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2. 论美国学者讲稿

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2021-03-03 22:28
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2021年3月3日发(作者:骗人)


一.



关于原作者爱默生:




Ralph Waldo Emerson


< br>1803-1882





1.



essayist,


lecturer,


poet,


and


representative


of


Romanticism


in


19


th



Century


America;


2.



leader


of


Transcendentalism


in


America:


He


was


convinced


that


everything


in


nature


had its exact counterpart in the


mind


. From this basic conviction flowed


all his ideas:


1)


Nature


is a vast array of


symbols


, which could lead their individual interpreter


toward the eternal


truth


of God and the cosmos;


2)


Since


such


ultimate


truth


transcends


nature


or


lies


behind


it.


The


intuitive



means of discovering it is transcendental;


3)


The


method


of


interpretation


calls


for


an


intuitive



leap


without


rational



analysis


from


the


thing


observed


in


nature


to


the


spiritual


(moral)


truth


it


symbolized.




二.关于原作《论美国学者》





“The American Scholar”




1.



first delivered at Harvard on August 31, 1837;


2.



Emerson charged that the scholar’s job was to lead his people out of their bondage


to


old


cultures



and


away


from


the


“popular


cry”


of


received


wisdom



and


everyday modes of thought


;


3.



Emerson exhorted his audience of native intellectuals to rouse and lead American


society into


mental independence


and


self-reliance


;


4.



The address proved to be immensely popular, and Oliver Wendell Holmes called



our intellectual Declaration of Independence


”.




三.



译文分析:




Para 1:



None is quite perfect.



译文一:


凡事皆无绝对之完美。



译文二:


万事皆无极致。




As no air-pump can by any means make a perfect vacuum, so neither can any


artist


entirely exclude the conventional, the local, the perishable from his book, or write a


book of pure thought, that should be as efficient, in all respects, to a remote posterity,


as to contemporaries, or rather to the second age.


译文一:


正如气泵无论如何也抽不出绝对真空一样,


任何大 师都不可能从其书中


完全排除习俗、


地域和应时应景的影响,< /p>


或者说都不可能写出纯思想之书——那


种在方方面面都能像对其同 代人或下代人一样对遥远的后代也有直接作用的书。




译文二:


正如没有气泵能够抽出绝对之真空,任何大师都无法免受习俗 之束缚,


不受时空之桎梏,


创作出体现纯粹思想之书。


此书要能在方方面面都对同代、



代,乃至后代 的后代产生相同的影响。



译注:


< /p>


①常见词的不同含义,


artist


:< /p>


a person whose work shows exceptional creative ability


or skill


,高手,能手。


Eg. You are an artist in the kitchen.


你是一位烹饪大师。



②注意



the+


常见形容词”


的译法,


常译为相应的名词。


perishable


定义为


subject


to decay, spoilage, or destruction


。而成、住、坏、灭乃一时间进程 ,故


perishable


在此指时间概念。

< br>而


local


指空间,



exclude the local, the perishable from his book


合译为“不受时空之桎梏”





Each age, it is found, must write its own books; or rather, each generation for the next


succeeding.



译文一:


人们发现,每个时代必须写每个时代的书,更确切地说,每 代人都必须


为下一代人而写。



译文二 :


但据发现,一个时代书写一个时代的书,一代人最多为下一代写书。

< br>


译注:



①注意根据上下文逻 辑灵活翻译“


rather



,表示转 折,表示递进。




The books of an older period will not fit this.



译文一:


远古时代的书籍对当今时代 也许并不合用。



译文二:


因此,历年 经久之书在当代并不受用。



译注:



①注意根据上下文逻辑进行合理的增译,使译文逻辑更为明确。




Para 2:




Yet hence arises a grave mischief.



译文一:


不过一种苛弊也由此而生。



译文二:


一种顽疾由此而生。



译注:



①注意常用词的不常用含义< /p>


mischief



1) An inclination or a tendency to play pranks


or cause embarrassment,


淘气


,


顽皮


; 2) Damage, destruction, or injury caused by a


specific person or thing,


弊端。




The sacredness which attaches to the act of creation, the act of thought, is transferred


to the record.



译文一:


附于创作行为或思想行为的高贵神圣往往会被转换成历 史纪录。



译文二:


曾几何时,人们将 创造、思辨之过程视为高贵神圣,如今却将创造、思


辨之产物奉若神明。



译注:



①注意增译法“曾 几何时”


,根据来自于“


transfer


,表示曾经的情况的转换;




record


字面意思为文字记录,此处进一步理解为人们创造 、思辨的产物;



③对同一个英文单词


sacredness


,分译为两处汉语时,尽量避免重复,分别译为

< br>“高贵神圣”和“奉若神明”





The poet chanting was felt to be a divine man: henceforth the chant is divine also.



