-
Part one: English Literature
Chapter1
The Renaissance period
（
14
世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴
1.
Humanism is
the essence of the
Renaissance.
人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2.
the Greek and
Roman civilization was based on such a conception
that man is the
measure of all things.<
/p>
人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的
基础是以“
人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3.
Renaissance humanists found in then
classics a justification to exalt human nature
and came to see that human beings were
glorious creatures capable of individual
development in the direction of
perfection, and that the world they inhabited was
theirs not to despise but to question,
explore, and enjoy.
人文主义者们却从古代
文化遗产中找到充足的论据，
来赞美人性，
并开始注意到人类
是崇高的生命，
人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以
及
享受。
4.
Thomas More,
Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are
the best
representatives of the English
humanists.
托马斯
.
摩尔，
克利斯朵夫
.
马洛和威廉
.
莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5.
Wyatt
introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.
怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四
行诗引进英国。
6.
The first
period of the English Renaissance was one of
imitation and assimilation.
英国文艺复兴初期只是一个
学习模仿与同化的阶段。
7.
The goals of humanistic poetry are:
skillful handling of conventions, force of
language, and, above all, the
development of a rhetorical plan in which meter,
rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument
should all be combined to frame the
emotional theme and throw it into high
relief.
人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传
统习俗的熟练运
用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即
将格律，韵脚（式）
，组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画
出情感主题，并
将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。
8.
The most famous dramatists in the
Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe,
William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.
文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克
利斯朵夫
.
马洛，威廉
.
莎士比亚与本
.
约翰逊。
9.
Francis Bacon
(1561-1626), the first important English essayist.
费兰西斯
.
培根是
英国历史上最重要的散文家。
(I)Edmund Sp
enser
埃德蒙
.
斯宾塞
10.
the
theme of Redcrosse is not
“
Arms and the
man,
”
but something more
romantic-
“
Fierce
wars and faithful loves.
”
《仙后
》的主题并非“男人与武器”
，
而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争
与忠贞爱情”
。
11.
It is
Spenser
?
s idealism, his love
of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make
him known as
“
the
poets
?
poet.
”
正是斯宾塞的理想主义，对美的热爱以及精美
优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“
诗人中的诗人”
。
(II)Christopher Marlowe
克利斯朵夫
.
马洛
12.
As the most
gifted of the
“
University
Wits,
”
Marlowe composed six
plays within
his short lifetime. Among
them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I
& II,
s, The Jew of Malta and Edward II
.
马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才
华的人，
< br>在他短暂的一生中，
他完成了六部剧本的创作。
其中最负
盛名的是：
《帖木尔》
，
《浮士德博士
的悲剧》
，
《马耳他岛的犹太人》
以及
《爱德华二世》
。
13.
Marlowe
?
s
greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the
blank verse and made
it the principal
medium of English drama.
马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵
体
诗，并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。
14.
Marlowe
?
s second
achievement is his creation of the Renaissance
hero for English
drama.
马洛的第二
项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。
15.
His brilliant
achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence
as the pioneer of
English drama.
他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的，为此，它被后世尊为英国
戏剧的先驱。
16.
The
passionate shepherd to his
love
激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘
This short poem is considered to be one
of the most beautiful lyrics in English
literature.
这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。
< br>
(III)William Shakespeare
威廉
.
莎士比亚
17.
The first
period of his dramatic career, he wrote five
history plays: Henry VI, Parts
I, II,
and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and
four comedies: The Comedy
of Errors,
The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the
Shrew, and Love
?
s
Labour
?
s Lost.
在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，
他创作了五部历史剧：
《亨利
六世》
，
《理查三世
》
，
《泰托斯
.
安东尼》以及四部喜剧：
《错误的戏剧》
，
< br>《维
洛那二绅士》
，
《驯悍记》
和《爱的徒劳》
。
18.
In the second
period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King
John, Henry IV
,
Parts I and
II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer
Night
?
s Dream, The
Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About
Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night,
and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two
tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius
Caesar.
在第二阶段，
他写了五部历史剧：
《理查三世》
，
《约翰王》
，
《亨利四世》
，
《亨利五世》
以及六部喜剧
《仲夏夜之梦》
，
《威尼斯商人》
，
《无事生非》
，
《皆
大欢喜》
，
《第十二夜》
，
《温莎的风流娘儿们》
，还有两部悲剧：
《罗密欧与朱
丽叶》和《裘利斯
.
凯撒》
。
19.
Shakespeare
?
s
third period includes his greatest tragedies and
his so-called dark
comedies. The
tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King
Lear, Macbeth,
Antony and Cleopatra,
Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two
comedies
are
All
?
s Well That Ends and
Measure for Measure.
第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大
的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧）
，悲剧有：
《
哈姆雷特》
，
《奥赛罗》
，
《李尔王》
《麦克白》
《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》
《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及
《克里奥拉那斯》
。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》
。
20.
The last
period of Shakespeare
?
s work
includes his principle romantic
tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The
Winter
?
s Tale and The
Tempest; and his
two plays: Henry VIII
and The Two Noble Kinsmen.
最后一个时期的作品主要
有浪漫悲喜剧：
《伯里克利》
《辛白林》<
/p>
《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》
。他最后
两
部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》
。
21.
Shakespeare
?
s
sonnets are the only direct expression of the
poet
?
s own feelings.
< br>这
些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。
22.
Shakespeare
?
s
history plays are mainly written under the
principle that national
unity under a
mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.
莎翁的历史剧都有这样一
个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常
必要的。
23.
In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare
takes an optimistic attitude toward love
and youth, and the romantic elements
are brought into full play.
在他的浪漫喜剧
中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。
24.
The
successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet,
which eulogizes the
faithfulness of
love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.
< br>莎翁在其成功的浪漫主
义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
，颂扬
了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。
25.
Shakespeare
?
s
greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King
Lear, and Macbeth.
They have some
characteristics in common. Each portrays some
noble hero.
莎士
比亚的四大悲剧是：
《哈姆雷特》
《奥赛罗》
《李尔王》
《麦克白》
26.
“
The
King
?
s government must be
carried on
”—
but carried on
for the good of the
nation, not for the
pleasure of the king.
“国王的统治一定要万古不变”
----
但是
这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有
利于国家利益的，而不是只为国王自己服
务。
27.
Thus, he
finds no way to solve the social problems. In the
end, the only thing he
can do as a
humanist is to escape from the reality to seek
comfort in his dream.
正
因如此，他才
无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人文
主义所能做的唯一事情便是
逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。
28.
He holds that literature should be a
combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and
should reflect nature and reality.
他认为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天
性与现实。
< br>
29.
Shakespeare is above all writers in the
past and in the present time.
古往今来，没
有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美，
他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量
的。
30.
Almost all English writers after him
have been influenced by him either in artistic
point of view, in literary form or in l
anguage.
在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都
在艺术观点
，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。
31.
Sonnet 18 is
one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shake
speare.
十四行诗
第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。<
/p>
(IV)Francis Bacon
弗兰西斯
.
培根
32.
The most
import works of his first group include The
Advancement of Learning,
Written in
English; Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version
of The
Advancement of Learning.
< br>培根的作品可分为三类：第一类中最重要的作品有
《学术的进展》
（用英文著述）
《新工具》
（是
《学术的进展》
的拉丁文增补版）
33.
One is the
knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the
other is the
knowledge from the
workings of human mind.
他将知识分为两种：一种是通过
神的启示获得的知识，另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得的知识。
34.
According to
Bacon, man
?
s understanding
consists of three parts: history to
man
?
s
memory,
poetry to man
?
s imagination
and creation, and philosophy to
man
?
s
reason.
