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英国文学复习纲要
Part 1 THE ROMANTIC PERIOD(1798-1832)
Romanticism(the Age of Wordsworth)
1)
Time:
Beginning
with
the publication of
Wordsworth
’
s
Lyrical Ballads
(1798),
ending with
Walter
Scott
’
s death or passage of
Reform Bill
(1832).
2)
Historical
Background:
①
French Revolution(1789-1794)
②
Industrial
Revolution(1760-1840)
a.
Britain became the
“
workshop of the
world
”
b.
Three classes:
the bourgeoisie, the aristocratic, the
proletariat
3)
Definition:
Romanticism is a
term applied to literary and artistic movements of
the late 18
th
and
19
th
century, Beginning as a
revolt against classicism. There have
been many varieties of Romanticism in
many different times and places. Many of
the
ideas
of
English
Romanticism
were
first
expressed
by
the
poets
William
Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor
Coleridge.
4)
Representative writers:
①
The first
generation of Romantic poets(Lake Poets)
a.
William
Wordsworth
b.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
c.
Robert Southey
②
The second
generation of Romantic poets:
a.
George Gordon
Byron
b.
Percy
Bysshe Shelley
c.
John Keats
③
The Romantic novelists:
a.
Walter
Scott(
historical novelist
)
b.
Jane Austen
④
The Romantic
Essayist:
Charles Lamb
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5)
William
Wordsworth(1770-1850)
①
Major Works:
a.
Lyrical Ballads(
a joint work
of Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798
)
Coleridge
’
s
masterpiece
The Rime of the Ancient
Mariner
is included
b.
Long poem:
Prelude(1805-1806)or Growth of a
Poet
’
s Mind
１
.
It
is a long and
autobiographical poem
considered his masterpiece.
２
.
It
has 13 books, analyzing the growth of his poetic
genius during his
childhood and youth,
and recalls the lessons he owes to nature.
c.
Lines Composed
a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
d.
Lucy Poems:
She dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
I travelled Among Unknown Men
e.
I Wandered
Lonely as a Cloud(iambic pentermeter)
What is the poem about?
The
poem is about beauty of nature;
There
is
vivid
picture
of
the
daffodils
here,
mixed
with
poet
’
s
philosophical and mystical thoughts.
f.
Sonnets:
Composed upon Westminster Bridge,
September 3, 1802;
London, 1802.
g.
The solitary
Reaper(iambic tetrameter)
②
The principles of poetry:
“
All good poetry is the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings ,which
originates in emotion recollected in
tranquility.
”
6)
George Gordon
Byron(1788-1824)
①
Representative works:
a.
Two long
poems:
“
Childe
Harold
’
s
Pilgrimage
”
“
Don
Juan
”
(his satiric
masterpiece)
b.
Two poetical drama:
“
Manfred
”
“
Cain
”
c.
Oriental
Tales:
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“
Giaour
”
(
1813)
“
The
Corsair
”
(1814)
“<
/p>
Lara
”
(1814)
“
The Bride of
Abydos
”
(1813)
“
Parisina
”
“
The siege of
Corinth
”
(1816)
d.
Short
Lyrics(nature, love, and political aspiration)
“
She Walks in
Beauty
”
“
When We Two
Parted
”
“
Hebrew
Melodies
”
“
Sonnet on
Chillon
”
②
Byronic Hero(characterisics)
a.
Being a rebel
b.
Having a
distance for social institutions
c.
Being an exile
d.
Expressing a
lack of respect for rank and privilege
e.
Having great
talent
f.
Hiding an
unsavory(
令人生厌的
)past
g.
Being highly
passionate
h.
Ultimately, being self-destructive
PS:
Mysterious, Gloomy,
Passionate, Arrogant.
③
Childe Harold
’
s
Pilgrimage:
a.
A
long poem with 4 cantos:
“T
he first canto of the poem
is devoted to Portugal and
Spain;
”
“T
he second canto deal with
Albania and Greece;
”
“T
he third canto begins and
ends with the touching address of
the
Author to his daughter,
Ada.
”
“T
he fourth canto sings the
beauty of Italy.
”
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b.
Philosophical and political views
c.
