5. 二十世纪黑人文学

The

Twentieth-Century

Black

American

Literature

二十世纪黑人文学

I. The Rise of Black American Literature

The

literary

achievement

of

African-Americans

was

one

of

the

most

striking

literary

developments of the post-Civil War era. In the writing of Booker T. Washington, Charles Waddell

Chesnutt,

Paul

Laurence

Dunbar,

and

others,

the

roots

of

black

American

writing

took

hold,

notably in the forms of autobiography, protest literature, sermons, poetry, and song.

1.

华盛顿

B.T. Washington

Profile

(1856.4.5,

美国

弗吉尼亚州

富兰克林县～

亚拉巴马州

塔斯基吉

)

born April 5, 1856, Franklin county, Va., U.S.

died Nov. 14, 1915, Tuskegee, Ala.

U.S. educator and reformer.

美国教育家和黑人领袖。出生于一个奴隶家庭，在黑奴解放后举家迁往西弗吉尼亚州。

9

岁

起即开始工作，后就学于弗吉尼亚州汉普顿师范和 农业技术专科学校

(1872

～

187 5)

，并在该

校工作过。

1881

年获选担任塔斯基吉师范学校校长，这是一所新设的黑人师范学校。他成

功地使该校成为著名的学院

(

参阅

塔斯基吉大学

[Tuskegee

University])

。在当时他可能是最突

出的黑人领袖。

他认为其黑人同胞借由受教育以改善经济状况，

比争取全面公民权及政治力

量更能替黑人赢得平等的公民待遇。这个颇受争议的论点即著名的《亚特兰大种族和解声

明》。他的著作有自传《出身奴隶》

(1901)

。

Born into slavery, he moved with his family to West Virginia after emancipation. He worked from

age nine, then attended (1872

–

75) and joined the staff of the Hampton (Va.) Normal and

Agricultural Institute. In 1881 he was selected to head the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial

Institute, a new teacher- training school for African Americans, and he successfully transformed it

into a thriving institution (later

Tuskegee University

). He became perhaps the most prominent

African American leader of his time. His controversial conviction that

African Americans could

best gain equality in the U.S. by improving their economic situation through education

rather

than by demanding equal rights was termed the

Atlanta Compromise

. His books include

Up from

Slavery

(1901).

Major Works

Up from Slavery (1901)

《出身奴隶》

, autobiography

2.

杜波伊斯

W.E.B. Du Bois

(1868.2.23,

美国

马萨诸塞州

大巴灵顿～

1963.8.27,

加纳

阿克拉

)

born Feb. 23, 1868,

Great Barrington, Mass., U.S.

died Aug. 27, 1963, Accra, Ghana

U.S. sociologist and civil-rights leader.

He received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1895. Two years later he accepted a professorship

at Atlanta University, where he conducted empirical studies on the social situation of African

Americans (1897

–

1910). He concluded that

change could be attained only through agitation

and protest

, a view that clashed with that of

Booker T. Washington

. His famous book

The Souls

of Black Folk

appeared in 1903. In 1905 Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement, the forerunner

of the

NAACP

. In 1910 he left teaching to become the NAACP's director of research and editor of

its magazine,

Crisis

(1910

–

34). He returned to Atlanta University in 1934 and devoted the next 10

years to teaching and scholarship. After a second research position with the NAACP (1944

–

48),

he moved steadily leftward politically. In 1951 he was indicted as an unregistered agent of a

foreign power (the Soviet Union); though a federal judge directed his acquittal, he was by then

completely disillusioned with the U.S. In 1961 he joined the Communist Party, moved to Ghana,

and renounced his U.S. citizenship.

美国社会学家和黑人民权领袖。

获哈佛大学博士学位后，

开始深入美国黑人环境领导实地的