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1.
Carlyle
:
Thomas
Carlyle
(1795-1881),
English
essayist
and
historian
born
at
Ecclefechan, a
village of
the Scotch lowlands. After graduating from the
University of Edinburgh, he rejected the
ministry,
for
which
he
had
been
intended,
and
determined
to
he
a
writer
of
hooks.
In
1826
he
married
Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman
who did much to further his career.
They moved to Jane' s farm at
Craigenputtoeh where they lived for 6 years
(1828-1834 ). During
this time he
produced Sartor Resartus (1833-1834), a book in
which he first developed his char-
acteristic style and thought. This book
is a veiled sardonic attack upon the shams and
pretences of
society,
upon
hollow
rank,
hollow
officialism,
hollow
custom,
out
of
which
life
and
usefulness
have departed. In
1837 he published The French Revolution, a poetic
rendering and not a factual
account of
the great event in history. Besides these two
masterpieces, he wrote Chartism (1840),
On Heroes, hero Worship, and the Heroic
in History (I841), Past and Present (1843) and
others.
a
peculiar
style
of
his
own,
was
a
compound
of
biblical
phrases,
col
loquialisms,
Teutonic
twists,
and
his
own
coinings,
arranged
in
unexpected
sequences.
One
of
the
most
important social critics of his day,
Carlyle influenced many men of the younger
generation, among
them were Mathew
Arnold and Ruskin.
2. Lamb : Charles Lamb (1775-1834),
English essayist, was born in London and brought
up
within the precincts of the ancient
law courts, his father being a servant to an
advocate of the inner
Temple.
He
went
to
school
at
Christ's
Hospital,
where
he
had
for
a
classmate
Coleridge,
his
life-long friend. At seventeen, he
became a clerk in the India House and here he
worked for 33
years until he was re-
tired
on a pension. His devotion to his
sister Mary, upon whom rested an
hereditary taint of insanity, has done
al-most as much as the sweetness and gentle humor
of his
writings to endear his name.
They collaborated on several books for children,
publishing in 1867
their famous Tales
from Shakespeare. His dramatic essays, Specimens
of English Dramatic Poets
(1808),
established his reputation as a critic and did
much in reviving the popularity of Eliza-be
then
drama.
The
Essays
of
Ella,
published
at
intervals
in
London
Magazine,
were
gathered
together
and
republished
in
two
series,
the
first
in
1823,
the
second
ten
years
later.
They
established Lamb in the title which he
still holds, that of the most delightful of
English essayists.
Ⅱ
.
1.A good conversation does not really
start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where
it
will go. A good conversation is not
for making a point. Argument may often be a part
of it, but the
purpose of the argument
is not to convince. When people become serious and
talk as if they have
something
very
important
to
say,
when
they
argue
to
convince
or
to
win
their
point,
the
conversation is spoilt.
2. The writer likes bar
conversation very much because he has spent a lot
of time in pubs and
is used to this
kind of conversation. Bar friends are companions,
not intimates. They are friends
but not
intimate enough to be curious about each other's
private life and thoughts.
3. No. Conversation does not need a
focus. But when a focal subject appears in the
natural
flow of conversation, the
conversation becomes vivid, lively and more
interesting.
4.
The
people
talked
about
Australia
because
the
speaker
who
introduced
the
subject
mentioned
incidentally that it was an Australian who had
given her such a definition of
English.
upper
class
to
lay
down
rules
for
as
it
should
be
spoken
the
conversation
moved
to
Norman England because at
that time a language barrier existed between the
Saxon peasants and
the Norman
conquerors.
5.
The Saxon peasants and their Norman conquerors
used different words for the same thing.
For examples see paragraph 9.
6. The writer
seems to be in favor of bilingual education. He is
against any form of cultural
barrier or
the cultural humiliation of any section or group
of people.
7.
The
term
Queen's
English
was
used
in
1953
by
Nash
because
at
that
time
the
reigning monarch was a queen, Elizabeth
I. The term
form because the ruling
monarch is generally a king. Those who are not
very particular may use
the term
term
8
．
“
The
King
’
s
English
”
was
regarded as a form 0f racial discrimination during
the Norman
rule in England about 1154
—
1399
．
9
．
The writer
thinks
“
the
King
’
s
English
”
is a
class representation of
reality
．
1t is worth
trying to speak
“
the
King
’
s
English
”
，
but it
should not be 1aid down as an
edict
，
and made
immune to change from
below
．
The
King
’
s English is a model a
rich and instructive one- but it
ought
not to be an ultimatum
．
10
．
During the
Norman period
，
the ruling
class spoke Anglo
—
French while the peasants
spoke their native Saxon
language
．
Language bears the stamp of the class
that uses it
．
The
King
’
s English today refers
to the language used by the
upper
，
educated class in
England
．
Ⅲ．
1
．
The title of
this piece is not well
chosen
．
It misleads the
readers into thinking that the
writer
is going to demonstrate some intrinsic or
linguistic relationship between pub talk and the
King
’
s
English
．
Whereas
the
writer
．
in
reality
，
is
just
discoursing
on
what
makes
good
conversation
．
The
King
’
s English is connected
with
“
pub
talk
”
when the
writer describes the
charming
conversation he had with some people one evening
in a pub on the topic
“
the
King
’
s
English
”
to illustrate his point that bar
conversation in a pub has a charm of its
own
．
2
．
1n this essay
the writer alluded to many historical and literary
event such as the Norman
conquest
，
the
saloons of 18th century
Paris
，
and the words of many
a man of letters
．
For a short
expository essay
like this
，
the allusions used
are more than expected and
desirable
．
3
．
Paragraph 5 is a transition paragraph
by means of which the writer passes from a general
discourse on good conversation to a
particular instance of
it
．
But one feels the change
from
“
pub
talk
”
to
“
the King's
English
”
a bit
too abrupt
．
4
．
The
simple idiomatic expressions like
，
out of bed on the wrong sid
e
，
etc
．
”
may be said to go well with the
copious literary and historical allusions the
writer used for an
informal
conversational style to Suit the theme of this
essay in which the writer tries to
defend
informal uses of
language
．
5
．
The
writer
’
s attitude towards
“
the
King
’
s
English
”
shows
that he is a defender of
democracy
．
Ⅳ．
1
．
And
conversation is an activity which is found only
among human beings
．
(Animals
and
birds are not capable of
conversation
．
)
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