The concept of
Byronic hero
d.
Autobiographical based upon
Byron
’
s travels
e.
Spenserian
Stanzas(9-line stanza, rhymed
“
< br>ababbcbcc
”
)
④
The
Isles of Greece:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
A Greek singer at the wedding of Don
Juan and Haidee;
Byron
’
s most
effective poetical utterances on national freedom
Contrast: struggle for their national
freedom and liberation
The freedom
enjoyed by the Greek ancient people
The
enslavement of the early
19
th
century Greeks.
7)
Percy Bysshe
Shelley(1792-1822)
①
Literary Works:
a.
Two long
poems:
“
Queen
Mab
”
(Chartist Bible)
“T
he revolt of
Islam
”
(Spenserian Stanzas)
b.
Two lyrical
dramas:
“
Prometheus
< br>Unbound
”
(Originates
from
the
Greek
tragedian
Aeschylus
’
s play
PROMETHEUS BOUND)
“T
he
Cenci
”
c.
Three Odes:
Ode to the West Wind
To the
Skylark
The Cloud
d.
The Masque of
Anarchy
e.
A
Defense of Poetry
f.
Ozymandias
(Octave and Sestet)
g.
A Song: Men of
England(
献给英格兰人民之歌
)
→
Theme:
It is not
only a cry calling upon all working people of
4
/
18
England
to
rise
up
against
their
political
oppressors
,but
also
an
address
to
point
out
to
them
the
intolerable
injustice
of
economic
exploitation.
→
Rhetorical
Devices:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Contrast
between hostile classes :bourgeoisie and
proletariat
Rhetoric
question
Metonymy
Metaphor
Parallelism
②
Ode to the West
Wind(Important Point)
a.
Rhyme(
格律
): this
poem
’
s stanza consists of a
set of
four
tercets(
< br>三行体
),closed
by
a
couplet
rhyming
with
the
middle
line of the preceding tercet: aba bcb cdc ded ee.
b.
Contents(page
54-58)
c.
Three
aspects described in the poem:
“D
ead leaf, swift cloud,
wave
”
d.
Tell the theme
of the
“
Ode to the West
Wind
”
?
(1)
It expresses
Shelley
’
s optimism belief
that the old world must go,
a new world
must come with the spring, faden with fresh sweet
promises
for
suffering
humanity.
It
anticipates
the
political
triumph.
(2)
The poet asks the wind to work in him,
restoring him to spiritual
health and
creative vigor.
e.
What is the symbolic meaning of
“
the west
wind
”
?
(1)
Regeneration
which follows the destruction and death of winter.
(2)
The wind of
spirit and inspiration
(3)
The destructive and revolutionary
energies that had been seen in
Europe
(4)
An
abstract
expression
or
manifestation
of
the
spirit
within
nature.
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f.
Ode: is a
“
single,
complex
”
and often lengthy
lyric poem,
often
in
the
form
of
a
lengthy
ceremonious
address
to
a
person
or
abstract
entity,
written
in
a
dignified
formal
style on some lofty
,or serious matter.
8)
John
Keats(1795-1821)
①
Literary works:
a.
Five long
poems
(1)Endymion(borrowed from Greek
Mythology)
(2)Isabella(originated from
Boccaccio
’
s Decameron)
(3)The Eve of St. Agnes(plot is similar
with Romeo and Juliet)
(4)Lamia
(5)Hyperion(originated from Greek
Mythology)
b.
Short poems:
(1)
On the Grasshopper and the Cricket
(2)
Bright Star
(3)
When I have Fear
c.
Odes:
(1)
On Melancholy
(2)
On a Grecian
Urn
(3)
To Psyche
(4)
To a
Nightingale
(5)
To Autumn
d.
Poetical Principle(expressed in Ode on
a Grecian Urn)
“
Beauty is
truth ,truth beauty
”
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②
Ode to a
Nightingale(Important Point)
a.
Poetical
theory:
Negative
Capability
→
when
man
is
capable
of
being
in
uncertainties
,
mysterious,
doubts,
without
any
irritable
reaching after
fact and reason.
b.
