-
美国文学史
American
Literature in the colonical and
Revolutionary:
in Franklin(<
/p>
本杰明
.
富兰克林
)
Freneau
菲利普
p>
·
费瑞诺
Benjamin Franklin(
本杰明
.
富兰克林
)
1)
<
/p>
穷人查理德的年鉴
(
以笔名
Richard Sunders)
2)
“annual collection of proverbs
“
流行谚语集
(It
soon became the most popular book
of
its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd
humor, and first spread
his reputation)
3)
The Way to
Wealth (Father Abraham
’
s
Sermon)
致富之道
(as the
“
perface to Poor Richard
Improved)
4)
The
Autobiography
自传
(18
世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
)
5)
Founded the
Junto, a club for informal discussion of
scientific, economic and political
ideas.
建立了一个秘密俱乐部,讨论的主题是政治、经
济和科学等时事方面的问题
.
6)
established America's first circulating
library, founded the college--University of
Pennsylvania.
建立了美国第一个可租借的图书
馆,
还创办了一所大学
——
就是现在的
宾夕法尼亚
大学
.
7)
first applied
the terms
8)
Writ
er,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,and
diplomat,he was the most famous
and
respected private figure of his time.
hilip Freneau
菲利普
·
费瑞诺
The Rising Glory of
America
蒸蒸日上的美洲;
The British
Prison Ship
英国囚船;
To the Memory
of the Brave Americans
纪念美国勇士
-----
同类诗中最佳;
The Wild
Honeysuckle
野生的金银花;
The
Indian Burying Ground
印第安人殡葬地
(1)
poet and political
journalist
诗人和政治方面的新闻记者
(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer
of the post-revolutionary period.
(3)has been called the
美国诗歌之父
(4)Imaginative and melancholy treatment
of nature and human life,and sharp satire against
tyranny
19
th
Century
American Literature
Washington Irving(
华盛顿
.
欧文
)
1
.
James Fenimore
Cooper(
詹姆斯
.
芬尼莫
.
库珀
)
2
.
Nathaniel Hawth
orne(
纳萨尼尔
.
霍桑
)
3
.
Edgar
Allan Poe
(埃德加
.
阿伦
.
坡)
4
.
Henry Daived Th
oreau(
亨利
.
戴维
.
梭罗
)
5
.
Herman Melville
(
赫尔曼
.
麦尔维尔
< br>)
6
.
Walt White
man(
沃尔特
.
惠特曼
)
the British
The Rise of
American Romanticism
? One
of the most important periods in the history of
American literature, stretches from
the
end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the
Civil War(1861-65).
? It started with
the publication of Washin
gton Irving's
e The
h Sketch
Book(1820)
and ended with
Whitman's
s Leaves
f of
Grass(1855).
.
p>
Romanticism
的特点:
freq
uently shared certain general characteristics,
moral enthusiam,
faith in the value of
individualism and intuitive perception, and a
presumption that he natural world was a
source of corruption.
浪漫主
义之间大
多是相通的,都注重道德,强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受,并
且认为自然是美的源头,
人类社会是腐败之源。
Transcendentalism
:
Transcendentalists place
emphasis on the importance of the Over-soul,
the individual and Nature. The most
important representatives are
Ralph
Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
.
Washington Irv
ing(
华盛顿
.
欧文
)
A History of New
York(
《纽约外史》
)
A
History of New York
纽约的历史
---
--
美国人写的第一部诙
谐文学杰作;
The Sketch Book
见闻札记
The
Legend of Sleepy Hollow
睡谷的传说
-----
使之成为美国第一个获
得国际声誉的作家;
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey
Crayon(
《见闻札记》
收录了
The legend of
the Sleepy Hollow
《
睡谷的传说
》和
Rip Van Winkle
《瑞普
.
凡
.
温克尔》等名
篇
,
开创了美国短篇小说的传统
)
The Tales of a
Traveller,(
《旅人述异》
)
The Alhambra
阿尔罕伯拉
A HIstory of the Life and Voyages of
Christopher
Columbus(
《哥伦布的生平和航行》
)
1)
the first
great belletrist
第一个纯文学作家
,
2)
The Sketch
Book of Geoffrey
Crayon
(
《见闻札记》
the first modern short
stories and the first great
American
juvenile literature.
现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部
伟大的青少年文学读物。
3)
Irving restored the waning Gothic
romances which
Poe soon
infused with psychological subtleties
。重
振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说,随后坡在此基础上,把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体
裁。
4)
He was the first American to gain the
stature of a major
poet.
第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家
James Fenimore Cooper(
詹姆斯
.
芬尼莫
.
库珀
)
1.
Leather
stocking
Tale
皮袜子故事集
,
(
regard as ―the nearest approach
yet to an
American epic.
被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品
):
―The
Deerslayer
《杀鹿者》、
―The Last of the
Mohicans
《最后的莫希干人》、
―The
Pathfinder
《探路人》、
―The
Pioneers
《拓荒者》、
―The
Prairie
《大草原》
,
Spy
间谍
(about American
Revolution)
tion(
戒备
)
4. contribution: launched two kinds of
immensely popular stories
→
the sea adventure tale and
the frontier
saga
开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁,边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。
5.
《拓荒者》在《草原》上《探路》,遇到《
最后一个莫西干人》在《杀鹿》。
Nathaniel Hawthorne
(
< br>纳萨尼尔
.
