D the smallest one
Greens will move
into the new house next Monday,_____ it will be
completely
finished.
A by the time
B by which time C by that time D by this time
has a large collection of phone,_____ was
taken in london.
A none of them B no one of
which C all of which D none of which
the fast
development of agriculture, the people ____
village I taught before lived
a happy life.
A who B whose C in whose D in which
is a
moutain ____ the top is always covered with snow.
A whose B of which C it's D that
may
have missed her train, in ____ case she won't
arrive for another hour.
A what B that C which
D this
I have three children,and two of _____
are doctors.
2)I have three children, two of
____ are doctors.
two thousand students in
our school,____ are girls.
A two-thirds in
which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D
of whom two thirds
have bought two
ballpens,_____ writes well.
A neither of them
B none of them C neither of which D none of which
(1---6ABDCBC 7----9B DDC)
特殊结构定语从句点击
1. These houses are sold at such a low price
________ people expected.
A. like B. as C.
that D. which
2. I've never heard so
interesting a story ________ you told me.
A.
as B. that C. of which D. about which
3. I've
seen the same film ________ you saw yesterday.
A. that B. which C. as D. like
4. I'll
buy the same coat ________ you wear.
A. that
B. which C. as D. like
5. He made another
wonderful discovery, ________ of great importance
to science.
A. which I think is
B. which
I think it is
C. which I think it
D. I
think is
6. ________ is known to everybody,
the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
7. This is
the first time ________ he has been here.
A.
that B. when C. at which D. which
8. I don't
like ________ you speak to her.
A. the way B.
they way in that C. the way which D. the way of
which
答案与简析:
1. B。当先行词被such修饰时,定语从句用as引导
,即构成结构为(aan)+形容
词+名词+as引导的定语从句,意为像......一样的。整个句
子意为:这些房屋
以人们原来估计的那样低的价格出售。
2. A。由so
interesting a story = such an interesting story和上面
一题的解释便可
得知答案。as在定语从句中作宾语。整句意为:我从未听说过像你告诉
我那样有趣的故事。
3. A
4. C。当先行词被same修饰时,定语从句由th
at或as引导,但意思不同。用that引导定
语从句指同一物,而用as引导定语从句指同类事物。
5. A。做此题的关键是要知道I
think在定语从句中作插入语,做题时将其去掉便可容易得
到答案。
6. B。As在
此引导非限制性定语从句,代表它所修饰的整个句子内容,并且它可放在所修
饰句子的前、中或后面。其
常见结构如:as you know, as is said above, as is often
the
case(情况经常是这样)等。如选A,则需将逗号改为that;如选D,则需将逗号改为is
that。
7. A。当先行词为the first time, the last
time等时,定语从句的引导词用that而不
用when。
8.
A。当先行词为way时,定语从句的引导词用that或in which, 也可省略。
定语从句
1.This is the best factory ____we
visited last year .
A. where B. which C. in
which D. that
this the factory ____computers
are built
A. that B. which C. in which D. in
that
pass me the dictionary ____cover is red
.
A. whose C. which D. which of
man
____has arrived .
A. whom I told you B. that I
told you
C. whom I told you about him D. I
told you about
5. Do you know the comrade
____we are talking
A. to whom B. to who C.
whom D. to that
6. They visited the house
___the great writer was born .
A. from where
B. in which C. which D. in where
7. The
comrade ___is speaking at the meeting is my
teacher .
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
8. He asked us to watch carefully everything
___he did in class .
A. who B. that C. what D.
where
9. I’ll visit the professor tomorrow
,___he will be back from Shanghai .
A. who B.
that C. when D. which
school ___I study is a
new one .
A. on which B. at where C. on that
D. at which
11. China has many islands,____the
largest is Taiwan .
A. in which B. at which C.
which D. of which
12. The city ____my mother
grew up is not far from here .
A. what B.
where C. that D. which
13. Our teacher lives
in the house ____door faces to the north .
A.
which B. his C. that D. whose
14. Do you know
the man ___your father nodded
A. whom B. to
whom C. to who D. about whom
is a sport in
___people easily get hurt .
A. that B.
when C. which D. what
16. I told you ____I
know .
A. all that B. all which C. all what D.
all whom
has a lot of famous writers ,one
___is Lu Xun .
A. of which B. of whom C. of
who D. of them
18. Is this factory ____we
visited last year
A. in which B. around that
C. whom D. the one
19. Who is the man ____was
there
A. who B. which C. that D. whom
20.
Is there anything ____I can do for you, sir
A. that B. which C. whose D. who
21. I
still remember the day ____she first wore that
green dress .
A. which B. in which C. on that
D. on which
22. The knife ____we used to cut
the bread is very sharp .
A. with which B.
with it C. with that D. which
23. The games
____the young men competed in were difficult .
A. in which B. which C. it D. who
rained
hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to
the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
25. George Mallory was an English school
teacher _____ loved climbing.
A. who B. whom
C. he D. which
历届高考英语单项选择题定语从句精选
parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______
family was poor.
whom whose
heard a terrible noise, _______ brought her
heart into her mouth.
the dark street , there wasn’t a single
person _____ she could turn for help.
whom whom
weather turned
out to be very good , ____ was more than we could
expect.
living in Pairs for fifty years he returned
to the small town ____ he grew up as
a child.
31.Carol said the work would be done by
October,______personally I doubt very much.
A.
it
32.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her
role in the play, ________,of course ,
made
the others unhappy.
A.who B.which
C.this D.what
I bought
an ancient Chinese vase , _____ was very
reasonable.
price price of which
price price of whose
has
already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of
dead rules.
lived in London for 3 months , during
____ time he learned some English.
the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.
which
I met him , ____
was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful
smile.
visitor asked
the guide to take his picture _____ stands the
famous tower.
boss
____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look
down upon women.
which that whose
don’t like _____ you speak to her.
way
way in that way which way of which
had
neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ._______ I got
wet through .
’s the reason ’s why
’s why ’s how
made another
wonderful discovery , ____ of great importance to
science.
I think is I think it is
I think it think which is
定语从句答案:
1-5DCADA 6-10 BCBCD 11-15 DBDBC
16-20 ABDCA 21- 25 DABBA
KEYS: 26-30 DBDBB
31-35 DBCAB 36-40 ABBCA 41-42 BA