The theme of
“
Ode
to a Nightingale
”
?(
考点
)
(1)
In this ode, Keats not only expresses
his raptures upon hearing the
beautiful
songs
of
the
nightingale
and
his
desire
to
go
to
the
ethereal world of beauty together with
the bird.
(2)
But
he
also
shows
his
deep
sympathy
for
and
his
keen
understanding of human
miseries in the society in which he lived.
9)
Jane
Austen(1775-1817)
①
Six Novels(Important point)
(1)
Sense and
Sensibility(1811)
(2)
Pride and Prejudice(1813)
(3)
Mansfield
Park(1814)
(4)
Emma (1815)
(5)
Northanger Abbey(1818)
(6)
Persuasion
(1818)
②
Characters
:
are
the
persons
represented
in
a
dramatic
or
narrative
work,
who
are
interpreted
by
the
reader
as
being
endowed
with
particular
moral,
intellectual
and
emotional
qualities by inferences from the
dialogue and the action.
③
Pride and Prejudice(Original title
“
First
Impression
”
)
a.
Main
characters:
b.
Chapter one(plot:page124)
c.
It is a truth
universally acknowledged that a single man in
possession of a good fortune must be in
want of a wife.
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d.
Attitudes towards
marriage(
考点
)
(1)
For fortune,
money and social rank
(2)
For beauty ,attraction and passion
(3)
For love, based on consideration of the
person
’
s personal
merit as well as his economic and
social rank
e.
Marriages:
(1)
Darcy
and
Elizabeth:
a
successful
and
lasting
marriage,
mutual
understanding.
(2)
Bingley
and
Jane:
a
successful
marriage,
too
gullible
and
too
good-hearted to ever act
strongly against external forces.
(3)
Lydia
and
Wickham:
a
bad
marriage
,
appearance
,
good
looks
and
youthful
vivacity;
hasty
marriage
based
on
superficial
qualities
quickly cools and leads to unhappiness.
(4)
Mr. Bennet
and Mrs. Bennet : their relationship was similar
to that
of
Lydia
and
wickham;
she
was
once
as
energetic
as
Lydia;
he
found
refuge
in
his
library
or
in
mocking
his
wife;
use
good
judgement to select a spouse.
(5)
Mr.
Collins
and
Charlotte:
on
economics,
rather
than
on
love
or
appearance.
CONCLUSION: These five marriages
contribute to the theme that a
happy
and strong marriage takes time to build, and must
be based on
mutual
feeling,
understanding,
and
respect .
Hasty
marriages
acting
on impulse, and base on superficial
qualities will not survive and will
lead to inevitable unhappiness.
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Part2 THE VICTORIAN AGE
(1832/1837-1902/1901)
Critical Realism:
1)
Definition:
The
critical
realism
of
the
19
th
century
flourished
in
the
forties
and in the beginning of fifties. The realists
first and foremost set
themselves
the
task
of
criticizing
capitalist
society
from
a
democratic
viewpoint
and
delineated
the
crying
contradictions
of
bourgeois
reality.
Charles Dickens was the greatest
English realist of the time.
2)
Chartist
Movement novels:
(1)
Dickens
→
Hard Times
(2)
Charlotte
Bronte
→
Shirley
(3)
Mrs.
Gaskell
→
Mary Barton/North
and South
3)
Outstanding poets in the second half of
19
th
century:
(1)
Alfred
Tennyson(1809-1892)
(2)
Robert Browning(1812-1889)
(3)
Charles
Algeron Swingburne(1837-1909)
4)
Charles
Dickens(1812-1870)the
greatest
English
realist
of
the
time
①
Literary works:
(1)
The first
period(1836-1841)
a.
Oliver
Twist:
It
’
s
picture
of
the
workhouses
and
description
about lower poor
children.
b.
Nicholas
Nickleby:
It
begins
as
an
expose
of
the
cruelty
and
neglect of boarding schools in
Yorkshire.
c.
The
Old
Curiosity
Shop:
Dickens
’
contemporaries
loved
the
pathos
of
the
sufferings
and
death
of
Little
Nell,
who
was
created in the image of
Dickens
’
sister-in-law.
d.
Barnaby Rudge:
his first historical novel
(2)
The second
period(1842-1850)
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