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虚拟语气
在文法中,虚拟语气
(subjunctive
mood)(
有时称为连接语气
(conjunctive m
ood))
是很
多语言都有的动词语气。
它典型的用在从属子句中表达希望、命令、
情绪、可能性、判断、
必然性、或与当前事实相反的陈述。虚拟语气的详情随语言而不同。
1
应用条件
在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难
以实现的情况时用虚拟语气,表示主观愿望或某种
强烈情感时,
也用虚拟语气。
即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法,
愿望,假想,猜测,怀疑或建议,而不是根据客观实际,就用虚拟语气。
2
条件状语从句
2.1
条件状语从句分类
条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句
。非真实条件句表示的
是假设或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。
英语:
If he doesn't hurry up,he will miss the
bus.
如果他不快点,他将错过巴士。
(
真实
)
If he is free,he will ask me to tell st
ories.
如果他是空闲的,他会要求我讲故事。
(真
实)
If I were you,I would go at once.
如果我是你,我马上就会去。
(我不可能是你。非真
实,虚拟语气)
If there were no air
,people
would die.
如果没有空气,
人就会死亡。
(不可能没有空气。
非真实,虚拟语气)
2.2
用法及动词形式
1
、表示与现在事实相反的情况:
从句:
If
主语
+
过去时
(Be
动词用
were)
主句:
主语
+should/would/c
ould/might+do
eg
:
1
.
If I were you,I
would take an umbrella.
p>
如果我是你,我会带把伞。
(事实:我不可能是你)
2
.
If I knew his
telephone number
,I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会
告诉你。
(事实:不知道)
3
.
If
there were no air or water
,there would
be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会
有生物。
(
事实:地球上既有空气也有水
)
4
.
If I had any
money with me,I could lend you some.
如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。
(事实:没有带钱)
5
.
If
he studied harder
,he might pass the
exam.
如果他再努力些,就
能通过考试了。
(事实:没有努力)
2
、表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句:
If
主语
+had+done
主句:
主
语
+should/would/could/might+have
done
eg
:
1
.
If I had got there earlier
,I
should/could have met her
.
如果我早到那儿,我就会
见到她。
(事实:去晚了)
2
.
If
he had taken my advice,he would not have made such
a mistake.
如果他听我
的劝告的话,就不会犯这样
的错误了。
(事实:没有听我的话)
3
.
she
looked at me as if I had been a
stranger
.
她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。
(事实:我并非陌生人)
3
、表示对将来情况的
主
观推测
主句:主语
+should+do
从句:①
if+
主语
+were to do
②
if+
主语
+should/wou
ld/could/might+do
③
< br>if+
主语
+did
(动词过去
式)
/were
eg
:
1
.
If he should
come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.
如果他
明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。
(事实:来的可能性很小)
2
.
If there were a
heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.
如果下
周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。
(事实:下雪可能性很小)
3
.
If she were to
be here next Monday,I would tell her about the
matter
.
如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。
p>
(事实:来的可能性很小)
4
、
有时,
虚拟条件句
中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生
时,虚拟语气
的形式应作相应的调整
。
这种条件句叫错综条件句。
①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而
主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符
。
eg
:
If I had worked hard at
school,I would be an engineer
,too.
如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了
If they had
informed us,we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。
②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符
。
如:
If he were free today,we would have
sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。
If he knew
her
,he would have greeted
her
.
要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。
5
、
当虚拟
条件句的谓语动词含有
were,should,had
时,<
/p>
if
可以省略,这时条件从句要
用倒装语
序,即把
were,should,had
等词置于句首,这种
多用于书面语。
eg
:
Should he agree
to go there,we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。
Were she here,she would
agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。
Had he learnt
about computers,we would have hired him to work
here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
6
、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词
、介词短语、上下文或其
他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条
件会暗含在短语中,如
without
?,
but for
?等
eg
:
But for his
help,we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。
Without your
instruction,I would not have made such great
progress.
要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。
We didn't know
his telephone number
,otherwise we would
have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。
7
、
有时,
虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感
情
。
①省略从句
He would have finished it.
他本该完成了。
You could have passed this
exam.
你本能通过这次考试的。
②省略主句
If I were at home now.
要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
If only I had got it.
要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。
8.
注意,在虚拟语气的从句中,动词
be
的过去时态一律用
were
,不用
wa
s
。
eg
:
If I were
you,I would go to look for him.
如果我是你,就会去找他。
3
各类用法
3.1
wish
后宾语从句
a
、表示与现在事实相反的愿望,谓
语动词用过去式
eg. I wish I had your brains.
我希望我有你那样的头脑。
(
事实:我根本比不上你
)
b
、表示
与过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:
had+done
eg:.I wish I had known the
truth of the matter
.
我希望我那时就知道这件事情的真相。
(事实:那时还不知道)
c
、表示将来难以实现的愿望
谓语动词:
should/woul
d
(情态动词)
+
动词原形
eg. I wish I
should have
a chance
again.
< br>我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。
(事实:很难再有这样的机会了)
注:
if
only
引导的感叹句和
as if/as
though
引导的状语从句也有相同用法
3.2
目的状语从句
1
、在
for fear
that,in case,lest
引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:<
/p>
should
+
do
。并且
should
能省略
She examined
the door again for fear that a thief (should) come
in.
她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。
He started out
earlier lest he (should) be late.
他早早的就出发了以防迟到。
2
、在
so
that,in order that
所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:
can /
could
/ may / might / will / would /
should + do
。
He goes closer to the
speaker so that he can hear him
clearer
.
他走近说话的人以便
能听得更清楚。
He read the
letter carefully in order that he should not miss
a word.
他把信读得很仔
细以便不漏掉一个字。
3.3
其他用法
1
、一想要
(
desire
)
一宁愿
(
prefer
)
一坚持
(
insist
)
二命令
(
order , command
)
三
建议
(
advise , suggest ,
propose/recommend
)
四要求
(
demand ,
require , request , ask
)
中,无论
主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:
should
+ do
。
should
可以省
略。
eg
:
He
suggested that we (should) take the teacher's
advice.
He
insisted that we (should) take the teacher's
advice.
He
demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He ordered that
we (should) take the teacher's advice.
insist
意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气;意为“坚
持某种观点,某个事实”则不用虚
拟语气。
eg
:
He insists he is a student.
他坚持说他是个学生。
这个语句表示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。
suggest
意为“建议”才用虚拟语气,意为“暗示”则不
用虚拟语气。
eg
:
His face suggests that he
looks worried .
他的表情暗含着他很担心。
这个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。
2
、
p>
表情绪
.
观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语
气
.
如:
necessary
、
important
、
impossible
、
natural
、
strange
、
surpri
sing
、
funny
、
right
、
wrong
、
better
、
a
pity
,the
shame
,no
wonder
,essent
ial
等。表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此。
句型:
It is.......that
+
主语从句,从句的谓语动词都要用
should+
原型
或
只用动词原
型
。
eg:
Do you think it is
necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao.
It is strange
that such a person should be our friend.
奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。
lt's a pity
that Lucy (should) be so careless.
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