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P3
Middle English literature
strongly reflects the principles
(
原则
) of the
medieval Christina doctrine
(
中世纪基督教学说
) , which were
primarily (
主
要
)
concerned with the issue of personal salvation
(
拯救
)
P4
Geoffrey
Chaucer
is
the
greatest
writer
of
this
r
characteristically(
表示特性地
)
regard
life
in
term
of
aristocratic
ideals
(
贵族理想
) ,but he
never
lost the
ability
of regarding
life
as
a
purely(
纯
粹地
)
practical matter ,
the
art
of being at
once involved in
and
detached
from a given situation is
peculiarly (
特有地
) Chaucer’s
Chaucer bore
（带有）
marks of humanism and
anticipated (
预期的
)a new era
(
时代
) to come
In
short,
Chaucer
develops
his
characterization
(
描述
)
to
a
higher
artistic
(
艺术的
,
有美感的
)
level
by
presenting
characters
(
引出人物
)
with
both
typical
and individual dispositions
(
部署
)
Chaucer’s
reputation (
名誉
) has been
securely established as one of the
best
English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity
Chapter 1
Renaissances:
The
Renaissances
which
means
rebirth
or
revival,
is
actually
a
movement
stimulated
(
刺
激
)
by
a
series
of
historical
events,
In
essence(
本质上
) , is a historical
period in which the European humanist
thinkers
(
人道主义思想家
)
and
scholars
(
学者
)
made
attempt(
努力
/
尝试
)
to
get
rid of (
摆脱
) those old feudalist
ideas (
封建主义
) in medieval
Europe ,
to
introduce
new
ideas
that
expressed
the
interests
of
the
rising
bourgeoisie
(
新兴的资产阶级
) and to recover the
purity (
纯度
) of the early
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church from the corruption(
腐败
,
堕落
)
of the Roman Catholic Church/P7
P8
Humanism is the essence (
本质
) of the Renaissance
Thomas More , Christopher Marlowe and
William Shakespeare and the best
representatives of the English humanist
When Henry VIII declared himself
through the approval of the Parliament
(
国会
) as
the
supreme
(
极大的
,
最高的
)
Head
of
the
Church
of
England
in
1534
,
the Reformation in England was in its
full swing (
高潮
)
P10
The
religious
reformation
was
actually
as
reflection
of
the
class
struggle
waged (
工资
)by
the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal
class and
its ideology (
意识形态
)
The
first period
of
the
English Renaissance
was
one
of imitation and
assimilation (
模仿与同化
)
In the
early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and poetic
drama were the
most outstanding
literary forms and they were carried on especially
by
Shakespeare and Ben Jonson
The Elizabethan drama , in its totally,
is the real mainstream(
主流
)
of
the English Renaissance
The most famous dramatists
in the Renaissance England are Christopher
Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben
Jonson
P12
Edmund Spenser
he
was
born
in
London
and
received
good
education
&
left
Cambridge
in
1580,
he
was
made
secretary
of
Lord
Grey
of
wilton. Spenser’s
masterpiece
(
代表作
)is the “
Faerie Queene ” is great poem of its
age
。
To fashion a
gentleman or noble person in virtuous
and gentle discipline” he speaks
of 12
virtues (
天使
)of the private
genltman and plans 12 books ,each one
with different heroes.
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5
main
qualities
of
Spenser’s
poetry
1) a
perfect
melody
2)
a
rare
of
beauty
3) a splendid imagination 4) a lofty
moral purity and seriousness 5) a
dedicated idealism,
P19
Christopher Marlowe
Born
in
1564 of
Canterbury
shoemaker
(
坎特伯雷鞋匠
).
Scholarships
took
him
first
to
the
kind’s school
then to
cambridge.
And write the play
of
Tamburlaine. 1593, Marlowe was killed
in a quarrel ove a tavern bill in
Deptford.
Tamburlaine
:
In
fact,
Tamburlaine
is
a
product
of
Marlowe’s
characteristically Renaissance
imagination (
想像力
) ,
fascinated by the
earthly
magnificence
(
华丽
)
available
to
men
of
imaginative
(
想像的
)
power
who have the energy of
their convictions (
这样的才能
)
Marlow’s greatest
achievement(
成就
) lies in
that
be perfected the blank
verse (
非对称
) and
made it the principal medium of English drama.
