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二战后的英国文学：诗人·小说家·戏剧家
I. Novel
小说
1.
奥威尔
George Orwell
原名艾力克
·
阿瑟
·
布莱尔
(Eric Arthur
Blair)
。
(1903,
印度
孟加拉
蒙蒂哈里～
< br>1950.1.21,
英格兰
伦敦
)
orig. Eric Arthur Blair
born 1903, Motihari, Bengal, India
died Jan. 21, 1950, London, Eng.
British novelist, essayist, and critic.
Instead of accepting a scholarship to a
university, Orwell went to Burma to serve in the
Indian
Imperial Police
(1922
–
27), an experience
that changed him into a literary and political
rebel. On
returning to Europe, he lived
in self-imposed poverty, gaining material for
Down and Out in Paris
and
London
(1933), and became a socialist.
He went to Spain to report on the
Spanish Civil War
and stayed to join the Republican
militia. His war experiences, which gave him a
lifelong dread of
communism
(he
would
later
provide
British
intelligence
services
with
lists
of
his
fellow
British
communists),
are
recounted
in
Homage
to
Catalonia
(1938).
His
novels
typically
portray
a
sensitive, conscientious,
emotionally isolated individual at odds with an
oppressive or dishonest
social
environment. His most famous works are the anti-
Soviet satirical fable
Animal
Farm
(1945)
and
Nineteen Eighty-four
(1949),
a dystopic vision of totalitarianism whose
influence was widely
felt in the post-
war decades. His literary essays are also admired.
英国小说家、
散文家和评论家。
他拒绝
一所大学的奖学金，
而于
1922
年到
缅甸，
担任印度
皇家警察直到
1927
年。
这段经历使他变成一个文学上和政治上的叛逆者。
回到欧洲后，
自
愿过着贫穷生活，
根据生活经验写了
《巴黎伦敦落魄记》
(1933)
，
并成为社会主义者。
1936
年去西班牙报道
西班牙内战
，
并留下来参加共和军方面的民兵。
他根据战争经验写了
《向卡
塔洛尼亚致敬》
(1938)
，
从此他一生畏惧共产主义
(
他后来向英
国情报部门提供了和他在一
起的英国共产党人名单
)
。他的小说通常描写敏感、有多愁善感良知的孤立个人对苦难和不
公正的社
会环境的不满。他最著名的作品是反苏讽刺寓言小说《动物农庄》
(1945)
，以及
描写极权社会的《一九八四年》
(194
9)
，在战后有广泛的影响。他的散文也受到人们的赞
赏。死于
肺玻
N
INETEEN
E
IGHTY
-
FOUR
(1949)
A
NIMAL
F
ARM
(1945)
2.
戈尔丁
William G.
Golding
(1911.9.19,
英格兰
康沃尔
纽基附近～
< br>1993.6.19,
康沃尔
法尔茅斯附近
)
born Sept. 19, 1911, St. Columb Minor,
near Newquay, Cornwall, Eng.
died June
19, 1993, Perranarworthal, near Falmouth, Cornwall
British novelist.
Educated
at the University of Oxford, Golding worked as a
schoolmaster until 1960. His first and
best-known novel was
Lord of
the Flies
(1954; film, 1963, 1990),
about a group of boys isolated
on an
island who revert to savagery. Later works,
several of which are likewise parables of the
human
condition
that
show
the
thinness
of
the
veneer
of
civilization,
include
The
Inheritors
(1955),
Pincher
Martin
(1956),
The
Spire
(1964),
Rites of
Passage
(1980, Booker Prize), and
Close
Quarters
(1987). He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in
1983.
英国小说家，
其对社会道德迅速和不可避免的崩溃
所作的富于想像的、
严峻的描写引起人们
广泛的兴趣。
在牛津大学受教育，
1960
年以前任中学校长
。
第一部长篇小说
《蝇王》
(1954
)
描写一群被隔绝在一岛上的孩子回到野蛮人状态的故事，
是他
最著名的作品。
其后的一些小
说，例如《继承人》
(1955)
、《品彻尔
·
马丁》
(1956)
、《自由堕落》
(
1959)
、《塔尖》
(1964)
、
《看得见的黑暗》
(1979)
、
《进军仪式》
(1980
，
获布克奖
)
和
《短兵相接》<
/p>
(1987)
等，同样也是描述人类脆弱文明的寓言。
1983
年获诺贝尔文学奖。
L
ORD OF THE
F
LIES
3.
莱辛
Doris Lessing
原名多利斯
·
梅
·
泰勒
(Doris May Tayler)
。
(1919.10.22,
伊朗
克尔曼沙阿～
)
orig. Doris May Tayler
born
Oct. 22, 1919, Kermānshāh, Iran
British novelist and short-story
writer.
She lived on a farm in Southern
Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)
1924
–
49 before
settling in England and beginning her
writing career. Her works, which
have
often
reflected
her
leftist
political
activism,
are
largely
concerned
with
people
caught
in
social
and
political
upheavals.
