-
.-
美国文学史整理
一、
Colonial
America
殖民时期
1
、
New
England
：
Maine,
New
Hampshire,
Vermont,
Massachusetts,
Rhode
Island,
and
Connecticut.
2
、
Doctrines of
Puritanism
清教
American Puritanism stressed
predestination
（命运神定
),
original sin
（原罪）
, total
depravity
(
彻底的堕落
), and
limited atonement
(
有限的赎罪
)from
God
’
s grace.
3
、
Writing
style
：
fresh, simple and
direct and with a touch of
nobility
；
the
rhetoric is plain and
honest.
4
、
Life style
：
hard
work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.
5
、
Main writer:
①
Thomas Paine
托马斯·潘恩
work
：
Common Sense
(1776)
《常识》
American Crisis (1776-1783)
《美国危机》
The Rights
of Man
《人权》
The
Age of Reason
《理性时代》
②
Benjamin
Franklin
（本杰明·富兰克林）
Poor Richard’s Almanac
《穷查理历书》
Autobiography
《富兰克林自传》
③
Thomas Jefferson
托马斯·杰弗逊
Declaration of Independence
(1776)
《独立宣言》
二、
American Romanticism
(early period)
浪漫主义前期
1
、
Characteristics
：
①
A
rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.
反对理性主义的客观性。
②
Feelings, intuitions and
emotions were more important for romantics than
reason and common
sense.
感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识。
③
An emphasis on
individualism; placing the individual against the
group, against authority.
强调个人主义
,
将个人与团体
,
反对权威。
④
Stress on the
close relationship between man and nature.
强调人与自然之间的密切关系。
⑤
Fascination
with
the
wild,
the
irregular,
the
indefinite,
the
remote,
the
mysterious,
and
the
strange
疯狂的迷恋
,
不规则
,
不定
,
远程
,
神秘
,
奇怪
⑥
Cherishing a strong
interest in the past, especially the medieval.
对过去有强烈的兴趣
,
特别是中世纪。
2
、
Features
：
New
experience in the American Romanticism.
A deep influence from the American
Puritanism.
The “newness” of the
Americans as a nation.
.-
3
、
writers and
works:
①
Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow
亨利·瓦兹沃思·朗费罗
A
Psalm of Life (1838)
《人生礼赞》
V
oices of the Night (1839)
《夜吟》
The Song of
Hiawatha (1855)
《海华沙之歌》
The
Courtship of Miles Standish (1858)
《迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚》
Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863)
《路边客栈的故事》
②
Washington Irving
华盛顿·欧文
<
br>厄普顿
；
Father of the American short story>
A History of New York (1809)
《纽约外史》
The Sketch Book (1819-1820)
《见闻札记》
“
The Legend of Sleepy
Hollow
”
《睡谷的传说》
“
Rip Van
Winkle
”
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》
(The cognomen o
f Crane was
not inapplicable to his person…
..)
Bracebridge Hall (1822)
《布雷斯布里奇田庄》
Tales of a Traveller (1824)
《旅客谈》
③
James Fennimore Cooper
詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏
Leather-stocking Tales
《皮袜子故事集》
The
Pioneer
《拓荒者》
The Prairie
《大草原》
The Spy
《间谍》
三、
New England
Transcendentalism
(
新英格兰超验主义<
/p>
)
1
、
Over-
soul
（
超灵）
~was an
all-pervading power goodness, omnipresent and
omnipotent.(
简答
)
Individualism
individual was the most
important
a fresh view of
nature
symbolic of the Spirit or
God.
2
、
writers and
works:
①
Ralph
Waldo Emerson
艾默生
Nature
(1836)
《论自然》
<
节选：
Standing on
the bare ground,
—
my head
bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into space,
—
all mean egotism vanishes.
I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I
see all; the currents
of the Universal
Being circulate through me; I am part or parcel of
God.>
The American Scholar (1837)
《论美国学者》
Divinity School Address (1838)
《神学院演说》
Self-
Reliance (1841)
《论自助》
Representative Men (1850)
《代表人物》
The
Transcendentalist
《超验主义者》
The Over-Soul
《论超灵》
②
Henry David Thoreau
梭罗
Walden;
or
Life in the Woods (1854)
《瓦尔登湖；或林中生活》
<
节选
Our village life would stagnate if it
were not for the unexplored forests and meadows
which
surround it.