培根认为，人类的认识与学问分为三部分：基于人类回忆的历史学，
基于
人类想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理性的哲学。
35.
Bacon, as a
humanist intellect, shows the new empirical
attitudes toward truth
about nature and
bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist.
作为人文主义者
的培根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实验主义态度，并向
中世纪的经院哲学
家们提出挑战。
36.
Bacon
?
s essays
are famous for their brevity, compactness and powe
rfulness.
培根
的散文以简洁，紧凑，有力度而著名。
37.
The essays are well-arranged and
enriched by biblical allusions, metaphors and
cadence.
这些散文不仅结构巧妙还大量使用了《圣经》的典故，
隐喻和基调。
38.
Of Studies
论学习
Reading maketh a full man, conference a
ready man, and writing an exact man.
读
书使人充实，讨论使人机智。
(V)John Donne
约翰
.<
/p>
邓恩
39.
The imagery is drawn from the actual li
fe.
诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取
的。
< br>
40.
His poems
give a more inherently theatrical impression by
exhibiting a seemingly
unfocused
diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free
range of feelings and
moods.
他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观
念，以及漫无边际的
情感与心境。
41.
The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is
probably best known, contains most of
his early lyrics.
《歌与短歌》是邓恩最有
名的诗集，囊括了他早期大多数爱情
诗作。
42.
In his gloomy
poem
“
Farewell to
love,
”
we can see his disill
usionment.
在忧伤的
诗作《告别爱情》中，我们就可
以感受到他对爱情幻想的破灭。
43.
With the
brief, simple language, the argument is continuous
throughout the poem.
议论依附于一种简洁平白的语言，并贯穿于
整首诗作。
(VI)John Milton
约翰
.
弥尔顿
44.
he was
entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting
for human freedom.
他头脑
中充满了为人类
自由而战的思想。
45.
Milton
?
s literary
achievements can be divided into three groups: the
early poetic
works, the middle prose
pamphlets and the great poem.
弥尔顿的文学作品可分
为
三类：早期诗作，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。
46.
Milton wrote
his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost,
Paradise Regained,
and Samson Agonistes
.
他的三部伟大诗作：
《失乐园》
《复
乐园》
和
《力士参孙》
。
47.
The
theme of Paradise Lost is the
“
Fall of
Man
”
. In the fall of man
Adam
discovered his full humanity.
失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。
在沉沦之中，
亚当发
现了自己身上的人性。
48.
Milton held
that God created all things out of Himself,
including evil.
他认为上帝
是按照他自己的样
子造出的世界，其中也包括罪恶。
49.
It opens the
way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which
showed the mercy of
God in bringing
good out of evil.
为基督自愿献身开辟了道路，
这也显示出上帝
欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。
50.
In Samson
Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests
Milton
?
s passionate
longing that he too could bring
destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his
own life.
在力士参孙中，
整
首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一
样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于尽。
51.
In his life, Milton shows himself a
real revolutionary, a master poet and a great
prose writer.
弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精
神和非凡的诗歌才华。
52.
Paradise Lost:
人类由于理性不强，意志薄弱，
经不起考验，暗示英国自产主
义革命失败的原因。
Chapter2
The Neoclassical
Period(1660-1798)
新古典主义
1.
In short, it
was an age full of conflicts and divergence of val
ues.
总之，这一时期
是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2.
The
eighteenth-century England is also known as the
Age of Enlightenment or the
Age of Reas
on.
英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。
3.
Its purpose
was to enlighten the whole world with the light of
modern
philosophical and artistic ideas
.
运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光
启迪整个世界。
4.
Enlighteners held that rationality or
reason should be the only, the final cause of
any human thought and activities. They
called for a reference to order, reason and
rules.
启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡
秩序，
理性及法律。
5.
As a matter of
fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and
moralizing, became
a very popular means
of public education.
其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教
与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
6.
Famous among
the great enlighteners in England were those great
writers like
John Dryden, Alexander
Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the
two
pioneers of familiar essays,
Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley
Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Joh
nson.
英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约
翰
< br>.
德莱顿，亚历山大
.
蒲柏，约
瑟夫
.
艾迪森与理查
.
斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散
文的先驱）
，乔纳森
.
斯威夫特，丹尼尔
.
迪福，理查
.B.
谢立丹，亨利
.
费尔丁和
塞缪尔
.
约翰逊。
7.
In the field of literature, the
Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of
interest in the old classical works.
在文学领域，
启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古
典时代的著作产生兴趣。
8.
They believed that the artistic ideals
should be order, logic, restrained emotion and
accuracy, and that literature should be
judged in terms of its service to humanity.
他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学
作品
的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。
9.
Thus a polite,
urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.
由此一种温文尔雅，
充
满灵性的知识分子文学艺
术发展起来。
10.
Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and
rules for almost every genre of literature.
在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。
11.
Drama should
be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic
pentameter rhymed in two
lines); the
three unities of time, space and action should be
strictly observed;
regularity in
construction should be adhered to, and type
characters rather than
individuals
should be represented.
戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的
押韵
双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵循；写作的规矩必须要遵
守，而作品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是个性化。
12.
But it had a
lasting wholesome influence upon English
literature. (
套话
)
但
新古典
主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。
13.
The poetic
techniques and certain classical graces such as
order, good form,
unified structure,
clarity and conciseness of language developed in
this period
have become a permanent her
itage.
在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质，如
秩序，
优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。
14.
The mid-
century was, however, predominated by a newly
rising literary
form---the modern
English novel, which, contrary to the traditional
romance of
aristocrats, gives a
realistic presentation of life of the common
English people.
十
八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭
新的文学形式
----
英国现代小说，这种文学与传统
贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。
15.
Among the
pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson,
Henry Fielding,
Laurence Sterne, Tobias
George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.
英
国现代小说的
先驱有丹尼尔
.
迪福，塞
缪尔
.
理查德，亨利
.
费尔丁，劳伦斯
.
斯泰思，托比亚
斯
.
斯摩莱特以及奥立弗
.
哥尔斯密。
16.
From the middle part to the end of the
century there was also an apparent shift of
interest from the classic literary
tradition to originality and imagination, from
society to individual, and from the
didactic to the confessional, inspirational and
prophetic.
从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，
还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与
丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性
描写的转移，说教向忏悔，鼓励及预示
的转移。
17.
Gothic novels
---mostly stories of mystery and horror.
哥特式小说
----
主要讲述恐
怖神
秘的故事。
18.
Jonathan Swift
?
s
A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the
best model of
satire, not only of the
period but also in the whole English literary hist
ory.
乔纳森
.
斯威夫特的《一个小
小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。
(I)John Bunyan
约翰
.
班扬
19.
As a stout Puritan, he had made a
conscientious study of the Bible and firmly
believed in salvation through spiritual
struggle.
作为一个坚定的清教徒，他认真
学习《圣经
》
，并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。
20.
he made it
possible for the reader of the least education to
share the pleasure of
reading his novel
and to relive the experience of his characters.
他的语言具体生
动，情节鲜明真实，连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读
他的作品的乐趣。
21.
Bunyan
?
s other
works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of
Sinners, The Life
and Death of , The
Holy War and The Pilgrim
?
s
Progress, Part II.
班扬
其他的作品还有<
/p>
《罪人头目的赦免》
，
《拜得门先生生死
录》
，
《圣战》
以及
< br>《天
路历程》第二部
22.
The Vanity
Fair.
名利场（节选《天路历程》第一部）
The Pilgrim
?
s
Progress is the most successful religious allegory
in the English
language. Its purpose is
to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and
seek
salvation through constant
struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds
of
social evils.
