-
British Writers and Works
I. Old English Literature & The Late
Medieval Ages
<
Beowulf>
贝奥武夫
:
the
national epic of the Anglo-Saxons
Epic:
long
narrative
poems
that
record
the
adventures
or
heroic
deeds
of
a
hero enacted in vast
landscapes. The style of epic is grand and
elevated.
e.g. Homer’s Iliad and
Odyssey
Artistic features:
1.
Using
alliteration
Definition of
alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some
words in a
sentence begin with the same
consonant sound
（头韵）
Some examples on P5
2.
Using metaphor and understatement
Definition
of
understatement:
expressing
something
in
a
controlled
way
Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to
express their
ideas
Geoffrey Chaucer
杰弗里
?
乔叟
1343~1400
(
首创
“
双韵
体
”
，
英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写
作。
约翰
·
德莱顿
（
John Dryden
）
称其
为
“
英国诗歌之父
”
< br>。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)
The
father of English poetry
It is
____alone who, for the first time in English
literature, presented to us a comprehensive (
综合
的，广泛的
)realistic
picture of the English society of his time and
created a whole gallery of vivid
characters from all walks of life. ( A
)
A. Geoffrey
Chaucer
B.
Matin Luther
C. William
Langland
D. John Gower
Writing Style:
wisdom,
humor, humanity.
His
Works
：
①
坎特伯雷故事集：
first time to use
?
heroic couplet
?<
/p>
(
英雄双韵体
) by middle
English
②
特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德
③
<
The House of
Fame>
声誉之宫
④
<
The
Book of the Duchess
>
公爵夫人之书
百鸟议会
Medieval Age
?
s
popular Literary form:
Romance(
传奇故事
)
Famous
three
：
King Arthur
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Beowulf
II. The Renaissance
Period
（
15
世纪末
-17
世纪初）
A
period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama
is the real mainstream
of the English
Renaissance.
Renaissance
:
the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival
of art, literature,
and learning in
Europe
beginning in
the 14th
century and
extending to
the 17th
century, marking the transition from
the medieval to the modern world.
1
Three
historical events of the Renaissance
–
rebirth or revival:
1.
new
discoveries in geography and astrology
2.
the religious
reformation and economic expansion
3.
rediscovery of
ancient Roman and Greek culture
The
most famous dramatists:
Christopher Marlowe
William
Shakespeare
Ben Johnson.
1.
Edmund Spenser
埃德蒙
?
斯宾塞
1552~1599
（后人称之为
“
诗人的诗人
”
。
）
< br>
The poets
?
poet.
The first to be buried in the
Poet?s corner of
Westminster Abbey
12. Which of
the following statements is not the reason for
that Edmund Spenser is famous for
“
the
poet
’
s
poet
”
? ( B )
A. Spenser
’
s
idealism
B. his struggle for
criteria
C. his love of
beauty
D. his
exquisite melody
①
仙后
(for Queen
Elizabeth)
The theme is not
“
Arms and the
man
”
, but something more
romantic
“
Fierce wars and
faithful loves
”
.
Artistic features:
1.
Using
Spenserian Stanza
Definition
of
Spenserian
Stanza
:
a
stanza
of
nine
lines
ababbcbcc.
Eight
lines
in
iambic
pentameter,
and
last
line
in
iambic hexameter
②
牧人日历
The theme is to lament over the loss of
Rosalind.
③
<
Amor
etti>
爱情小唱
?
2.
Thomas More
托马
斯
?
莫尔
1478~1535
One of the
greatest English humanists
①
乌托邦
?
3.
Francis Bacon
弗兰西斯
?
培根
1561~1626
（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一
< br>著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。
）
Philosopher, scientist, lay the
foundation for modern science.
The first English
essayist
?
Writing
style:
brevity,
compactness
&
powerfulness,
well-arranging
and
enriching by Biblical
allusions, metaphors and philosophy to
man
’
s reason.
①
<
The
Advancement of
Learning>
学术的推进
②<
/p>
<
Essays>
随笔
< br>
the
first
collection
of
essays
in
the
English
language
(famous quotas:
?
161
2
年
38
篇，
1625
年增至
58
篇
The theme of
Of
Studies
:
uses and
benefits
of study and different
ways
adopted by different
people to pursue studies.
③
新工具
阐述了
归纳法
the inductive
method
2
4. Ben Jonson
①
<
Every Man in
His Humor>
人人高兴
②
<
V
olpone, or the
fox>
狐狸
③
炼金术士
5.
Christopher Marlowe
柯里斯托弗
?
马洛
1564~1595
“
University
Wits
”
, the pioneer of
English
drama
（完善了无韵体诗。
）
Blank verse:
written in
unrhymed iambic pentameter.
14. Marlowe
gave new vigor to ____ with his
“
mighty
lines
”
( D )
A. the Petrarchan sonnet
B. sestina
C. terza rima
D. blank verse
①
<
The
Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>
浮士德博
士的悲剧（根据德国
民间故事书写成）
②
<
Tam
burlaine>
帖木儿大帝
?
③
<
The
Jew of
Malta>
马耳他的犹太人
6.
William Shakespeare
威廉
?
莎士比亚
1564
~1616
?
①
Historical
plays:
Henry VI Henry IV :
Richard III Henry V
；
Richard
II
；
Henry VIII
②
Four Comedies:
皆大欢喜
;
第十二夜
;
<
A Midsummer Night’S
Dream
>
仲夏夜之梦
;
Venice>
威尼斯商人
③
Four
Tragedies:
哈姆莱特
;
奥赛罗
;
Lear>
李
尔王
;
麦克白
④
Shakespeare Sonnet
:
154
Three quatrain and one
couplet, ababcdcdefefgg
A
sonnet is
a
lyric consisting
of 14 lines, usually
in
iambic
pentameter
restricted
to
a
definition
rhyme
scheme.
