-
Puritanism
Features
of Puritanism
1.
Purification of the church
2. Calvinism (John Calvin, 1509-1564,
French protestant reformer)
(1). Emphasis
of Predestination
“预定论”
(2). Total depravity (Original Sin)
彻底的堕落
(
因原罪而起）
(3). Limited atonement
有限的赎罪
Anne Bradstreet (1612
—
1672)
First
famous poet in North America, known as the ―Tenth
Muse‖
最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的女诗人
Major works:
the first collection of poems in North
America.
The Tenth Muse
Lately Sprung up in America
(1650)
《最近在美洲出现的第十位缪斯》
Contemplations
《沉思录》
Benjamin Franklin
(1706-1790 )
Statesman, essayist,
orator, philosopher, ambassador, scientist,
inventor, publisher
―master of each and
mastered by none‖—
Herman Melville
One of the Founding Fathers
of America
Symbol of America in the Age of
Enlightenment
The only
American to sign the four documents that created
the United States:
the Declaration of Independence
the treaty of alliance with
France
the treaty of peace with England
the constitution
The symbol of American Dream, a self-
made man
His Major
Works
Poor
Richard’s Almanac
(1732)
《
格言历书》
poems and essays
a good many adages and
common sense witticisms
Autobiography
(1868)
—
the simple yet
immensely fascinating record of a man rising to
wealth and fame from a state
of poverty
and obscurity
—
the faithful account of the colorful
career of American’s first self
-made
man.
—
a Puritan document
(self-examination and self-improvement;
illustration of Puritan ethics )
—
a
story of the fulfillment of American dream.
Thirteen
virtues from
The
Autobiography
1.
Temperance
节制
. Eat
not to dullness; drink not to elevation.
2.
Silence
沉默
. Speak
not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid
trifling conversation.
3.
Order
秩序
. Let all
your things have their places; let each part of
your business have its time.
4.
Resolution
决心
.
Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without
fail what you resolve.
5.
Frugality
节俭
. Make no expense
but to do good to others or yourself, i.e., waste
nothing.
6.
Industry
勤奋
. Lose
no time; be always employed in something useful;
cut off all unnecessary
actions.
7.
Sincerity
诚实
.
Use
no
harmful
deceit;
think
innocently
and
justly,
and,
if
you
speak,
speak
accordingly.
8.
Justice
公正
. Wrong
none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits
that are your duty.
9.
Moderation
适度
.
Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much
as you think they deserve.
10.
Cleanliness
清洁
.
Tolerate no uncleanliness
in body,
clothes, or habitation.
11.
Tranquility
宁静
. Be
not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common
or unavoidable.
12.
Chastity
贞洁
.
Rarely use venery but for health or offspring,
never to dullness, weakness, or the
injury of our own or
another
’
s peace or
reputation.
13.
Humility
谦虚
.
Imitate Jesus and Socrates.
The Style of Puritan Writing
1. Protestant - against
ornateness; reverence for the Bible. The Puritans
chose the Bible as the
guidebook to
their Promised Land.
2.
Puritan writing reflected the character and scope
of the reading public, which was literate and
well-grounded in religion.
American Romanticism
Time
Range:
From the end of the 18th century
through the outbreak of the Civil War.
Historical Background:
National independence, democracy
Rising materialism and business:
leisure and wealth
Religious dogma,
rationalism
Features:
American Romanticism was both imitative
and independent.
Imitative: English and
European Romanticists, about home, family, nature,
children and idealized
love, etc.
Independent: Emerson and Whitman, on
major problems of American life, like the westward
expansion and democracy and equality,
etc.
1. Romantic Subject
Matter
(1). The
quest for beauty: non-didactic,
(2).
The use of the far-away and non-normal - antique
and fanciful (Hawthorn, Poe)
(3). Escapism - from American problems
(Irving).
(4). Interest in
external nature - for itself, for beauty(Emerson,
Thoreau)
2. Romantic Attitudes :
(1). Appeals to imagination:remoteness
of settings in time and space. improbable plots.
(2). Stress on emotion
rather than reason; optimism,
(3). Authorial subjectivity: in form
and meaning.
3. Major Themes:
ivism and the cult of the ―noble
savage‖(Hiawatha
《海华沙》
);
celebration of natural beauty and the
simple life (Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau);
man, uncorrupted by
civilization (Whittier, Cooper);
st in
the picturesque past (Irving, Hawthorne);
st
in the remote places (Melville); medievalism
(Longfellow);
Representitive Writers and Works
Washington
Irving’s
The
Sketch
Book
《
见闻
札
记
》
marks
the
beginning
of
American
Romanticism.
