-
文学体裁：诗歌
poem
，小说
novel
，戏剧
dramaOrigin
起源：
Christianity
基督教
→ bible
圣经
Myth
神
话
The
Romance of king Arthur and his knights
亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）
一、
The Anglo-Saxon period
(449-1066)
1
、这个时期的文学作品分类：
pagan(
异教徒
)
Christian(
基督徒
)
2
、代表作：
The Song of Beowulf
《贝奥武甫》
( national
epic
民族史诗
)
采用了隐喻手法
3
、
Alliteration
押头韵（写作手法）
例子：
of man was
the mildest and most beloved,
To his
kin the kindest, keenest for praise.
二、
The Anglo-Norman period
(1066-1350)
Canto
诗章
1
、
romance
传奇文学
2
、代表作：
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
(
高文爵士和绿衣骑士
)
是一首押头韵的长诗
三、
Geoffrey Chaucer
(1340-1400)
杰弗里
.
乔叟
时期
1
、
the father of
English poetry
英国诗歌之父
2
、
heroic couplet
英雄双韵体：
a verse unit
consisting of two rhymed(
押韵
)
lines in iambic
pentameter(
五
步抑扬格
)
3
、代表作：
the
Canterbury Tales
坎特伯雷的故事
(
英国文学史的开端
)
大致内容：
the pilgrims are people
from various parts of England, representatives of
various walks of life
and social
groups.
朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人
,
代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体
小说特点：
each of the narrators
tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus
revealing his own views and
character.
这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的
性格。
小说观点：
he
believes in the right of man to earthly happiness.
He is anxious to see man freed from
superstitions(
迷信
)
and a blind belief in
fate(
盲目地相信命运
).
他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
4
、
Popular Ballads
大众民谣
：
a story hold in 4-line
stanzas with second and fourth line
rhymed(
笔记
)
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs
that have been preserved by oral
transmission(
书上
).
歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲
,
一直保存着口头传播的方式
代表人物：
Bishop Thomas
Percy
托马斯
.
帕希主教
代表作：
Robin Hood and
Allin-a-Dale
罗宾汉和阿林代尔
四、
The Renaissance
(16
世纪
)
文艺复兴时期
（
Greek and
Roman
）
戏剧
drama
诗章
canto
The term Renaissance originally
indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman)
arts and sciences.
文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a
particular development of English drama
文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。
1
、
key work:
humanism
人文主义：
admire human beauty and human
achievement
2
、代表人物：
1)
、
Thomas More
托马斯
.
莫尔
Utopia
乌托邦
2)
、
Francis Bacon
弗朗西斯
.
培根
第一个散文家
(essayist)
3)
、
Thomas Wyatt <
/p>
托马斯
.
怀亚特
引入十四行诗的第一人
sonnet
(
十四行诗
)
：
form of poetry intricately
rhymed(
间隔押韵
) in 14 lines
iambic pentameter
4)
、
Edmund Spenser
埃德蒙
.
斯宾塞
poet’s
poet(
诗人中的诗人
) The Fairy
Queen
《仙后》
(epic poem
史
诗
)
5)
、
Christopher
Marlowe
克里斯托弗
.
马洛<
/p>
blank
verse(
无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格
)
是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
6)
、
William
Shakespeare
威廉姆
.
莎
士比亚
戏剧
drama
四大悲剧：
Hamlet
(
哈姆雷特
)
，
Othello(
奥赛罗
)
，
King Lear(
李尔王
)
，
The Tragedy of
Macbeth(
麦克白
)
五、
the period of Revolution
and Restoration (17
世纪
)
资产阶级革命与王权复辟
prose
散文
1
、文学特点：
the
Puritans(
清教徒
) believed in
simplicity of
life
、
disapproved of the
sonnets and the love
poetry
、
breaking
up of old ideals.
清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗
、与旧思想脱离。
2
、代表人物：
1)
、
John Donne
约翰
.
多恩
“metaphysical”poets
(
玄学派诗人
)
的代表人物
sonnet
十四行诗
《
Death be not proud
》
(
笔记
)
作品特点：①
strike the
reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and
penetrating re
alism.(
坦诚的态度
和现实描绘
)
②
novelty of subject matter and
point(
新颖的题材和视角
)
③
novelty of its
form.(
新颖的形式
)
2)
、
John Milton
约翰
.
弥尔顿
a great poet
诗人
（
poem
诗歌
blank verse
）
《
Defense for the English
People
》为英国人辩护
《
Paradise
Lost
》失乐园
“Satan
is not a villain”
撒旦不是坏人
《
Paradise
Regained
》复乐园
)
、
John Bunyan
约翰
.