译文一:


吟唱诗人曾被 视为圣人,此后其吟唱之歌亦被视为圣歌。



译文二:


游吟诗人被视为圣人,其诗歌即被视为圣歌。




The writer was a just and wise spirit: henceforth it is settled the book is perfect; as


love of the hero corrupts into the worship of his statue.



译文一:


作者曾富有正义而智慧之精神,


此后其书则被确认为完美之书,


恰如对


英雄的热爱蜕变成对其雕像的崇拜。


译文二:


作者是正义与智慧的化身,

其著作即被定为极致之作;


诚如对英雄精神


的热爱已经堕落 为对其色身雕像的膜拜。



译注:


< /p>


①注意透彻地理解常见简单英文单词,


spirit


词源解释为


the breath of God


, 意为


“上帝的气息”



“灵气”




soul



ghost


等词大同小异。


因此,


此处理解为


“作


者是正义与智慧的精灵”


,进一步转译为“作者是正义与智慧的化身”




②译文二采用了意译之法,灵活程度更高,


hero


译为“英雄精神”



statue

< p>
译为


“色身雕像”





Instantly, the book becomes noxious: the guide is a tyrant.



译文一:


结果书籍随即变成有害之物,思想导师随之沦为暴君。



译文二:


随之,书籍沦为流毒,思想导师变身暴政 独夫。



译注:



noxious


词性转换;


< /p>



tyrant


灵活翻译,使说理性散文 (


essay


)更有文采。




The sluggish and perverted mind of the multitude, slow to open to the incursions of


Reason, having once so opened, having once received this book, stands upon it, and


makes an outcry, if it is disparaged.



译文一:


大众迟钝而扭曲的头脑,


那些不易为智慧之光开启的头脑,


一旦 这样被


开启,一旦接受这种书籍,便会对其产生依赖,而倘若这种书籍遭人菲薄,他们< /p>


就会大声抗议。



译文二:


冥冥大众迟钝歪曲的头脑,要想开启,达致理性已属不易。其一旦被流


毒的书 籍开启,


一旦接受这样的书籍,


便只能在其划定的界限内亦步亦 趋。


旁人


稍加非议,还招来他们厉声抗议。


译注:



①注意简单短语的翻译,


open


t o


表示对什么开放,转换理解为以开放的态度来


接受什么;



②注意简单动词和动词短语的翻译,


stand upon s th


意为拘泥于某事,


不敢越雷池


半步 。此处译为“亦步亦趋”



(类似动词还包括:


sell, buy, beat, look, see, watch,


say, tell, speak, ask, answer, think, read, write, listen, hear, walk, run, sleep, drink, eat,


play, agree, turn, return, like, love, jump, carry, catch, keep, take, bring, grow, change,


begin, start, end, finish, blow, call, check, close, open, cover, count, cut, cost, get give,


help,


make,


kill,


show,


need,


wait,


clean,


arrive,


leave,


work,


drive,


dig,


fill,


pick,


throw, stand, sit, travel, move, feel, draw, break, hope, dream, prefer, learn, do, have,


visit, come, go, meet, set





③注意被动句转换为主动句。




Colleges are built on it.


< /p>


译文一:


我们的大学就建立在这样的基础上。


译文二:


我们的大学就建立在这样的基础上。

< p>



Books are written on it by thinkers, not by Man Thinking; by men of talent, that is,


who


start


wrong,


who


set


out


from


accepted


dogmas,


not


from


their


own


sight


of


principles.


< /p>


译文一:


书也是在此基础上由思考者写成,


不是由善思者,


而是由能干的思考者,


即那些从错误的基础出 发、


以公认的教条为据,


而不着眼于自己对原理法则之领


悟的人。



译文二:


我们的书籍就是在这样的基础上写成。


这些书的作者被称为思想家,


并非独立思考之人。他们天资凛然,却误入歧途、难脱俗套,创作并非出自他们< /p>


独立之洞见。



译注:




B ooks


同样注意增译法;



②注意< /p>


thinkers



Man Thinking


的区别和格子翻译方法;


< br>③“他们”指的是


thinkers


,也对应翻译


who


引导的定语从句;




Meek


young


men


grow


up


in


libraries,


believing


it


their


duty


to


accept


the


views


which Cicero, which Locke, which Bacon, have given; forgetful that Cicero, Locke,


and Bacon were only young men in libraries when they wrote these books.



译文一:


谦恭的后生在图书馆里成长,


以为他们的义务就是去接受西塞罗、


洛克


和培根表达的观点,< /p>


而忘了西塞罗、


洛克和培根当年写这些书时,

也只是图书馆


里的后生。



译文二 :


画地为牢的后生在图书馆里成长,误以为自己的任务就是接受西塞罗、


洛克及培根的教条。


却忘了当西塞罗、


洛克及培根著书 立作之时也是图书馆里稚


嫩的后生。




Para 3:




Hence, instead of Man Thinking, we have the bookworm.