《天路历程》是英文作品中
最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人
们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外
的邪恶来获得拯救。
(II)Alexander Pope
亚历山大
.
蒲伯
23.
Pope, a
very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in
the constant verbal
battles he
developed a style of biting satire.
蒲伯本
身是个很敏感的人，自然要
用笔墨来反击，在此期间，他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。
24.
For
him the supreme value was order---cosmic order,
political order, social order,
aesthetic order, and this emphasis on
order found expression in all of his works.
对
他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值
-----
宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学
秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深
入到了他各部作品中。
25.
Pope made his name as a great poet with
the publication of An Essay on Criticism
in 1711. The next year, he published
The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock
epi
c.1711
年，他出版了散文《论批评》
，从此奠定了他在诗
坛的地位。次年，
他又出版了《夺发记》
，一部极妙的讽刺史诗
。
26.
Pope was the greatest poet of his time.
He strongly advocated neoclassicism,
emphasizing that literary works should
be judged by classical rules of order,
reason, logic, restrained emotion, good
taste and decorum.
蒲伯是当时最伟大的
诗人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度，
理性，逻辑，
情感的克制，高雅的品位以及是否体面，正派来衡量。
27.
He worked
painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric,
concise, smooth,
graceful and well-
balanced style.
他致力于诗歌创作，
发展了讽
刺，
简练，
通顺，
优雅，平衡的风格。
(III)Daniel Defoe
丹尼尔
.
笛福
28.
His quick
mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm
always brought
him back on his feet
after a fall.
他过人的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的热
情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。
29.
Robinson
Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit
of the time, is
universally considered
his masterpiece.
《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精神
的游记历险小说，是笛福的代表作。
30.
In most of
his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working,
study middle class
and showed his
sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.
在他大部分作品
中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及
对破落不幸的穷苦人
的同情。
31.
Defoe was a
very good story-
teller.
笛福很会讲故事。
32.
His sentences
are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and
sometimes long and
rambling, which
leave on the reader an impression of casual narrat
ion.
他的语句
时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，
泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述
自由悠闲的印象。
33.
His language
is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.
他的措辞简朴易
懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。
34.
There
is nothing artificial in his language: it is
common English at its beat.
他的语
言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。
35.
Robinson
Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three
parts.
《鲁宾逊漂流记》
：
整
部小说分为三个部分
The realistic
account of the successful struggle of Robinson
single-handedly
against the hostile
nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson
is here a real
hero: a typical
eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the
pioneer colonist.
其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是
小说最精彩的部分。
在此，
鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英
国十八世纪中产阶级人士。
(IV)Jonathan Sw
ift
乔纳森
.
斯威夫特
36.
In 1704
he published two powerful satires on corruption in
religion and learning,
A Tale of a Tub
and The Battle of the Books, which established his
name as a
satirist.1704
年，他针对
宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品，一
为《桶的故事》
，一为《书籍的战斗》
。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的
地位。
37.
Even today Swift is still respected as
a national hero in Ireland.
直至今日，
斯威夫
特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。
38.
In his
opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently
flawed. To better
human life,
enlightenment is needed.
他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵，
为了使
人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙。
39.
In his
writings, although he intends not to condemn but
to reform and improve
human nature and
human institutions.
在他的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是
采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。
40.
His
“
A Modest Proposal
”
is generally taken as a
perfect model.
他的
《一个温和的
建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。
41.
Swift is one
of the greatest masters of English prose.
斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文
作家。
42.
He defined a
good style as
“
proper words
in proper places.
”
Clear,
simple,
concrete diction, uncomplicated
sentence structure, economy and conciseness of
language mark all his writings---
essays, poems and novels.
他创立了一种良好的
文风，
即
“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”
。
无论是散文，
诗歌，
还
是小说，
简洁，
具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风
格。
43.
Swift
?
s chief
works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the
Books, The
Drapier
?
s
Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias),
Gulliver
?
s Travels and A
Modest
Proposal.
斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶
的故事》
，
《书籍的战斗》
，
《德拉皮尔的
信》
，
《
格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》
。
44.
Gulliver
?
s
Travels: Jonathan
?
s best
fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its
social significance is great and its
exploration into human nature profound.
《格列
佛游记》
：
是斯威夫特最精彩
的一部小说，
全书分为四卷，
它具有重大的社会
意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。
(V)Henry Fielding
亨利
.
费尔丁
45.
During his
career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a
considerable number of
forms of play.
在他戏剧创作生涯里，费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。
46.
Of all his
plays, the best known are The Coffee-House
Politician, The Tragedy of
Tragedies,
Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year
1736.
他的作品中最
有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》
，
《悲剧中的悲剧》
，
《巴斯昆》
，
《
1736
历史年
鉴》
。
47.
a
“
comic epic in
prose,
”
whose subject is
“
the true
ridiculous
”
in human nature.
“散文体喜剧史诗”
，主题是人类本性中的荒唐，对人性进行了
真实的讽刺。
48.
The dominating qualities of the novel
are its excellent character-portrayal, timely
entrances and exits, robustness of tone
and hilarious, hearty humor.
小说的突出特
点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出场退场，笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。
49.
“
The Great Man, properly
considered, is no better than a great
gangster”
----The
History of Jonathan Wild the Great
从某种意义上说，
伟大的人物无异于
“伟大”
的匪徒
--------
《伟大的乔纳森怀
尔德》
。
50.
The History
of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of
human nature.
费尔
丁的代表作《汤姆
.
琼斯：一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。
51.
the purpose
of the novel was not just to amuse, but to
instruct, the object of novel
was to
present a faithful picture of life,
“
the just copies of human
manners,
”
with
sound teaching woven into their
texture, so as to teach men to know themselves,
their proper-spheres and appropriate ma
nners.
，
小说不仅供娱乐，
而且
更有教育
意义，他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷
贝”
，并将说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人
生态度。
52.
Fielding has been regarded by some as
“
Father of the English
novel,
”
for his
contribution to the establishment of
the form of the modern novel.
费尔丁被一些
人尊为“英国小说之父”
，因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。
53.
he was the first to set out , both in
theory and practice, to write specifically a
“
comic epic in
prose,
”
the first to give
the modern novel its structure and style.
他
第一个在理论与实践上创造了
“散文体喜剧史诗”
，
并第一个为现代小说确立
了结构和风格。<
/p>
54.
He
“
thinks the
thought
”
of all his
characters, so he is able to present not only
their
external behaviors but also the
internal workings of their minds.
作者以角色的
口
吻去
“想”
，
因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为，
还可深入刻画其内心的思想
活动。
55.
Fielding
?
s
language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but
extremely vivid and
vigorous. His
sentences are always distinguished by logic and
rhythm, and his
structure carefully
planed toward an inevitable ending.
费尔丁的
创作语言自然流
畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性
见
长，小说结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成章。
56.
Tom Jones,
the novel consists of 18 books. Tom, the titular
hero of the story, he
became a national
hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited,
loyal, and brave,
but impulsive,
wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.
《
汤姆
.
琼斯》
共
18
卷，
汤姆曾一度成
为全国人民心中的英雄，
他
----
诚
实，
善良，
高尚，
忠诚，
勇敢，
同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。
57.
Tom Jones brings its author the name of
the
“
Prose
Home.
”
The panoramic view it
provides of the
18
th
-century English country
.
《汤姆
.
琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散
文荷马”
的盛名，
小说为读者提供了一
幅英国
18
世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全
景图。
(VI)Samuel Johnson
塞缪尔
.