Marlowe’s second achievement is his
creation of the Renaissance hero of
English Drama
Tamburlaine , being a cruel conqueror (
征服者
), finds consummate (
至上
的
,
完美的
)
happiness
in
subduing
(
征服
)
other
kingdoms
Though
Marlowe
is
masterful (
专横的
,
专长的
) in handing blank verse
and creating dramatic
effects, he is
not so strong in dramatic construction, and
compared w/
Shakespeare, his women
characters are rather pale
(
苍白
) .
P28
William
Shakespeare
Shakes
peare was born
porbabaly on 1564/4/23. into a merchant’s family a
stratford-on-Avon.
Shakespeare
is
one
of
the
most
remarkable
playwrights
and
poets
the
world
has ever known. With his 38 plays, 154
sonnets and 2 long poems.
Generally his dramatic career is
divided into 4 periods
1)
the
first
period
of
Shakespeare’s
dramatic
career
was
one
of
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apprenticeship
(
学徒身份
). Article : Henry VI,
Parts I …….
2)
In
second
period,
Shakespeare’s
style
and
approach
became
highly
individualized
3)Shakespeare’s
the
third period includes
his
greatest tragedies and
his
so-called dark comedies .
Article: Hamlet.
4) the last peri
od of
shakespeare’s work include his principal romantic
tragicomedeis
On the other hand , there is also a
limit to his sympathy (
同情心
)
for
downtrodden(
被压迫的
) . He fears
anarchy(
统治者
) , hates
rebellion and
despises
democracy
（民主政治）
，
thus
, he
finds
no
way
to
solve
the
social
problems
,
In
the end,
the
only
thing
he
can
do
as
a
humanist
is
to
escape
from
the reality to seek comfort in his dream. P35
P36
Shakespeare
also states that
literary
works which
have truly
reflected
nature
& reality can reach immortality
（不朽）
Shakespeare
succeeds
in
exploring
the
character
s’
inner
mind.
The
soliloquies
in
this
plays
fully
reveal
（显示，揭露）
the
inner
conflict
of
his
characters.
Shakespeare
also
portrays
（描绘）
his
characters
in
pairs
(
对比手法
) . Contrasts are
frequently used to bring vividness m to his
characters
P37
Shakespeare can write
skillfully to different poetic forms, like blank
verse (
非对称诗
)and
rhymed
couplet
（押韵对句）
.
His
blank
verse
is
especially
beautiful and
mighty
（强大的，在力的）
.
P57
Francis
Bacon
He is well known philosopher (
哲学家
) , scientist and
essayist (
随笔作
家
)
. He lays the foundation for modern science with
his insistence
(
坚
持主张
) on
scientific way of think fresh
observation(
观察
) rather than
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authority
（权威）
as
a
basis of obtaining knowledge .
His Essays
is
the
first examples of that
genre (
典型，流派
) in English
literature , which
has been recognized
as an important landmark(
地标
)
in the development of
English
prose
（散文）
some
phrase
have
even
been
entered
the
English
literary
(
文学上
) tradition
Bacon’s essay
(
随笔
) are famous for their
brevity (
简短
), compactness
(
简
洁
)
&
powerfulness
(
强大的
,
有力的
)
.
yet
there
is
an
obvious
stylistic
change
in Essays
Francis Bacon / P57
He was
born 1561, was a representative
of
Renaissance of England, is well
known
as ist and essayist. He lays the foundatin for
modern
science
with
his
insistence
on
scientific
way
of
thinking
and
fresh
observation
rather
than
authority
as
a
basis
for
obtaining
knowledge.
His
Essays is the first
exmaple of that genre is English literature ,
which
has
been
recognized
as
an
important
landmark
in
the
development
of
english
prose. And some
phrase have even entered the English literay
tradition.
The hightest of
his career is to be lord keeper
under Kind james then to
be
Lord Chancellor fo England.
His work
was divided into 3 grouds
1)
(
作品名
)
2) among
which the most famous is Essays
3)
作品名
Bacon’s
essays
are
famous
for
their
brevity,
compactness
and powerfulness
(
简洁有力的
) .Yet ,
there is an obvious stylistic change in the
Essays.
P63
John Donne
Was born in
1572, with a rebellious spirit , metaphsical poets
tried to
break
away
from
the
conventional
fashion
of
the
Elizabethan
love
poetry
.
The imagery is drown from the actual
life. The form is frequently that
a
argument with the poet’s beloved with God,
o
r with himself
The
new
recognition
has
arisen
(
源自于
)
from
realization
of
the
seriousness