霍桑
)
we
(范肖)
-ToldTales
(《重讲一遍的故事》)
Blithedale
Romance
(《福谷传奇》)
from an Old
Manse
(《古宅青苔》)(包括
Young
Goodman Brown
《小伙子布朗》,
The
Celestial Railroad
Scarlet
Letter(
红字
)
House
of the Seven Gables
(《带有七个尖角阁的房子》)
Marble Faun
(《玉石人像》)
life of Franklin Pierce
Old Home
特点:
(1)
unique gift was for the
creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch
the deepest roots of man
’
s
moral nature.
独
特才能主要表现在他能够通过
一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。
⑵
his ability to create
vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral
questions appears strongly in his short stories. <
/p>
短篇小说里,通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。<
/p>
⑶
to
make a story exist in its own right but at the
same time appear as a moral symbol.
杰出之处
在于他能把一个故事安
放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述,他书中的正义标准成为当时
人们的道德参考。
Edgar
Allan Poe
埃德加
.
阿伦<
/p>
.
坡
his
true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic.
编辑、诗人、文学评论家。
2.
―The
Fall
of
the
House
of
Usher
《鄂谢府崩溃记》、
―The
Raven
《乌鸦》
the
title poem of a collection,
―Tales of the Grotesque and
Arabesque
《述异集》
first
collection of short stories.
第一部
短篇小说集。
use grotesque or fantastic
events.
擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。
work<
《塔默兰诗集》
>
Henry David Thoreau
亨利
.
戴维
.
梭罗
Naturalist
,
transcendentalist,Writer and
philosopher,
①
Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into
practice many of Emerson’s theories
爱默生
最忠实的
信徒,把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。
②
―Walden
< br>《
瓦尔登湖
》成名作。
―Civil Disobedi
ence
《平民反抗》
(
论公民的不服
从权利
)essay
随笔。非暴力不合作
③
教义:
I
would not have anyone adopt my mode of living,
each should find out his own way,
not
his neighbor’s or his parents.
我不希望人们接受
我的生活模式,每一个都应该发现自己的生活
方式,不是邻居的,也不是他父母的。
p>
Herman Melville(<
/p>
赫尔曼
.
麦尔维尔
)
1.--Novelist,short story
writer,essayist and poet.
2.
―Moby
Dick
‖《白鲸》,
a
tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit
of a seemingly
supernatural white whale
.
主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。
①
The book is steeped in
symbolism.
本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。
②主人
公:
Ishmael
,取自圣经。
③在书中说:
to write a mighty book
you must have a mighty theme.
写一部宏大的著作,
必须
有一个宏大的主题。
④故事人物:
Captain Ahab.
船长阿哈比;
Queequeg
,捕鲸人奎因奎格,
was a friendly
person
;
1.
Omoo
《奥姆》
,Mardi
《玛迪》
,
White-Jacket
《白外套》
,Billy
Budd
《水手比利
·
巴德》
,Pierre
《皮埃尔》
,I
srael Potter
《伊斯雷尔
·
波特》
,the Piazza
Tales
《广场的故事》
,The Confidence-
Man
《骗子》
,
Battle-
Pieces
and
Aspects
of
the
War,Clarel:
A
Poem
and
Pilgrimage
in
the
Holy
Land
,
John Marr and Other Sailors(
《约韩
·
玛尔和其他水手》
)
,
Timoleon(
《梯摩里昂》
)
Walt Whitman
沃尔特
.
惠特曼
1.
★
free verse
(
自由诗体
) without a fixed beat
or regular rhyme scheme.
无固定节奏,无有规
律的韵脚
.
2.
―Leaves of
Grass
‖草叶集
1870
the first genuine epic poem. Marked the birth of
the truly
American
poetry.
美国历史上第一部真正的史诗
Poem’s
特点:
most of
the poems in ―Leaves of
Grass
‖
are about man and
nature.
3.
关注点:
In
his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic
common man and that of the
rugged
individual
4.
诗人职责:
he
envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a
prophet, one who leads the
community by
his expressions of the
truth.
表达真理的前提下,引导社会发展。
5.
他身处于超验主义与现实主义间的变革时期,
著作兼并了二者的文风。
惠特曼是美国文坛中最伟大
的诗人之一
,有自由诗之父美誉。
Late
19
th
and Early
20
th
Century American
Literature (Realism)
现实主义(
re
alism
)
-->New York replaced
Boston as the nation's literary center.
纽约成
为新的文化中心。
达尔文主义
:an evident influence
on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to
suggest
that be was dominated by the
irresistible forces of evolution.
对自然主义
影响极大,强调人的
动物性,意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。
The naturalists emphasized that
the world was amoral, that men and women had no
free
will, that their lives were
controlled by heredity and the environment, the
religious ―truths
were
illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery
in life and oblivion in death.
强调世界的
非道德性,人们没有意志的自由,宗教上的真理是虚幻的,现实生活是痛苦的。
Deterministic
决
定论,宿命的,
Twain(
马克
.
吐温
)
James(
亨利
.
詹姆斯
)
re Dreiser
London
Mark Twain(
马克
.
吐温
)
1.
p>
美国现实主义文学的代表作
―Adventures of
Hucklebe
rry Finn
‖哈克贝里
.
费恩历险记
(
马克最有
p>
名的作品
)
2.
代表作
:
①
―Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn
哈克贝里
.
费恩历险记
,
美国现实主义文学的代表作②
the
Gilded Age
70-90
年代,镀金时代,贫富分化,财富积累。
③
The Adventures
of Tom Sawyer
汤姆索亚历险记,
The Celebrated
Jumping Frog of Calaveras County(
《卡拉维拉斯
郡著名的跳蛙》
)---
frontier tale
The Innocents
Abroad(
傻子出国记
)
Roughing
It(
淘金岁月
)
Travel
narratives:
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