III
The 17th Century
1.
John Milton
约翰
?
弥尔顿
16
08~1674
（诗人、政论家
;
失
明后写
《失乐园》
、
《复乐园》
、
《力士参孙》
。
）
①
Epics:
失乐园
1.
It
’
s a long epic
in
12 books, written in blank verse.
2.
It
s
main theme: the assertion of God’
s
Providence.
3.
Its writing techniques: blank verse of
iambic pentameter.
4.
Complicated, Latinate sentences.
5.
Mighty and
dignified poetic voice.
复乐园
②
Dramatic poem:
<
Samson Agonistes>
力士参孙
③
论出版自由
?
为英国人民声辩
④
我的失明
This sonnet is written in iambic
pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde,
typical of
Italian
sonnet
.
3
Its theme is that people
use their talent for God, and they serve him best
sho can endure the suffering best.
2.
John Bunyan
约翰
?
班扬
162
8~1688
（代表作《天路历程》
，宗教寓言，被誉为
“
具有永恒意义的百科全书
”
，是
英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》
、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并
列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。
）
Puritan
poet(
清教徒派诗人
)
①
Religionary
Allegory:
<
The
Pilgrim’s Progress
>
天路历程
?
3.
John
Donne
the Metaphysical
poet(
玄学派诗人
).
Metaphysical Poetry(
玄学诗
)
：
（用语）
the
diction is simple, the imagery is from
the actual,
(
形式
)the form is frequently
an argument with the poet
’
s
beloved,
with god, or with
himself.
（主题：
love, religious,
thought
）
Artistic
features:
1.
conceits or
imagery
奇思妙喻
2.
syllogism
三段论
①
Meditations
沉思录
The Flea
虱子
②
Songs And Sonnets
Holy Sonnets
③
Valediction:
IV The 18th Century
：
Enlightenment
同时为美国独立战争与法国大
革命提供了框架，
并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，
与音
乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主
义时期是同一时期。
A
revival
of
interest
in
the
old
classical
works,
order,
logic,
restrained
emotion(
抑制情感
) and
accuracy
The
Age
of
Enlightenment/Reason:
the
movement
was
a
furtherance
of
the
Renaissance
of
the
15
th
and
16
th
centries,
a
progressive
intellectual
movement,
reason(rationality),
equality&science(the 18
th
century)
小说崛起
：
In
the
mid-century,
the
newly
literary
form,
modern
English
novel
rised(realistic
novel
现实主义小说
)
Gothic novel
(
哥特式小
说
)
：
mystery,
horror, castles(from middle part to the end of
century)
1.
Alexander Pope
亚历山大
?
蒲柏
1688~1744
（
18
世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用
“<
/p>
英雄双韵体
”
/
“
heroic couplets
”
。
词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。
）
As a representative of the
Enlightenment
，
Pope was one of the first to introduce
rationalism to England....
Eg.
Among
the
representatives
of
the
Enlightenment,
who
was
one
of
the
first
to
introduce
rationalism to England? ( C )
A. John Bunyan
B. Daniel Defoe
C. Alexander Pope
D. Jonathan Swift
①
<
An
Essay on
Criticism>
批评论
?
4
Artistic
features:
“
heroic
couplets
”
②
<
The
Rape of the Lock>
卷发遇劫记
③
<
Moral
Essays>
道德论
人论
?
愚人记
2.
Samuel
?
Johnson
塞缪尔
?
约翰逊
1
709~1784
①
英语大词典
?
3.
Jonathan Swif
t
乔纳森
?
斯威夫特
< br>1667~1745
（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家
a master
satirist
。
）
①
<
Gulliver’s Travels
>
格列佛游记
(fictional work)
Four parts:
Lilliput
小人国
Brobdingnag
大人国
Flying Island
飞岛
Houyhnhnm
马岛
一个小小的建议
?
②
<
The
Battle of Books>
书战
③
<
A
Tale of a
Tub>
木桶的故事
?
④
<
The Drapper’s
Letters
>
一个麻布商的书信
4.
Daniel Defoe<
/p>
丹尼尔
?
笛福
1
660~1731
（小说家，
新闻记者，
小册子作者；
十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠
基人。
）
?
He
is
the
first
writer
study
of
the
lower-class
people,
his
language
is
smooth,
easy,
colloquial
and
mostly
vernacular,
and
he
is
the
founder
of
realistic novel.
①
<
Rob
inson
?
Crusoe>
鲁宾逊漂流记
It
praise the fortitude of the human labor and the
Puritan.
Robinson grew
from
a
naive and
artless
youth
into
a shrewd
and
hardened man,tempered by numerous
trials in his eventful life.
It is an adventure story, Robinson,
narrates how he goes to sea, gets
shipwrecked
and
marooned
on
a
lonely
island,
struggles
to
live
for
24-years there and
finally gets relieved and returns to England.
②
<
Moll Flanders>
③
<
Colonel Jacque>
④
<
Captain
singleton>
5.
Henry Fielding
亨利
?
菲尔丁
1707~1754
（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为
“
英国小说之
父
”
。
）
He is called
“
Father of English
novel
”
.
He was
the first to write a
“
Comic
epic in prose
”
(
散文
体史诗
), and the first to give the modern
novel its structure and style.
①
novels:
弃婴汤姆<
/p>
?
琼斯
约瑟夫
?
安德鲁
大诗人江奈生
< br>?
威尔德
5
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