约翰逊
58.
The years
between 1737 and 1755, he did translations, wrote
poems, essays and so
on.1737
年
至
1755
年这段时间对他来说充满
了艰辛
:
他做过翻译
,
写过诗
,
为书
商编书
,
编辑杂志。
59.
In his famous
Literary Club, where he was surrounded with
respect by the elite of
the literary ci
rcles.
在他的文学社里，周围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。
60.
Johnson was
an energetic and versatile writer. He had a hand
in all the different
branches of
literary activities.
约翰逊精力充沛，多才多艺，他还涉足各种
各样
的文学领域。
61.
His chief
works include pomes:
“
London
”
, and
“
The Vanity of Human
Wishes
”
; a
romance: The History of Rasselas,
Prince of Abyssinia; a tragedy: Irene.
他
的主要
作品有诗歌：
《伦敦》
，
《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪漫诗：
《拉塞拉斯的历史》
，
《阿比西尼亚王子》
；一部悲剧：
< br>《艾琳》
。
62.
As a
lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as
the author of the first
English
dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the
English Language, a
gigantic task which
Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in
over seven
years.
作为词典编撰者，约翰逊
是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人，作品为《英
文大词典》
，这部
巨著是塞缪尔
.
约翰逊花了七年时间独自完成的。
63.
Johnson
was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in
the later eighteenth century.
He was
very much concerned with the theme of the vanity
of human wishes.
约翰
逊是十八世纪下半叶最
后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家，他十分关心人类欲望
的虚幻，几乎他所有的作品都含有这
样的主题。
64.
His sentences are long and well
structured, interwoven with parallel words and
phrases.
他使用的句子一般较长，但结构工整，包含有许多排
比，对仗。
65.
Reading his works gives the reader the
impression that he is talking with a very
learned man.
读他的小说会给人一种感觉，他在与
一位非常博学的人士对话。
(VII)Richard
Brinsley Sheridan
理查
.
< br>比
.
谢立丹
66.
The year 1777
saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School
for Scandal,
which brought him quite a
fortune.1777
年，
谢立丹的代表作
《造谣学校》
出版，
使他大发其财。
< br>
67.
His
plays, especially The Rivals and The School for
Scandal, are generally
regarded as
important links between the masterpiece of
Shakespeare and those of
Bernard Shaw,
and as true classics in English comedy.
他的代表作
《情敌》
和
《造
谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳的纽带，是真正的英国古典派
喜剧。
68.
In his play, morality is the constant
theme.
他的作品永恒的主题是道德。
69.
The School for Scandal is mainly a
story about two brothers, the hypocritical
Joseph Surface and the good-natured,
imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface. The
play ends with great disgrace for
Joseph and double bliss for Charles. It is a sharp
satire on the moral degeneracy of the
aristocratic-bourgeois society in the
eighteenth-century England. No wonder,
the play has been Regarded as the best
comedy since Shakespeare.
《造
谣学校》
主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事，一个是
伪君子约瑟夫
.
萨尔菲斯，另一个是放荡不羁但心地善良的查尔斯
.
萨尔菲斯。
戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地，而查尔斯既
获得了美人的芳心，又获得了丰厚
的遗产，而梯泽尔夫人在丈夫的感化下与其重归于好。
《造谣学校》是对
18
世纪英国贵族资
产阶级的道德败坏，对无聊的富人恶意的制造谣言，对上层
社会骄奢淫逸的生活以及对在
高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德
沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问，它
被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色
的喜剧。
(VII)Thomas Gray
托马斯
.
格雷
70.
he declined
the Poet laureateship in 1757.1757
年，他竟谢
绝了授予他的诗人桂
冠奖。
71.
In contrast
to those professional writers,
Gray
?
s literary output was s
mall.
与其余
专职作家不同，格雷作品极少。
72.
His
masterpiece,
“
Elegy Written
in a Country Churchyard
”
was
published in 1751.
The poem once and
for all established his fame as the leader of the
sentimental
poetry of the day,
especially
“
the Graveyard Sc
hool
”
.1757
年，
他的代表作
《写在
教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠
定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创始人的地
位，尤其是从此他便成为“墓地诗歌”流派的
代表。
73.
His other poems include
“
Ode on the
Spring
”
,
“
Ode on the Death of a
Favourite
cat
”
and so on. (Ode:
…
.
赞，
颂
)
他的其他作品还有
《春之颂》
，
《伊顿公学展望》
，
《爱猫之死》等等。
74.
A
conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote
slowly and carefully,
painstakingly
seeking perfection of form and phrase.
格
雷创作态度认真，作品诞
生速度慢，却精益求精。
75.
“
Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard
”
is regarded as
Gray
?
s best and most
representative work. In this poem, Gray
reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and
the mysteries of human life with a
touch of his personal melancholy. The poem
abounds in images and arouses sentiment
in the bosom of every reader, The poem
has been ranked among the best of the
eighteenth century English poetry.
《
写在教
堂墓地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作，创作历时八年，诗中内容
与格雷的
知己理查
.
韦斯特的去世有关
。其中，格雷揭示了生与死的愁苦与神秘，并略
述了自己忧伤的心情。诗中富于比喻，并
给读者带来深深的伤感。这首诗被
列为英国十八世纪最优秀的诗歌之一。
Chapter3
The Romantic
Period (1798-1832)
浪漫主义
1.
This urgency
was provoked by two important revolutions: the
French Revolution
of 1789-1794 and the
English Industrial Revolution which happened more
slowly,
but with Astonishing consequenc
es.
英国面临着新的发展动力：一是
1789-1794
年的法国资产阶级大革命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。
2.
In 1832, the
Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the
Industrial capitalists into
power.1832<
/p>
年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。
3.
The Romantic
Movement, whether in England, Germany or France,
expressed a
more or less negative
forward the existing social.
浪漫主义运动，无论是在
英国，
德国还是法国，都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产
阶级的上升的否定态度。
4.
The Romantics
demonstrated a strong reaction against the
dominant modes of
thinking of the
18
th
-century writers and
philosophers. Where their predecessors
saw man as a social animal, the
Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in
the solitary state.
文学家摒弃了
18
世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调
---
理性，
新古典
主义文学家认为人是社会性的动
物，而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自
由的个体。
5.
Thus, we can
say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change
of direction from
attention to the
outer world of social civilization to the inner
world of the human
spirit.
因此
，
我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界
—<
/p>
社会
文明转移到内部世界
---
人类自己的精神实质。
6.
The Romantic
period is an age of
poetry.
浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。
7.
They believed
that poetry could purify both individual souls and
the society.
他们
（浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克，华
兹华斯，科勒律治，拜伦，雪莱及济恩）认
为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，可以净化人的
灵魂。
8.
Wordsworth defines the poet as a
“
man speaking to
men,
”
and poetry as
“
the
spontaneous
overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in
emotion
recollected in tranquillity.
”
华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗
< br>歌是强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止乎静。
9.
Imagination,
defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that
creates new wholes out
of disparate ele
ments.
想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超
凡的官能。
10.
The Romantics not only extol the
faculty of imagination, but also elevate the
concepts of spontaneity and
inspiration, regarding them as something crucial
for
true poetry.
浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，
还强调灵感与创作的自发性，
认为有这
两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。
11.
Romantics
also tend to be nationalistic.
浪漫主义者们还体现
了强烈的民族精
神。
12.
To the
Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.
They would turn to the
humble people
and the common
everyday
life for subjects.
浪漫主义诗人却打
破这
些格律，他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。
13.
The two major
novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen
and Walter Scott.
浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简
< br>.
奥斯汀与沃尔特
.