拜扬
a great prose writer “give us the only
great allegory(
寓言
)”
Pilgrim’s
Progress
》
天路历程
prose
散文
该书采用的写作手法
“written in the old
-fashioned(
旧体形式
),
medieval form of
allegory(
比喻
) and
dream”
六、
The Age
of Enlightenment (18
世纪
)
启蒙运动
prose
散文
1
、
Emphasized
formality or correctness of style, to write prose
like Addison, or verse like Pope.
强调正确的
格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
The Enlightenment was an expression of
struggle of the then progressive class of
bourgeoisie against
feudalism.
< br>启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。
The enlighteners repudiate the false
religious doctrines about the viciousness of human
nature, and
prove that man is born kind
and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only
due to the influence of
corrupted
social environment.
启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的
观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社
会环境所致。
Contrary to all reasoning, social
injustice still held strong, found the power of
reason to be insufficient,
and
therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of
achieving happiness and social justice.
无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一
种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。
2
、
18th century
文学的三个方面：
Classici
sm(
古典主义
)
、
< br>revival of romantic poetry(
新兴的浪漫主义诗歌
)
、
beginnings of
the modern
novel(
刚启萌的现代派小说
)
3
、代表人物：
1)
、
Daniel Defoe
丹尼尔
.
笛福
realistic novel
现实主义小说
Novel
：《
Robinson
Crusoe
》鲁宾逊漂流记
《
Jonathan Wild
》乔纳
森
.
威尔德
《
Moll Flanders
》摩尔
.
弗
兰德斯
2)
、
Henry Fielding
亨利
.
菲尔丁
father of modern
fiction(
现代小说之父
)
《
Joseph Andrews
》约
瑟夫
.
安德鲁斯
受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发
作家之间的不同：
Richardson
——
no humor, minces words,
moralizes.
不幽默，咬文嚼字，说教
Fielding
——
direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the
point of vulgarity
，
full of
animal spirits, tells the
story of a
vagabond life
语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙，甚至有点俗
,
精神焕发，讲述流浪者的故事。
《
The History of Tom Jones, a
foundling
》弃婴汤姆
.
琼斯
的故事
the best novel of him
3)
、
Jonathan Swift
乔纳森
.
斯威夫特
《
Gulliver’s
Travels
》格列佛游记
novel
反讽
作品特点：
no visible sign of
anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold,
restrained, ironic, varied only by
some
flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the
ridiculour gets the better of him.
努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态
。
《
A Modest
Proposal
》一个温和的建议
4)
、
Samuel
Richardson
塞缪尔
.
理查
森
《
Pamela
< br>》帕美勒
The method of
psychological analysis
心理分析的方法
In the
form of letters
书信体小说
5)
、
Richard B.
Sheridan
理查德
.B.
谢尔
丹
《
School for
Scandal
》造谣学校，喜剧
comedy
6)
、
Oliver
Goldsmith’s
奥利佛
.
哥
尔德斯密斯
散文作家
essayist
《
The
Vicar of
Wakefield
》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说
novel
《
She Stoops
to Conquer
》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧
rollicking comedy
《
The Deserted
Village
》荒村，诗歌
poems
4
、
Sentimentalism
感伤主义
no belief
没有信仰
The
representatives of sentimentalism continued to
struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed
at the same time the contradictions of
bourgeois progress that brought with it
enslavement and ruin to the
people.
感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾
，感觉到
资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。
代表人物：
Thomas Gray
托马斯
.
格雷
《
Elegy, Written in a Country
Churchyard
》墓园挽歌
七、
the Romantic Period
(1798-1832)
浪漫主义
散文
prose
< br>1
、前浪漫主义代表人物：
William Blake
威廉
.
布莱克
诗人
poet
Robert Burns
罗伯特
.
彭斯
苏格兰诗人
poet
Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced
by the Industrial Revolution and the French
Revolution
前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。
2
、教育意义
Educational
：
liberty, equality and fraternity
自由，平等，博爱
3
、开始的标志：
beginning
with the publication of William Wordsworth’s
《
Lyrical
Ballads
》
从威廉
.
华兹
华斯发表的
抒情歌谣
开始
4
、
lake poets(
湖畔诗人
)
：
Coleridge Southey
Wordsworth5
、代表人物：
1)
、
William
Wordsworth
威廉
.
华兹华
斯
poet-laureate
(
桂冠诗人
)
《
The
Prelude
》序曲
自传性诗歌
Autobiographical poetry
With dge, they jointly published the
“Lyrical Ballads”.