译文一:

于是我们培养的不是善思者,而是书呆子。



译文二:


因此,我们培养了书呆子,而非独立思考之人。




Hence, the book-learned class, who value books, as such; not as related to nature and


the human constitution, but as making a sort of Third Estate with the world and the


soul.



译文 一:


于是便有了那种只顾惜书的书本知识阶级,他们不愿涉及自然和人性,


而想要形成某种与人世和心灵相对的第三阶层。




译文二:


因此,便有了惟书是从的一群人。书,在他们眼中,既 非天造地设的产


物,也非人心营构的结果。他们珍视书,是因为在他们看来,书籍洞开着 天人之


外的第三阶层。



译注:




book-learned class

意为光从书本上学习的一群人,译为“惟书是从的一群人”





nature


主要指自然客体, 如山川、河流。而


human constitution


意为 人类文明建


制,主要指人心互动的精神产物,如音乐、美术。章学诚《文史通义》视世间 万


象无非来自天造地设或心营意构两端,即“自然营构”与“人心营构”


,正好与


nature



hu man constitution


意合;


< br>③


world


乃客体,即“天”



soul


乃主体,即“人”





Hence, the restorers of readings, the emendators, the bibliomaniacs of all degrees.


< br>译文一:


于是便有了拥有各级学位的补遗者、校勘家和藏书狂。

< br>


译文二:


于是便有了书籍补遗者、校勘家以及痴迷程度 各不相同的藏书狂。




Para 4:




Books are the best of things, well used; abused, among the worst.



译文一:


被善用之书 乃精华之物,被滥用之书则秕糠不如。



译文二:


书,善用,则万物之灵;滥用,则万恶之魁。



译注:



①注意原文尾韵的翻译方法。




What is the right use? What is the one end which all means go to effect?



译文一:


那么何谓善用呢?什么是那个千方百计要达到的唯一目标呢?< /p>




译文二:


然 则何谓善用?何谓千方百计所要实现的读书目标?




They are for nothing but to inspire.



译文一:


书的作用无非是给人以启迪。



译文二:


那无非是给人以启迪。




I had better never see a book that to be warped by its attraction clean out of my own


orbit, and make a satellite instead of a system.



译文一:


与其让书的引力使我偏离自己的轨道,


从而成为一颗卫星而不是一个 星


系,那我宁愿从不读书。



译文二:


与其被书的引力牵引偏离自己的轨道,


由星系沦为卫星,


我宁可绝不读


书。




The one thing in the world, of value, is the active soul.



译文一:


世间唯一可贵之物乃活跃之心灵。



译文二:


世上唯一弥足珍贵的是活跃的心智。




This every man is entitled to; this every man contains within him, although in almost


all men obstructed and as yet unborn.



译文一:


这心灵人人都可拥有,因为 它就在每个人胸中,不过对大多数人来说,


它受到阻梗,尚未开启。


译文二:


此物,人人都能拥有。因为人人都生而有之,只 是大多数人的心智遭受


阻梗,尚未开启。



译注:



①注意对英语中非正常语序表 示强调的译法,如句首“


This







The soul active sees absolute truth; and utters truth, or creates.



译文一:


活跃之心灵能看见绝对真理,并能阐述或创建原理法则。



译文 二:


活跃的心智能够洞察天理,阐发真理,抑或创造真理。




In this action it is genius; not the privilege of here and there a favorite, but the sound


estate of every man.



译文一:


在这种活动中, 心灵即天资;天资并非某些幸运儿的特权,而是人皆有


之的合法资产。

< br>


译文二:


就此而言,心智即天资。它并不特别眷顾任何 宠儿,而是人皆有之的合


法财产。




In its essence it is progressive.



译文一:


究其本质,心灵具有革新性。



译文二:


心智的本质在于革新渐进。



译注:




p rogressive


意为进化式发展,


后来者必定超过前者,


可译为


“循序渐进”



“革


新渐进”等。




The book, the college, the school of art, the institution of any kind, stop with some


past utterance of genius.


< /p>


译文一:


而我们的书本、


大学、


艺术社团和各种机构却往往因过去某位天才的一


句话而裹足不前。



译文二:


而我们书本、

大学、


艺术团体、


各类机构却都因先贤的教条而裹足不前。




This is good, say they



let us hold by this.



译文一:


他们会说—— 此言极是,我们且遵而循之。



译文二:


他们会说,此言极是,我们且遵而循之。




They pin me down.



译文一:


他们就这样把我束缚。



译文二:


我就这样被他们束缚。




They look backward not forward.


译文一:这


些人总是顾后,而不是瞻前。< /p>



译文二:


他们总是顾后,而非瞻前。




But genius looks forward: the eyes of man are set in his forehead, not in his hindhead:

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