司各特
.
14.
Jane Austen
?
s
view of life is a totally realistic one.
简
.
奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的
现实主
义
.
15.
The major theme of
Jane
?
s novels is love and
marriage toward which she holds on
a
practical idealism---love should be justified by
reason and disciplined by
self-control.
She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she
knows best., she has
become a popular
classic and has been admired for her wit, her
common-sense,
her insight into
characters and social relationships.
简<
/p>
.
奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情
与婚姻
,
对于这个主题
,
奥
斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义
---
爱情必须有理
智及道德准则的约束
,
她的作品的背景都很小却
都是她熟知的
,
她的智慧
,
常识
及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱
.
16.
Walter
Scott showed a keen sense of political and
traditional forces and of their
influence on the individual. He is the
first major historical novelist.
司各特表现出<
/p>
对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上
第一位重要的历史小说家。
17.
Gothic novel,
a type of romantic fiction that predominated in
the late eighteenth
century, its
principal elements are violence, horror, and the s
upernatural.
哥特式小
说也是浪漫主义运动的一部
分，
它盛行于浪漫主义前期的
18
世纪
末。
这种小
说的主要题材是暴力，恐怖及对超自然力（鬼神）的
描写。
(I)William Blake
< br>威廉
.
布莱克
18.
He was often
misunderstood by other people, who would regard
him as gifted but
mad. He was
recognized only posthumously.
他经常遭到旁人误解，
认为他是个
天才，又是个疯子，他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。
< br>
19.
Childhood
is central to Blake
?
s
concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of
Experience, and this concern gives the
two books a strong social and historical
reference.
他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》中，童年是布莱克
主要
描述的中心，这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。
< br>
20.
Blake
?
s Marriage
of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity.
It plays the
double role both as a
satire and a revolutionary prophecy.
布莱克
的《天堂与地狱
的结合》
一诗标志着他创作上的成熟，
并担负了讽喻与革命预言的两重角色。
21.
The
“
marriage,
”
to
Black, means the reconciliation of then
contraries, not the
subordination of
the one to the other.
婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和，而并非
一方从属于另一方。
22.
Blake felt
bound to declare that
“
I
know that This World is World of Imagination
& Vision
”
and
that
“The
Nature of my work
is visionary or imaginative.
”
布莱克
热切得宣布：
“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想
的世界，
我的作品也如
人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。
”
23.
Blake writes his poems in plain and
direct language.
布莱克的语言直白朴素。
24.
Symbolism in
wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poe
try.
大范围地使用
象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。
(II)William Wordsworth
< br>威廉
.
华兹华斯
25.
The poet
Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby,
and the three men
became known as the
“
Lake Poets
”
.
诗人骚塞
,
科勒律治也
居住在同一地城
,
三人
并称为
”
湖畔诗人
”
。
26.
In
1842 he received a government pension, and in the
following year he succeeded
Southey as
Poet Laureate.1842
年政府为他发了津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为了<
/p>
“桂冠诗人”
。
27.
According to
the subject, Wordsworth
?
s
short poems can be classified into two
group: poems about nature and poems
about human life.
按照主题，
华的短诗可分
为两大类：关于自然的和关于人类生活的。
28.
Wordsworth is
regarded as a
“
worshipper of
nature.
”
华被称为
”
大自然的膜拜
者
”
。<
/p>
29.
Wordsworth thinks that common life is
the only subject of literary interest. The
joys and sorrows of the common people
are his themes.
华认为普通人的普通生
活应是
文学的主题，她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。
30.
His works
contain
“
The Solitary
Reaper
”
,
“
To a Highland
Girl
”
,
”
The Old
Cumberland Beggar
”
and
“
The Ruined Cottage
”
.
他的作品包括《孤独的收割
者
》
，
《致高地姑娘》
，
《老坎伯兰的乞丐》和《被摧毁的茅屋》
。
31.
In its daring
use of subject mater and sense of then
authenticity of the experience
of the
poorest,
“
Resolution and
Independence
”
is the
triumphant conclusion of
ideas first
developed in the Lyrical Ballads.
通过大胆运用
这样的主题，
同时对贫
苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大的可信度
，
“革命与独立”
则成为
《抒情歌谣<
/p>
集》中成功的结论，这在英国诗歌历史上也是第一次。
32.
Wordsworth is
a poet in memory of the past
.
华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人。
33.
Wordsworth
?
s
deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the
truth of experience
produced a kind of
pure and profound poetry which no other poet has
ever equaled.
华兹华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶使他
的诗歌具有别人
无法企及的纯净与深远之美。
34.
he maintained
that the scenes and events of everyday life and
the speech of
ordinary people were the
raw material of which poetry could and should be m
ade.
他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握真实素材的来源，他的创作理论的核心便是
普通人的生活经历，普通人的词汇语言都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。
35.
William
Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English
romantic poetry, the focal
poetic voice
of the period.
华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的精英，
是浪漫主义时期的
杰出代表。
36.
The most
important contribution he has made is that he has
not only started the
modern poetry, the
poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed
the course of
English poetry by using
ordinary speech of the language and by advocating
a
return to nature.
他对诗歌的巨大贡献
在于开启了现代诗歌，
开创了运用百姓生
活语言写诗的新道路，
并号召人们回归自然。
(III)Samuel
Taylor Coleridge
塞
.
泰
.
科勒律治
37.
In 1798, the
two men published a joint volume of poetry,
Lyrical Ballads, which
became a
landmark in English poetry. 1798
年，
他同华兹华斯合作出版
《抒情歌
谣集》
，成为英诗发展的一座里程碑。
38.
In addition
to
“
The Ancient
Mariner,
”
he wrote
“
Kubla
Khan,
”
began writing
“
Christabel
”
and composed
“
This Lime-Tree
Bower My Prison,
”
“
Frost at
Midnight,
”
and
“
The
Nightingale,
”
which are
considered to be his best
“
c
onversational
”
poems.
他创作了
《古航海家之歌》
，
《忽必烈汗》
，
《子夜寒霜》
，
《夜莺》等名诗，这些都是他“对话诗”的代表。
39.
Philosophically and critically,
Coleridge opposed the limitedly rationalistic
trends of the the
18
th
-century thought.
在哲学与文学评论方面，
科勒律治反对
18
世纪那种局限的理性主义潮流。
40.
he advocated
a more spiritual and religious interpretation of
life, based on what he
had learnt from
Kant and Schelling.
他倡导了以坎特与斯凯灵理论的对人类精
神化与宗教化的诠释。
41.
He believed
that art is the only permanent revelation of the
nature of reality.
他认
为艺术是唯一一种
能永远揭示现实的形式。
42.
Coleridge
?
s
actual achievement as poet can be divided into two
remarkably
diverse groups: the demonic
and the conversational.
柯勒律治在诗歌方面的成就
可分为不同的两大类，神祗诗与对话诗。
43.
Mysticism and
demonism with strong imagination are the
distinctive features of
this
group.
这些诗歌的显著特点，便是神秘与想象。
44.
“
C
hristabel
”
uses a freer
version of the ballad form to create an atmosphere
of the
Gothic horror at once delicate
and sinister.
“克丽斯特贝尔”一诗采用了更为自
由的抒情诗形式，创造出的是与一种微妙而又邪恶的哥特式恐怖氛围。
45.
He sings
highly Wordsworth
?
s
“
purity of
language,
”
“
deep and subtle
thoughts,
”
“
Perfect truth to
nature
”
and his
“
imaginative
power.
”
But he denies
Wordsworth
?
s
claim that there is no essential
difference between the language of poetry and the
language spoken by common people.