与
dge
一起
,
联合发表了
“
抒情民
谣
”
作品特点：
simplicity and purity
of the language, fighting against the conventional
forms of the 18th
century poetry
简单而纯洁的语言
,
反传统形式的
< br>18
世纪诗歌
2)
、
Lord Byron
拜伦
《
Childe Harold
Pi
lgrimage
》
查尔德
?
哈罗德游记
cantos
诗章
成名作
《
Don
Juan
》
唐璜
poem
诗
satiric masterpiece
讽
刺的杰作
《
Hours of
Idleness
》闲散时刻
poem
诗
the first volume of poem
首卷诗
3)
、
Percy Bysshe
Shelley
雪莱
《
Prometheus
Unbound
》解放的普罗米修斯
drama
戏剧
《
Ode to the West
Wind
》西风
颂
poem
诗
4)
、
John Keats
济慈
poet
诗人
《
The Eve of St.
Agnes
》圣阿格良斯之夜
poem
《
On a
Greeian Urn
》希腊古瓮颂
poem
《
To a
Nightingale
》致夜莺
poem “Beauty is truth, truth
beauty”
美学原
则
5)
、
Walter Scott
沃特
.
斯科特
He is the creator and a great master of
the historical novel.
他是创造者
和历史小说大师
6)
、
Jane Austen
简
.
奥斯丁
女
《
Pride and
Prejudice
》傲慢与偏见
《
Sense and
Sensibility
》理智与情感
《
Emma
》爱玛
写作特点：
the love-making of
her young people, though serious
and
sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary
plane of emotion on which most of us live. She
was the founder of the novel which
deals with unimportant middleclass people.
她是中产阶级小说的发起
人。
7)
、
Charles Lamb
查尔斯
.
兰伯
essayist
散文家
6
、十九世纪散文的特点：
In the first of these
two
periods Addison and Steele
socialized the essay, so to speak; they
brought it into everyday life and made it familiar
and delightful to
the multitude.
在这两个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活
,
并使其熟悉和并令
人愉快。
Early in the nineteenth century it
became more definitely a means of intimate self-ex
pression.
在十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定
八、
Critical Realism
批判现实主义
，
Victorian Period
维多利亚时期
humanism
人文主义
1
、意义：
Chartism
signified the first great political movement of
the proletariat in English history.
在英国<
/p>
的历史中，
宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。
2
、
代表人物：
1)
、
Charles
Dickens
狄更斯
《
Hard
Times
》
艰难时刻
《
Pickwick
Papers
》
匹克威克外传
《
Oliver
Twist
》
雾都孤儿
《
A Tale of Two Cities
》
双城记
(
描
述了法国大革命
French
Revolution)
特点：
describing the
misery and sufferings of common people.
描述苦
难和苦难的群众。
2)
、
Charlotte
Bronte
夏洛特
.
勃郎特
女
《
Shirley
》
雪利
《
Jane Eyre
》
简
.
爱
Emily Bronte
艾米丽
.
勃郎特《
Wuthering
Heights
》呼啸山庄（主人公：
Mr.
Heathcliff
）
特点：
brought to the novel an
introspection and an intense
concentration on the inner life of emotion which
before them had been the
province of
poetry alone. 3)
、
Mrs.
Gaskell
《
Mary Barton, North
and South
》
玛丽
.
巴顿，
北方和南方
4)
、
William
Makepeace Thackeray
《
Vanity
Fair
》名利场
—
this title was borrowed by
Thackeray from The
Pilgrim’s Progress
by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of
social life in his novel, ruthlessly
criticizing money worship, cruelty and
unscrupulousness.
在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活，无情抨<
/p>
击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义
人物：
Rebecca Sharp
—
a perfect embodiment of
the spirit of Vanity
Fair as her only
aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position
by and means.
唯一的愿望人生就是在名利
场中，
完美的获取财富和地位的手段。
特点：
novels mainly
contain
a satirical portrayal of the
upper strata of society
。
小说是一
个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。
5)
、
George
Eliot
乔治
.
艾略特
女
《
Adam
Bede
》
novel
《
The mill on the floss
》
《
Middlemarch
》
Her preoccupation
was always with the serious
consideration of the moral position of the
individual in the universe, but her
psychological insight into the
development of character.