Children
of
Violence
(1952
–
69),
a
semiautobiographical
five-novel
series
featuring
Martha
Quest,
reflects
her
African
experience
and
is
generally
considered
her
most
substantial
work.
The
Golden
Notebook
(1962),
her
most
widely
read
novel,
is
a
feminist
classic.
Her
masterful
short
stories
are
published in several collections. Other
works include a science-fiction
novel
sequence,
two
novels
published
under
an
assumed
name
(Jane
Somers),
and
autobiographical works, including
Under
My Skin
(1994).
英国小说家。
1924
～
1949
年生活
在南罗得西亚
(
今津巴布韦
)
的一处农场里，
1949
年定居
英国，
开始了她的写作生涯。
她的作品大多关心处在社
会和政治动乱中的人们，
往往反映其
左倾激进主义。《狂暴的孩
子们》
(1952
～
1969)
，是以
M.
奎斯特为主人公的半自传性
5
卷系列小说，
反映她在非洲的生活经历，<
/p>
一般认为这是她最重要的作品。
《金色笔记》
(1962)
是她最受读者欢迎的小说，
被看作是女权主义
的经典之作。
莱辛是短篇小说大师，
曾发表了
< br>几部短篇小说集，还写了科幻小说系列及自传体作品，如《我心深处》
(1994
)
。
II.
Drama
戏剧
1.
贝克特
Samuel Beckett
(1906.4.13?
爱尔兰
都柏林郡
福克斯罗克～
1989.12.22,
法国
巴黎
)
born April 13?, 1906, Foxrock, Co.
Dublin, Ire.
died Dec. 22, 1989, Paris,
France
Irish playwright.
After
studying
in
Ireland
and
traveling,
he
settled
in
Paris
in
1937.
During
World
War
II
he
supported himself as a
farmworker and joined the underground resistance.
In the postwar years
he wrote, in
French, the narrative trilogy
Molloy
(1951),
Malone Dies
(1951), and
The Unnamable
(1953).
His
play
Waiting
for
Godot
(1952)
was
an
immediate
success
in
Paris
and
gained
worldwide
acclaim
when
he
translated
it
into
English.
Marked
by
minimal
plot
and
action,
existentialist ideas, and humour, it
typifies the
Theatre of the
Absurd
. His later plays, also sparsely
staged,
abstract
works
that
deal
with
the
mystery
and
despair
of
human
existence,
include
Endgame
(1957),
Krapp's Last Tape
(1958), and
Happy Days
(1961). In 1969 he was awarded the
Nobel Prize.
爱尔兰剧作家。
< br>在爱尔兰学习和在各地游历后，
于
1937
年定居巴黎。
第二次世界大战期间
以做农工糊口并参
加地下抵抗组织。战后年代，他用法文写了叙事性三部曲《马洛伊》
(1951)
、《马洛纳之死》
(1951)
和《无名的人
》
(1953)
。他的剧本《等待戈多》
(1952)
在巴黎一举成名，
由他译成英语后立即获得国际
声誉。
这部以情节和动作极度简单为特点的
剧本，成为荒诞派戏
剧的典型代表。后来的剧本包括《结局》
(1957)
、《克拉
普的最后一
盘录音带》
(1958)
和
《快乐的日子》
(1961)
等抽象作品，以喜剧的精神探讨人
类存在的神
秘和绝望。
1969
年获诺
贝尔奖。
W
AITING FOR
G
ODOT
(1952)
L
ITERARY
T
ERM
荒诞派戏剧
theater of
the absurd
20
世纪
50
～
60
年代戏剧作品的一种体裁，表达
人生无意义和荒诞的存在主义哲学。这些
剧作家包括阿达莫夫
(
Arthur Adamov)
、
阿尔比
(Edward
Albee)
、
贝克特
(Samuel
Backett)
、
热内
(Jean Genet)
、
尤内斯库
(Eugene Ionesco)
和
品特
(Harold Pinter)
，
他们创作了
荒诞派戏剧，没有传统戏剧安排的情节，演员在表演时，反复而无目的地对谈。
贝克特的
《等待戈多》
(1953)
是这种体裁
的经典之作，
只见两个流浪汉在舞台上晃来晃去，
等待一位从未
出现的神秘人物。
Body
of
dramatic
works
of
the
1950s
and
'60s
that
expressed
the
existentialist
philosophy
of
meaninglessness and the
absurdity of life.
Playwrights such as
Arthur Adamov
,
Edward Albee
,
Samuel Beckett
,
Jean Genet
,
Eugène Ionesco
,
and
Harold
Pinter
created
Absurdist
plays
without
traditional
plots
and
with
characters
who
engaged in circular, purposeless
conversations. Beckett's
Waiting for
Godot
(1953), in which two
tramps wait for a mysterious man who
never arrives, is a classic of the genre.
Writers Related
Samuel
Beckett
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