他高度赞赏华兹华斯那
“纯净的语言”
，
“深
邃的思想”
，
“对自
然完美真实的描述”以及他“非凡的想象力”
。但是他不赞
成华
兹华斯所说的“诗歌语言与普通百姓的生活语言没什么两样”
。
46.
Coleridge was
esteemed by some of his contemporaries and is
generally
recognized today as a lyrical
poet and literary critic of the first rank.
科勒律治被
同时期的诗界所尊崇，直至今日也被奉为第一流的抒情诗人与文学评
论家。
47.
he was one of the most influential
English literary critics and philosophers of the
19
th
century.
他是
19
世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表。
（
IV
）
George Gordon Byron
乔治
.
戈登
.
拜伦
48.
The
publication in 1812 of the first two cantos of
Childe Harold
?
s Pilgrimage,
brought Byron fame.
拜伦早期代表作是长
篇叙事诗《恰尔德
.
哈罗德游记》第
一
，第二章（
1812
）
。
49.
In
Geneva, he wrote the third canto of Childe Harold
and the narrative poem The
Prisoner of
Chillon.
在日内瓦，
拜伦写下了
《哈罗德游记》
第三章及叙事诗
《齐
伦的囚犯》
。
50.
he produced
the verse drama Manfred, the first two cantos of
Don Juan.
他创作了
诗剧《曼弗雷德》
，
《唐璜》的前两章。
51.
Don Juan is
Byron
?
s masterpiece, a great
comic epic of the early 19
th
century.
他的
代表作《唐璜》是
19
世纪初期的著名讽刺史诗。
52.
Byron invests
in Juan the moral positives like courage,
generosity and frankness,
are virtues
neglected by the modern society.
拜伦在唐璜身上
开发出勇敢
,
慷慨
,
< br>诚
恳直白等优点。
53.
the
poet
?
s true intention is, by
making use of Juan
?
s
adventures, to present a
panoramic view
of different types of society.
诗人的创作意旨在于
通过唐璜的游
历来体现不同的社会情形。
54.
Byron
?
s satire on
the English society in the later part of the poem
can be compared
with
Pope
?
s; and his satire is
much less personal than that of
Pope
?
s, for Byron is
here attacking not a personal enemy but
the whole hypocritical society.
拜伦在诗
的末尾对英国社会的讽刺与蒲柏相媲美，有过之而无不及，因为拜伦讽刺的
不是个人恩怨，而是整个社会的虚伪。
55.
As a leading
Romanticist, Byron
?
s chief
contribution is his creation of the
“
Byronic
hero,
”
a proud, mysterious
rebel figure of noble origin. Such a hero
appears first in Childe
Harold
?
s Pilgrimage, and
then further developed in later
works
such as the Oriented Tales, Manfred, and Dan Juan
in different guises.
作为
浪漫主义的代
表诗人，拜伦的主要贡献在于他创造了“拜伦式英雄”
，高傲，
神秘，反叛却带有贵族血统。这种拜伦式英雄出现在《哈罗德游记》
，
< br>《东方
故事集》
，
《曼弗雷德》
及《唐璜》等多部作品中。
56.
Actually Byron has enriched European
poetry with an abundance of ideas, images,
artistic forms and innovations.
< br>拜伦以丰富的思想，想象力，艺术形式和创新欧
洲的诗歌得到了发展
(V)Percy Bysshe Shelley
柏
.
比
.
雪
莱
57.
He held a lifelong aversion to cruelty,
injustice, authority, institutional religion and
the formal shams of respectable
society, condemning war, tyranny and
ex
ploitation.
他一生都在执著的反抗社会上的残忍与不公，强权与宗教，战争
与剥削。
58.
He realized
that the evil was also in
man
?
s
mind.
他认为罪恶还存在于人的思想。
59.
One of
Shelley
?
s greatest political
lyrics is
“
Men of England.
The poem was later
to become a rallying
song of the British Communist Party.
”
雪莱最著名的政治抒
情诗是“致苏格兰人民”
，这首诗在宪章运动时期成为广大工人的战歌。
60.
Best of all
the well-known lyric pieces is
Shelley
?
s
“
Ode to the West
Wind
”
; here
Shelley
?
s
rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a
subject perfectly suited to
them.
雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属“西风颂”
，这首诗语气狂热，宜于诵读。
61.
“
If Winter comes, can Spring
be far behind?
”
The poem is
written in the terza
rima form Shelley
derived from his reading of Dante.
“如果冬天
已经来临，春天
还会远吗？”诗人引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但丁的三行诗节隔句押
韵
法。
62.
Shelley
?
s
greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama,
Prometheus
Unbound
，
The play
is an exultant work in praise of
humankind
?
s potential, and
Shelley himself recognized it as
“
the most perfect of my prod
ucts.
”
.
雪莱最有造
诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧
《解放了的普罗米修斯》
，
它赞扬了人类自身的潜力，
雪莱认识它是自己最出色的作品。
63.
Like Blake, he has a reputation as a
difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex,
full of classical and mythological allu
sions.
像布莱克一样，由于不同于其他人，
他是个备受推
崇的诗人，他的作品博学，具有深厚文化底蕴，含有丰富的典
故和神灵的暗示。
(VI)John Keats
约翰
.
济慈
64.
Endymion,
published in 1818, was a poem based on the Greek
myth of Endymion
and the moon goddess.1
818
年
,
济慈出版了长诗
<
安狄米恩
>,
该诗以希
腊神话为
素材
,
记述了牧人安狄米恩赫
月光女神的故。
65.
It was this yearning and suffering that
quickened his maturity and added a new
dimension to his poetry.
一连串挫
折与内心压抑的情感促使他走向成熟，
并使他
未来的创作更加丰
满。
66.
At the heart of these pomes lies
Keats
?
concern with how the
ideal can be joined
with the real, the
imagined with the actual, and man with woman.
这些诗歌表达
了济慈对如何将理想与现实，想象与实际，男人与女人结合起
来的思考。
67.
The volume also contain his four great
odes:
”
Ode on
Melancholy,
”
“
Ode on a
Grecian
Urn,
”
“
Ode to a
Nightingale,
”
“
Ode a
Psyche;
”
his lyric
masterpiece
“
To
Autumn
”
and the
unfinished poem
“
Hyperion.
”
这部诗集包括他著名的四首
“颂”
：
“忧郁颂”
，
“希
腊古瓮颂”
，
“夜莺颂”
，
“普赛克颂”及他抒情诗的代
表作“秋日颂”和未完成的诗作“希波里恩”
。
68.
The odes
are
generally regarded as
Keats
?
s most important and
mature works.
颂
诗是济慈最重要也是最成熟的作
品。
69.
In the great of these works, he also
suggests the undercurrent of disillusion that
accompanies such ecstasy, the human
suffering which forever question the
visionary transcendence achieved by art
.
在这些作品中
,
他对资本主义社会现
实
又不满，他的诗歌却常常带有唯美主义色彩。
70.
“
Ode to a
Nightingale
”
expresses the
contrast between the happy world of natural
loveliness and human world of agony.
”
夜莺颂
”
展示了自
然界之美与人世之痛苦
强烈的反差。
71.
“
Ode on an Grecian
Urn
”
shows the contrast
between the permanence of art and
the
transience of human passion.
“希腊古瓮颂”展示了永
恒的艺术与短暂的人
类热情之间的对比。
72.
Sight, sound,
scent, taste and feeling are all taken in to give
an entire
understanding of an experienc
e.
将视，听，嗅，味，触等感觉都转化成绝美的
文字，带来一
个通透的体验。
73.