她最认
真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。
特点：
the
significance of G. Eliot’s work lies in
the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of
English provincial life
艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。
3
、桂冠诗人
(poet-laure
ate)
：
1)
、
Alfred Tennyson 2)
、
Robert
Browning
《
My last
duchess
》已故的公爵
夫人
Jealousy(
嫉妒
)
Stingy(
小气
)
贡献：
Dramatic monologues
戏剧独白
dramatic
lyrics
戏剧抒情诗
dramatic romances
戏剧传奇
九、
The transition from 19th
to 20th century in English literature 19
到
20
世纪英国文学的过渡期
1
、
Aestheticism
唯美主义
“art for
art’s sake”
为艺术而艺术
2
、代表人物。
1)
、
Thomas Hardy
悲观主义
者
Pessimists
《
Tess
of the D’Urbervilles
》
苔丝
《
Jude the
obscure
》裘德
novel
特点：
His career is
thus divided sharply between his
Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry.
他的生涯就是他的小说
和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。
2)
、
Oscar Wilde “art
for art’s sake”
为艺术而艺术
3)
、
George
Bernard Shaw
剧作家
(playwright)
《
Mrs. Warren’s profession
》
华莱夫人的职业
4)
、
D. H. Lawrence
《
Lady Chatterley’s
Lover
》
查泰莱夫人的情人
《
The
Rainbow
》
彩虹
《
Sons and lovers
》
儿子与情人
3
、
“stream of consciousness”
意
识流代表人物：
1)
、
Virgini
a Woolf
《
Mrs.
Dalloway
》
《
A Room of One’s
Own
》
Woolf was
much
concerned with the position of
women.
非常重视妇女的地位
2)
、
James Joyce
《
Ulysses
》
Part 1 The
Anglo
—
Saxon Period
（
449-1066
）
秧格鲁
-
撒克逊时期
1.
Historical Background Celts 400B.C.
Romans 50B.C.
Anglo
—
Saxons 450A.D Norman
Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire
从
< br>albion
撤军，
teutonic
tribes(
包括
angles, Saxons,jute
s)
（条顿人
or
日耳曼人）陆续登陆
此地
2. Literature
1,pagan
异
教徒文学
2 christian
基督徒文学
alliterative
verse
头韵诗
Epic: Be
owulf
贝奥武甫
（
Denmark
背景）
（
the
hall
heorot
鹿庁，
grendel:a monster
half-human
）
1)
Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in
generations until finally it was recorded by
certain poet.
上
下部分由
pagan
写，插入由
christian
< br>写
2) a mixture of history
and legend.
，
england’s
national epic
民国
史诗
Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-13
50)
秧格鲁
-
诺曼时期
1. Historical Background Roman
conquest,
接着是
english
conquest
，最后是
norman
conquest
。
The
Norman Conquest in 1066 Duke William of
Normandy claimed himself William I, King of
England.
（
the
battle of
hastings
希斯廷战役）
Ki
ngs
—
Barons
男爵
—
Knights, a feudal system of
hierarchy
统治集团
was
formed 2. The language Upper classes:
French, Latin The common people: Old English Three
languages
co-existed in England. French
became the official language used by the king and
the Norman lords; Latin
became the
principal tongue of church affairs and in
universities; and Old English was spoken only by
the
common English people. literature
Romance was a type of literature that was very
popular in the
Middle Ages. It is about
the life and adventures undertaken by a knight. It
reflected the spirit of
chivalry
骑
士制度
. The
content of romance: love, chivalry and religion.
It involves fighting, adventures. Subject
matter: Geoffrey’s History
杰弗
里
《史记》
，
riming chro
nicles
押韵编年史，
metricalverse
格律诗体，
doggerel
verse
打油诗体
1) the Matter of France eg. Charlemagne
and his peers
查理曼大帝和他的骑士
2) Matter of Greece and Rome eg
Akexabder
亚历山大大帝
3) Matter of Britain tales having for
their
heroes Arthur and his knights of
the Round Table 3. main literature Sir Gawain and
the green knight.
高文
爵士和绿衣骑士
（
arthur
，
gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-
woman
妖精摩根
, the green
girdle
绿腰带）
Part
III Geoffrey Chaucer (1340
—
1
400)
杰弗里
.
乔叟时期
1. Historical Background He was
living at the same time as the writer of Sir
Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100
Years' War
between England and France. The English won, they
controlled large French
territory
领土
.
The
Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English
poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD 2. What's
middle
ages like? 1). The medieval
society: hierarchy
等级制度
social system. 2).
Another important thing in the
medieval
society is
Christianity
基督
God-centered
thinking, mind ideology
思想体系
3. Life and work of
Chaucer
Chaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is
closely connected with the King and the royal
family. Chaucer is working in a royal
family as a page
小侍臣
. He
married the sister of Gaunt's wife. He
became a government is very much
exposed to the influence of Italy of the culture.