……
We can never have enough
of Nature. >
.-
四、
American Romanticism
(later period)
浪漫主义后期
我们可以把超验主义产
生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义，而把
19
世纪
30
年代之后的文学称为后期浪漫
主义。前期浪漫主
义是以欧文等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征，后期浪漫主义则是以超验主义激励
而
起的“文艺复兴”文学兴起，并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志。
1
、
High Romantics in fiction
2
、
①
Nathaniel Hawthorne
霍桑
Twice-Told Tales (1837)
《尽人皆知的故事》
Mosses
from an Old Manse (1846)
《古屋青苔》
The Scarlet letter (1850)
《红字》
The House of
Sever Gables (1851)
《有七个尖角阁的房子》
Blithedale Romance (1852)
《福谷传奇》
The Marble
Faun (1860)
《玉石雕像》
Our Old
House (1863)
《我们的故居》
<
symbols
and
setting,
ambiguity,
supernatural
elements.
His
style
is
soft,
flowing,
and
almost
feminine. His touch is light, but his
observation is somber.>
②
Herman Melville
赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
Moby-Dick (1851)
《白鲸》
(pp113-118)
Pierre (1852)
《皮埃尔》
Typee
(1846)
《泰比》
Omoo
(1847)
《奥穆》
Mardi
(1849)
《玛迪》
2
、
High Romantics
in poetry
①
Edgar Allan Poe
艾伦·坡
< the father of modern horror story and
detective story. >
Tales of the
Grotesque and Arabesque (1840)
《怪诞故事集》
“
The
Raven
”
(1845)
《乌鸦》
“
Annabel Lee
”
(1849)
《安娜贝尔·李》
②
Walt Whitman
沃尔特·惠特曼
Leaves of
Grass
《草叶集》
Features in Whitman’s
poems
：
·
Organic form
：
extremely long, not
constrained by the number of beats in a line.
·
Thought
rhythm
：
does not
move in terms of beats, but in terms of thoughts.
·
Parallelism
：
The parallel lines say the same
thing but use different words.
·
Cataloguing
technique
：
long lists of
images, sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.
③
Free
verse
(
自由诗
)
④
Emily Dickinson
艾米丽·狄金森
Theme
：
Religion &
faith Beauty & truth Life & death
Nature friendship
love & marriage
Work
：
I died for
beauty
Features
：
frequent
use
of
dashes
（破折号）
，
sporadic
capitalization
of
nouns
（零星的名词）
，
convoluted and ungrammatical phrasing
（措
辞费解不合文法）
，
off-
rhymes
（压尾韵）
,
broken
meters,
bold
and
unconventional
and
often
startling
metaphors
（大胆的隐喻）
,
and aphoristic wit
（警句）
.
.-
五、
The Age of Realism
美国现实主义文学
·
at the later part of the
19th century.
·
simply fidelity to
actuality in its representation in literature.
·
based on the accurate of
human experiences.
·
It
insists
on
precise
description,
authentic
action
and
dialogue,
moral
honesty,
and a democratic openness in subject
matter and style.
·
is
inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local
color writing.
feature
：
objective
and real
Writers and works:
①
Howells
Their
Wedding Journey (1872)
《结婚旅行》
②
Henry James
亨利·詹姆斯
The
American (1877)
《一个美国人》
Daisy
Miller (1878)
《黛西·密勒》
The
Portrait of a Lady (1881)
《贵妇画像》
The Art
of Fiction (1884)
“小说的艺术”
The
Bostonians (1886)
《波士顿人》
The Tragic
Muse (1890)
《悲惨的缪斯》
The
Wings of Dove (1902)
《鸽翼》
The
Ambassadors (1903)
《专使》
The Golden
Bowl (1904)
《金碗》
六、
Regionalism &
Local Colorism
（乡土文学与地方色彩文学）
·
presents a locale which is
distinguished from the outside world.
·
describes the exotic and
the picturesque.
·
glorifies
the past.
·
attempts to show
things as they are.
·
stresses the influence of
setting on character.
·
Dialect peculiarities are
the defining characteristic
Writers and
works:
①
Mark
Twain
马克·吐温
“
the Lincoln of
literature
”
The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
《汤姆·索亚历险记》
The
Prince and the Pauper (1882)
《王子与贫儿》
Life on Mississippi (1883)
《密西西比河上》
The
Gilded Age (1873, with Charles )
《镀金时代》
The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)
《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》
Feature
：
use
Vernacular language. local color
Style
：
unpretentious, colloquial, poetic.
②
Harriet Beecher
Stowe
哈里特·比彻·斯托
Uncle Tom
’
s Cabin
（
1852
）
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
③
Francis Bret
Harte
弗朗西斯·布雷特·哈特
The
Lost Galleon (1867)
《沉船》
The Luck of
Roaring Camp (1870)
《咆哮营里的幸运儿》
Mrs.
Skaggs
’
s Husbands (1873)
《斯凯葛夫人的丈夫们》
An
Heiress of Red Dog (1879)
《红狗的女继承人》
.-
七、
American Naturalism
美国自然主义文学
美国文学自然主义
者认为，
人同时受制于
（
are
controlled
）
自然环境与社会环
境，
因而遗传因素
（
laws
of
heredity
）与社会环境
（
environment
）是人的命运不可抵抗的决定力量。
他们认为，在受制于不以人的意
志为转移的非道德力量的世界中，宣扬道德的地位是毫无
意义的。
·
more
inclusive and less selective than realism.