He draws diction, style and imagery
from works of Shakespeare, Milton and
D
ante.
他在措词，风格和比喻上都参考了莎士比亚，弥尔顿和但丁的作品。
74.
Keat
s?
s poetry
characterized by exact and closely knit
construction, sensual
descriptions, and
by force of imagination, gives transcendental
values to the
physical beauty of the
world.
济慈的诗以精确紧凑的造句，有感描写为特色，
通过想象，营造了超出人类经验值的自然之美。
(VII)Jane Austen
简
.
奥斯汀
75.
Her first
novel, Sense and Sensibility, tells a story about
two sisters and their love
affairs:
Pride and Prejudice, the most popular of her
novels, deals with five Bennet
sisters
and search for suitable husbands; and Northanger A
bbey.
她的处女作
《理智
与情感》
讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历；
《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品，讲
述了贝内特一家五位姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程；
《诺觉寺》讽刺了
< br>18
世纪流
行的哥特式骑士抒情诗。
76.
Mansfield
Park presents the antithesis of worldliness and
unworldliness Emma
gives the thought
over self-deceptive vanity; and Persuasion
contrasts the true
love with the
prudential calculations.
《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与
非世俗
的并存；
《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思；
《劝告》将真挚爱情与精
打细算进行了对照。
77.
She holds
the ideals of the landlord class in politics,
religion and moral principles;
and her
works show clearly her firm belief in the
predominance of reason over
passion,
the sense of responsibility, good manners and
clear-sighted judgment
over the
Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.<
/p>
她主张地主阶级应在
政治及社会生活中占主导地位，
而她的作品也表现了她强调的理智高于情感，
责任心、礼节、公正高于浪漫与
个人主义的观点。
78.
And in style, she is neoclassicism
advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of
order, reason, proportion and
gracefulness in novel writing.
在写作风格上，她提
倡新古典主义，坚持理性，秩序，典雅的原则。
79.
Austen
?
s main
literary concern is about human beings in their
personal
relationships.
奥斯汀的创
作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关。
80.
It is her
conviction that a man
?
s
relationship to his wife and children is at least
as
important a part of his life as his
concerns about his belief and career.
她确
信一个
人与自己妻子，儿女的关系最起码同他生命的另一半
--
-
事业，信仰
---
同样重
要。
81.
plots are all restricted to the
provincial life of the late
18
th
-century England,
concerning three or four landed gentry
families with their daily routine life.
奥斯
汀的写作素材十分狭窄。
主题，
角
色，
社会背景及情节都离不开
18
世纪
英国
的乡村中产阶级生活，总是三，四口之家的日常生活。
82.
Pride and
Prejudice, originally drafted as
“
First
Impressions
”
in 1796, is the
most
delightful of Jane
Austen
?
s works.
《傲
慢与偏见》原名《第一印象》是奥斯汀
最出色的作品。
83.
Our first
impression, according to Jane Austen, are usually
wrong.
奥斯汀认为人
的第一印象总是有失偏颇的。
84.
The
structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the
characterization in the highest
degree
memorable, while the irony has a radiant
shrewdness unmatched elsewhere.
这部小说结构精致
灵巧，人物描写令人难忘，讽刺出其不意。
85.
The works of
Jane Austen, at once delightful and profound, are
among the
supreme achievements of
English literature. With trenchant observation and
in
meticulous detail, she presents the
quiet, day-to-day country life of the
upper-middle-class English.
奥
斯汀的著作令人愉悦并有深意，是英国文学史上
巨大的成就。她通过犀利细致的观察，向
我们展现了平和的英国乡村中产阶
级的日常生活全貌。
86.
Her
characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved
through the loss of illusions.
其典型的主旨是成熟
，实在错误的幻想打破后获得的。
87.
Because of
her sensitivity to universal patterns of human
behavior, Jane Austen
has brought the
English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity,
and she has been
regarded by many
critics as one of the greatest of all novelists.
由于她人类行为的
普遍模式十分敏感，奥斯汀使英国小说走向成熟，
众多评论家都认为她是英
国最出色的小说家之一。
Chapter 4
The
Victorian
Period(1836-1901)
维多利亚时期
1.
Common sense
and moral propriety, which were ignored by the
Romanticists,
again became the
predominant preoccupation in literary work.
道德和常理这些
被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题，又回到了文学主流中来。
2.
Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater, both
notorious advocators of the theory of
“
art for
art
?
s sake.
”
唯美主义者奥斯卡．王尔德与沃尔特．培特都极力推崇“为了艺
术而艺术”的观点。
3.
Utilitarianism
was widely accepted and
practiced.
实用主义大行其道。
4.
The poetry of
this period was mainly characterized by
experiments with new
styles and ways of
expression.
这个时期的诗歌具有风格标新，表达立异的特
< br>点。
5.
Victorian literature, in general,
truthfully represents the reality and spirit of
the
age. The high-spirited vitality,
the down to earth earnestness, the good-matured
humor and unbounded imagination are all
unprecedented.
维多利亚时期文学，
真
实地反映了时代的现实与精神，
其中体现出的高度的活力，
脚踏实地的精神，
善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。
(I)Charles
Dickens
查尔斯．狄更斯
6.
Soon The
Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club appeared in
monthly
installments. It is once lifted
him into a position of fame and fortune.
很快《皮克
威克外传》也出版了，这使狄更斯一度名利双收。
7.
Dickens is one
of the greatest critical realist writer of the
Victorian Age.
狄更斯
是伟大的批判现实主义作
家。
8.
The best he can do seems to try to
retain an optimism with wishful thinking.
他所
能做的只是保持一种充满希望的乐观主义。
9.
Whatever his
limitations, this man is loved and admired by the
millions, not only
for the practical
reform his works have helped to bring about but
also for that
heart which is ready to
love and sympathize.
不管狄更斯有何局限性，
< br>他都深受
人民大众喜爱，
不仅因为他的作品促进社会改良
，
更因为他那颗善良博爱之
心。
10.
In his works, Dickens sets out a full
map and a Large-scale criticism of the
nineteenth century England,
particularly London.
在他的作品中，狄更斯对１９
世纪的英国，特别是伦敦做出了全面地描绘及大量的批评。
11.
His early
works contain Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The
Pickwick
Paper(legal fraud), David
Copperfield and Martin Chuzzlewit.
他的早期作
品包
括
《雾都孤儿》
，
《尼古拉斯．
尼克尔比》
，
《
皮克威克外传》
（合法欺骗）
，
《大<
/p>
卫．科波菲尔》和《马丁．瞿述伟》等等。
12.
This youthful
brightness and optimism is also manifest in the
constant jokes and
laughter.
作者青年时期的这种明朗与乐观还体现在作品的幽默与笑料中。
13.
His later
works contain A tale of two Cities, Bleak House,
Little Dorrit, Hard
Times and Great Exp
ectations.
后期作品包括《双城记》
，
《荒凉山庄》
，
《小多
利特
》
，
《艰难时世》和《远大前程》
。<
/p>
14.
Charles Dickens is a master story-
teller.
狄更斯具有惊人的讲故事能力。
15.
Dickens
?
works
are also characterized by a mingling of humor and
pathos.
狄更
斯的作品还有一个特点，是将幽默与哀伤的
泪水交汇起来。
16.
Sometimes Dickens seems so anxious to
wring an extra tear from the audience
that he indulges himself in excessive
sentimental melodrama and spoils the story.
有时狄更斯会将作品写的令读者潸然泪下，但由于他过于注重悲情的渲染，
有时
会破坏故事的连贯性。
17.