Whitman’s
(
慧特曼
)
Leaves
of
Grass
《草
叶集》
)
is
the
last
masterpiece
of
American
Romanticism.
James Fenimore Cooper’s
Leatherstocking Tales
《皮裹腿故事集》
depicts as a
pioneer,
effectively approximates the
American national experience of adventure into the
West.
Washington Irving
（
1783-1859
）
Father of the American short
stories
；
the first great American
writer
；
the first
American writer of imaginative literature to gain
international fame.
Masterpiece
:
The Sketch Book
(1820
）
marks the
beginning of American Romanticism.
Rip
Van Winkle
（《瑞普·凡·温克尔》）
The
Legend of Sleepy Hollow
（《睡谷的传说》）
James Fenimore Cooper
(1789-1851
)
One of the first
authors to write about the
American
Westward movement
.
The creation of a myth about the
formative period of the American nation.
The introduction of the ―Western‖
tradition into American literature.
Masterpiece:
Leatherstocking Tales
《皮裹腿故事集》（
a collection of
tales
）
The
Pioneer
, 1823;
《拓荒者》
The Last of
the Mohicans, 1826;
《最后的莫西干人》
The Prairie, 1827;
《大草原》
The
Pathfinder, 1840;
《探路人》
The Deerslayer,
1841.
《杀鹿者》
Transcendentalism
Features:
1.
Oversoul
2.
Individualism
3.
Nature
The
Transcendentalists:
The Big Three
:
1.
Ralph Waldo
Emerson;
2.
Henry David Thoreau;
3.
Margaret
Fuller
Three sources:
1.
A thoughtful
revolt against Puritanism (total depravity, the
original sin etc.).
2.
German philosophers of the
18
th
century.
3.
The effect of
oriental thought on the Western world.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Major
Works:
1.
Nature:
Emerson’s best know
work
The bible of New
England transcendentalism
2.―Divinity
School Address‖
attacks
organized Christianity
argues for
―moral sentiment‖
--- essence of all
religions
urges the listeners to be the
true teacher: offering first-hand revelations
3.
“The American
Scholar”:
America’s
declaration of Intellectual
Independence
asserts nature
as a teacher that instructs man to see his
connection with the world
maintains
creation is continuous and each age must have its
own books
declares self-trust and
independent thinking
a
necessity for the new scholar.
Henry David Thoreau
Major
Works:
1.
Walden
A book on self-culture and human
perfectibility
carrying out an
experiment
recording in great detail a
spiritually rewarding yet simple life
reflecting on nature’s restorative
influence
A
book that inspired modern nature preservation
2.
Civil
Disobedience
Nathaniel
Hawthorne(1804-1864)
Major Works:
(1). Fanshawe
《范肖》
(2). The Token were reprinted in Twice-
told Tales.
《重述一遍的故事》
(3). Twice-Told Tales, 1837;
《重述一遍的故事》
(4).
Mosses
from
an
Old
Manse,
1846;
《古屋青苔》
,including
“
Young
Goodman
Brown
”
《年轻的古德曼·布朗》
,
“
Rappaccini
’
s
Daughter
”
《拉帕西尼的女儿》
,
“
The
Artist
of
the
Beautiful
”
,
“
The
Birthmark
”
, and
“
Roger
Malvin
’
s
Burial
”
.
(5).
Books for children:
Grandfather’s
Chair(1841);
Famous Old
People(1841),
Liberty
Tree(1841),
Biographical
Stories for Children(1842)
(6). The
Scarlet Letter, 1850;
《红字》
(7). The Snow-Image and Other Twice-
Told Tales (1851)
(8). The House of
Seven Gables , 1851;
《七个尖角阁的房子》
(9).
The Blithedale Romance, 1852;
《福谷传奇》
(10). The
Marble Faun , 1860;
《玉石雕像》
(11). The Centenary Edition of the
Works of Hawthorne, 18 vols. ed. W. Charvat et
al., 1962-1987.
Masterpieces:
The Scarlet Letter (1850), written
after Hawthorn’s dismissal from his post owing to
a change of
administrations, proved to
be his greatest work, and indeed summed up in
classic terms the
Puritan dilemma that
had so long occupied his imagination.
Other Important books:
The House of the Seven Gables (1851);
is another great romance, concerned with the
decadence of
Puritanism, a novel based
upon colonial America and filled with mysticism.
The Blithedale Romance, (1852) in which
he tuned to the contemporary scene and his Brook
Farm
experiences;
The Scarlet Letter (1850)
人物
:
1.
Wife: Hester Prynne
2.
丈夫改名后
: Roger Chillingworth
3.