比现实主义更具包容性，选择却更少
·
Determinism governs
everything
决定论支配一切
·
It daringly opened
up
the seamy underside of
society
and such topics as divorce,
sex, adultery, poverty, and crime.
·
It
conceives
of
man
as
controlled
by
his
instincts
or
his
passions,
or
by
his
social
and
economic environment and circumstances.
1
、
writers and works:
①
Stephen Crane
斯蒂芬·克莱恩
The Red
Badge of Courage (1895)
《红色英勇勋章》
<
the first
modern war novel >
②
Frank
Norris
弗兰克·诺里斯
McTeague
(1899)
《麦克提格》
manifesto>
③
Theodore Dressier
西奥多·德莱塞
An American Tragedy (1925)
《美国悲剧》
Sister
Carrie (1900)
《嘉莉妹妹》
Jennie
Gerhardt (1911)
《珍妮姑娘》
The
Financier (1912)
《金融家》
The Titan
(1914)
《巨人》
The Stoic (1947)
《斯多葛》
The Genius (1915)
《天才》
④
Jack London
杰克·伦敦
Martin Eden
(1909)
《马丁·
伊登》
The Son of the Wolf (1900)
《狼之子》
The Call of
the Wild (1903)
《野性的呼唤》
The Sea Wolf (1904)
《海狼》
White Fang
(1906)
《白獠牙》
“
Love of
Life
”
(1907)
《热爱生命》
⑤
Upton Sinclair
·
辛克莱
The Jungle
《屠场》
八、
Modern American Poetry
美国现代诗歌
feature
：
fragmentation
（分散，碎片
）
stream-of-
consciousness
（意识流的）
a break with the
past
writers and works:
①
Ezra Pound
庞德
Des Imagists
《意象派诗选》
Cantos
《诗章》
Cathay
《华夏》
“
Hugh Selwyn
Mauberley
”
《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》
.-
②
T. S. Eliot
托马斯·斯特尔那斯·艾略特
The
Waste Land (1922)
《荒原》
Family
Reunion (1950)
《大团圆》
③
Robert Frost
罗伯特
·
弗罗斯特
A Boy
’
s Will
(1913)
《少年的心愿》
North of Boston (1914)
《波士顿以北》
After
Apple Picking (1914)
《摘苹果之后》
Mountain
Interval (1916)
《山间洼地》
New Hampshire (1923)
《新罕布什尔》
West-
Running Brook (1928)
《西流的溪涧》
A Further
Range (1936)
《又一片牧场》
A Witness Tress (1942)
《一株见证的树》
“
Mending
Wall
”
“修墙”
“
The Road Not
Taken
”
“没有走过的路”
④
Carl Sandburg
卡尔·桑德伯格
In
Reckless Ecstasy
《肆无忌惮的狂想》
Cornhuskers
《辗米机》
The
American Songbag
《美国歌袋》
Smoke and
Steel
《烟与钢》
The Prairie Years
《草原的年代》
Good Morning, America
《早上好，美国》
The People, Yes
《人民，好》
九、
Modern
American Fiction
美国现代小说
1
、
The Lost
Generation
（迷惘的一代）
Writers and works:
①
Ernest
Hemingway
海明威
·
He
was
famous
for
his
novels
and
short
stories
written
in
his
spare,
laconic,
yet
intense prose with short sentences and
very specific details.
·
Almost all his stories deal
with the theme of courage in face of tragedy.
·
They reveal man's impotence
and despairing courage to assert himself against
overwhelming odds.
·
The
dignity
of
movement
of
an
iceberg
is
due
to
only
one-eighth
of
it
being
above
water. (
一座冰山在海面上移动是很壮观的，因为只有
八分之一露出水面。
)
The Old Man and
the Sea (1952)
《老人与海》
The Sun Also Rises (1926)
《太阳照常升起》
A Farewell to Arms (1929)
《永别了，武器》
For Whom
the Bell Tolls (1940)
《丧钟为谁而鸣》
In Our
Time (1925)
《在我们的年代里》
The
Torrents of Spring (1926)
《春潮》
Men without
Women (1927)
《没有女人的男人》
Winner
Take Nothing (1933)
《胜者无所得》
To Have
and to Have Not (1937)
《贫与富》
Style
：
Hemingway’s
style
is
noted
for
its
simplicity.
In
diction,
he
focus
on
nouns
and
verbs
and
reduces
the
use
of
adjectives,
especially
complicated
adjectives.
In
sentence
structure,
he
uses
coordinated
clauses
to
avoid
subordinated
clauses
that
would imply vague
judgments.