Charles Dickens is one of the greatest
Victorian writers, and his name one of
those to be remembered forever.
狄更斯是英国文学史上能与莎士比亚齐名的
文学巨人，他的作品与人格都将永远
留在人民心中。
(II)The Bronte
Sisters
布朗蒂姐妹
18.
Charlotte
Bronte, Emily Bronte, and their gifted sister Anne
Bronte came from a
large family of
Irish origin.
夏洛蒂
.
布朗蒂，艾米丽
.
布朗蒂，安妮
.
布朗蒂三姐
妹出生于爱尔兰裔的大户人家。
19.
Charlotte
?
s
second novel, Jane Eyre, won immediate success
when it appeared in
1847. In the same
year, Emily
?
s single and
unique work Wuthering Heights and
Anne
?
s Agnes Grey
were also published.
夏洛蒂的第二部小说《简爱》问世后
立即大获成功。
同年，
艾米丽唯一的小说
《呼啸山庄》
与安妮的
《阿格尼斯
.
格雷》也相继发行。
20.
Charlotte
?
s works
are all about the struggle of an individual
consciousness
towards self-realization,
about some lonely and neglected young women with a
fierce longing for love, understanding
and a full, happy life.
夏洛蒂的作品主题
< br>几乎都是个人自觉地为实现自我价值而奋斗，
都是有关一些孤独而卑微的少
女对爱情，理解与完整幸福的生活的强烈渴求。
21.
In her mind,
man
?
s life is composed of
perpetual battle between sin and virtue,
good and evil.
在她看来，人生就是一场永不停
息的罪恶与美德的斗争。
22.
All her heroines
?
highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or
some human
weakness overcome.
她小说中的女主人公最大的快乐都来自一些自我牺牲后
或个人弱点被战胜后获得的幸福
。
23.
She is a writer of realism combined
with romanticism. On one hand, she presents
a vivid realism picture of the English
society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy
and other evils of the upper classes,
and by showing the misery and suffering of
the poor. On the other hand, her
writings are marked throughout by an intensity
of vision and passion.
她还是集现实
主义与浪漫主义于一身的作家。一方面，
她真实生动的再现了英国上流社会的残酷，
虚伪及其他丑恶现象以及下层贫
苦人民的不幸。另一方面，她的笔下
充盈这美好的情与景。
24.
Jane Eyre: It is noted for its sharp
criticism of the existing society. The success of
the novel is also due to its
introduction to the English novel the first
governess
heroine.
《简爱》
：它以对当时社会尖锐的批评而闻名于世。小说的成功在于
它在英国小说史上
第一次成功的塑造出了家庭教师的女主人公形象。
25.
The vivid
description of her intense feelings and her
thought and inner conflicts
brings her
to the heart of the audience.
小说通过对简热烈的情
感，思想以及内
心冲突的生动描写，向读者展示出了一幅心灵画卷。
26.
Wuthering
Heights: It is the story about two families and an
intruding stranger.
《呼啸山庄》讲的是两个家庭与一个外来者的
故事。
(III)Alfred Tennyson
阿尔弗雷德
.
丁尼生
27.
He was
appointed the Poet
Laureate.
丁尼生被授予“桂冠诗人”的荣誉。
28.
Tennyson
?
s poetic
career is also marked out by Idylls of the King
(the Celtic
legends of King Arthur).
丁尼生另一部代表作是《国王诗歌集》
，故事源于凯
< br>尔特民族关于亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士的传说。
29.
For one
thing, the moral standards and sentiments
reflected in the poem belong
to the
Victorians rather than to the medieval royal
people. For the other, the story
of the
rise and fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to
represent a cyclic history
of western c
ivilization.
其一是因为诗中道德标准及情感都属于维多利亚并非
中世纪的贵族；
其二是因为故事中亚瑟王的崛起与衰败其实就是西方文明
周
而复始的历史写照。
（
《国王诗集》
并不是古代传奇简单的翻版，
而是对古典
神话的现代诠释？）
30.
Tennyson is a real artist. He has the
natural power of linking visual picture with
musical expressions.
丁尼生是一位善于
将可视的风景图画与极富乐感的表达
语汇及多姿多彩的情感非常自然的糅合在一起的艺术
家。
31.
The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty
of Milton, the natural simplicity of
Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake and
Coleridge, the melody of Keats and
Shelley, and the narrative vigor of
Scott and Byron.
丁尼生的创作不仅体现了他
自身的天才，
还体现了英国灿烂的诗歌传统，
从斯宾塞的梦幻到
弥尔顿的壮
丽，
从华兹华斯的自然简洁到布莱克与科勒律治的奇
异诡谲，
从雪莱与济慈
的旋律美到司格特与拜伦的叙事天才，<
/p>
这一切丰富多彩的品质都在丁尼生笔
下有所体现。
(IV).Robert Browning
罗伯特
.
布朗宁
32.
Like
Browning
?
s other characters
in their monologues, these people
unconsciously reveal their own
characters in the story.
正像布朗宁其他独白作
品种的人物，这些人也不自觉地通过讲述故事暴露了自己的性格特点。
33.
The name of
Browning is often associated with the term:
“
dramatic
monolo
gue.
”
《指环与书》一诗使布朗宁成为英国最伟大的诗人之
一。
34.
To Browning, the dramatic monologue is
an ingenious means to exploit his
literary gift without getting too perso
nal.
对布朗宁来说，戏剧独白是一种既能
开发文才，又可与
角色保持一定距离的灵活方式。
(V)George Eli
ot
乔治
.
艾略特
35.
Then there
came successively her three most popular novels,
Adam Bede, The
Mill on the Floss and
Silas Marner.
而后她的三部代表作相继问世：
《
亚当
.
贝
德》
、
《费洛斯河上的磨房》以及《织工拉斯
.
马奈尔》
36.
In1872
，
Middlemarch, a panoramic book
considered today by many to be
George
Eliot
?
s greatest achievement
.1872
年，
《弥都玛持镇》问世，这部作品
是她最好的作品。
37.
By joining the worlds of inward
propensity and outward circumstances and
showing them both operating in the
lives of her characters, she initiates a new
type of realism and sets into motion a
variety of developments, leading in the
direction of both the naturalistic and
psychological novel.
通过将自己的内心世
界与外在环境结合起来，
并把两者注入对角色的塑造之中，
艾
略特开创了一
种新型的现实主义，并进一步朝着自然主义与心理分析小说发展。
38.
In
her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle
of a soul and to reveal the
motives,
impulses and hereditary influences which govern
human action.
在作品
中，
她努力的表现人们灵魂深处的斗争，
揭示那种驾驭人类行为的动机，
< br>冲
动及遗传影响。
39.
George Eliot
shows a particular concern for the destiny of
women, especially
those with great
intelligence, potential and social aspirations.
艾略特特别关心女
性的命运，尤其是那些才华出众，渴望步入社会的女
性。
40.
In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of
women lies in their very birth.
艾略特认为女
人的不幸是出生时就随身带来的。
41.
Middlemarch:
but both fail in achieving their goals owing to
the social
environment as well as their
own vulnerabilities.
《弥都玛持镇》
：小说的两个
女性主角都具有潜在资质与雄雄野心，
但都因为社
会环境与自身弱点的限制
没能达到人生目标。
(VI)Thomas Hardy
托马斯
.
哈代
42.
his last two
novels: Tess of the
D
?
Urbervilles and Jude the O
bscure.
他的最后两
部小说是《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名
的裘德》
。
43.
His best
local-colored works are his later ones, such as
The Return of the Native,
The Trumpet
Major, The Mayor of Casterbridge, The Woodlanders,
Tess of the