Priest: Arthur
Dimmesdale
Walt Whitman
(1819-1891)
Whitman
’
s
(
慧特曼
)
Leaves
of
Grass
《草叶集》
)
is
the
last
masterpiece
of
American
Romanticism.
Free verse
1.
without a fixed, traditional rhyme scheme
2. It is sometimes referred
to as ―open form‖ verse, or by the French term
vers libre.
Whitman’s status
Whitman stands as one of two giants of
American poetry in 19
th
C.
found new subjects for typical American
type of poetry.
rejected conventional
themes, traditional rhyme
He influenced
Harlem Renaissance writers as Langston Hughes and
James Weldon Johnson.
Ezra Pound, T.S.
Eliot (Modernist poets) were also influenced by
Whitman.
Major Works:
1.
Leaves of
Grass
2.
Song of
Myself
3.
Out of
the Cradle Endlessly Rocking
4.
When Lilacs
Last in the Dooryard Bloom
’
d
纪念林肯
Edgar Allan Poe
1. Position
(1).
Poet
,
short-story
writer
and
critic
.
(2).
Unique position in the history of American
literature:
a. ancestor of the
detective story (influencing Conan Doyle)
b. forefather of
psychological novels (psychological analysis)
c. the first important American critic
and father of psychoanalytic criticism
d. (be regarded as) one of the first
aesthetes in literary history
However,
Poe may be the most controversial and most
misunderstood literary figure in the history
of American literature.
2.
Masterpieces:
The
Raven
(1844)
—
one
of his most enduring works
To
Helen
Herman
Melville:
major theme: aliennation
Masterpiece:
Moby
Dick
《白鲸》
人物
:
1.
Ishmael
2.
船长
: Ahab
3.
白鲸
:
Moby Dick
4.
船
: Pequod
A common Theme: one of“Rejection and
quest”
1.
19
世纪中期
2.
Cooper, Hawthorne, Melville
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
1.
Pioneer of
Imagism
2.
Calvinist family
诗歌特点
:
1.
Love:
―With a Flower‖, ―Proof‖
2.
Nature: ―A Service of Song‖, ―Summer
Shower‖
3.
Death and immortality
:
―Because I Could Not Stop for Death‖
4.
Miscellaneous:
―Tell all the Truth but
tell It Slant‖
Her techniques originality:
1.
Capitalizations and dashes
2.
Metaphors
3.
symbolism
Dickinson’s
status
1. Her
unconventionality influenced modern poets like
Adrienne Rich, Richard Wilbur, and
William Stafford.
Along with
Walt Whitman, Dickinson is considered a true
genius of American poetry of the
19
th
C.
Works
1.
Because I could not …
2.
Tell all the
Truth but tell it slant-
3.
With A Flower
4.
Proof
5.
A Service of Song
6.
This is my
letter
American Realism
Time Range:
1865
–
1910
Background:
1. Aftermath of
the Civil War
Problems: deterioration
of moral values; extremes of wealth and poverty;
majority
struggled for survival
on on the
Transcendentalists’ assumptions
2. A great interest in the realities of
life
3. The close of the frontier
Features:
1. Anti-romantic,
anti-sentimental truthful description of
life
真实性
2. Typical character and plot under
typical
setting
人物情节与背景的典型性、代表性
3. Objective rather than
idealized view of human nature and
experience
客观性
4. Concern for social and psychological
problems
关注社会与个人心理问题
Realistic
Techniques
(1).
Settings thoroughly familiar to the writer
(2). Plots emphasizing the norm of
daily
experience
(3). Ordinary
characters, studied in depth
(4).
Complete authorial objectivity
(5).
Responsible morality; a world truly reported
Representative Writers and Works:
1. William Dean Howells is the
the champion of literary realism in
America. His
The Rise of
Silas Lapham,
is
about
critical
of the rise of materialism in American life
2. Henry James is the forefather of
psychological analysis
and
stream of consciousness.
His famous
work is
The Portrait of a
Lady.
3. Mark Twain
represents social life through portraits of local
places which he knew best.
His famous
word is
The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer.
William Dean Howells
（
1837
—
1920
）
1.
middle class
2.
smiling aspect
3.
Lacking of
psychological depth
Major Works
1.
The Rise of Silas Lapham
（
1885
）
《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》
Protagonist: Silas Lapham, a self-made
man , a upstart
2.
A
Modern Instance
（
1881
）
《现代婚姻》
3.
Indian
Summer
（
1886
）
《晚秋之暧》
4.
Annie
Kilburn
（
1888
）
《安妮·吉尔伯恩》
5.
A Hazard of
New Fortunes
（
1890
）
《时来运转》
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