E. G.
Dante
但丁
,
Patriarch,
主教
Boccaccio-the
Decameron
薄伽丘著《十日谈》
,Chaucer
chose the metrical
form which laid the
foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.
乔叟第一次在英国用韵脚韵律诗形式来
创作诗歌，
< br>开创了英国文学以重音
-
音节为基础的格律诗先河。
首创
heroic
couplet
英雄双行体。
His
career
can be divided into several
periods 1. French 1360-1370 translate French
poetry 2. Italian 1372-1386 3.
English
The Canterbury tales 4. The Canterbury tales He
got his stories from various sources, Greek
authors, Roman authors, Italian,
French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's
originality. He retells the
stories in
his own way. The stories are told by a group of
people on their way to and back from
Canterbury. Pilgrims
朝圣者
tell stories to pass the
time. The journey is used as a kind of device to
unite
the various tales
Nun
修女
:Her enthusiasm for
grace, trying to become someone that she is not,
she
cannot possibly be.
--Pretentiousness,
pretending
伪装
too much Chaucer
has different attitude to
different
characters
第一句：
as soon as
april pierces to the root, the drought of march,
and bathes each
bud and shoot The
significance of his writing 1) it gives a
comprehensive
广泛的
picture of Chaucer’s
time 2)
the dramatic structure 3) Chaucer’s humor 4)
Chaucer’s contribution to the English
la
nguage.
Ever since the
Norman Conquest the French language was the
language at the court and the upper
classes, and Latin was the language of
the learned and the church. Chaucer used the
native language
English and proved that
the English language is a beautiful language. He
increased the prestige
威信
of
the English language. 5. Popular
ballads
大众民谣
A
ballad is a narrative
叙述
poem that tells a story. It
is about particular incidents, usually
dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about
tragic
悲剧的
incidents. They are
written
in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four
meters, couplets
（相连并押韵的两行诗）
—
two line
in a unit or
quatrain
四行诗
__ ababcdcd
Characteristics: 1) The beginning is often
abrupt
突然地
. No
introduction of the characters and the
background of the tale 2) There are strong
dramatic elements. A
ballad deals with
a single episode
插曲
3) the story is often told through
dialogue and action 4) the theme
is
often tragic
悲剧的
5) The ballad meter is used. It
contains four-line stanza
节，段
在英国把民谣当文
学形式研究的第一人是托马斯
.
帕西主教
Bishop Thomas
Percy,
他将民谣收录到《英诗辑古》
Reliques
of
Ancient English
Poetry
中。
Robin
Hood and Allin-a-
Dale
罗宾汉和阿林代尔
Get
Up and Bar the Door.
起来去关门
Sir Patrick
Spens
派屈克。斯宾塞爵士
Part IV The
Renaissance
文艺复兴时期
1. Historical
Background 1)
The reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558_1603) England
enjoyed a period of peace and
prosperity
2) The defeat of
the Spanish Armada
舰队
by the English navy in 1588. After the
battle,
England gradually became a
mighty naval
海军的
power. 3)
Humanism
人文主义
Renaissance: it is a
French
word that means “rebirth”
复活
in English. In the 15th and 16th
century, scholars in western
European
countries had a keen interest in the Greek and
Latin culture. That is the art and science of
ancient Greece and Rome were being born
again after long years of
neglect.
忽略
Humanism: The
welfare
幸福
of human being is very important. It
emphases the worth of life in this world, and the
dignity
of human being.
4
）
主要作者介绍
Thomas More : Utopia
托马斯。
莫尔：
乌托邦
Thomas Wyatt:
怀亚特：
把
sonnet
十四行诗引入英国第一人
Edmund Spenser: the Fairy Queen
埃德蒙。
斯宾塞：
仙后
John Lyly:
Eupheus
约翰。
黎里：
艳词，
首创
euphuism
绚丽体
Christopher Marlowe:
克里斯托弗。
马洛：
把
blank
verse
无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式的开创者
English
drama
是英国文艺复兴的主流
2. The writers William
Shakespeare
(1564
—
1616) 1) His life and
work
–
1592, arrived in
London doing very mean jobs, then he
joined Lord
chamberlain’s
国王侍从
company, became very famous. He became
a shareholder
股东
in
the Globe and bought a
big house in his hometown. He bought a coat of
arms for his
father
。出生地：
Stratford-on-
Avon, Warwickshire -2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnets
His plays-1,Histories and comedies
ies
es The importance of his writing( more can be
added) 1) Shakespeare
represented the
tread
脚步
of
history in giving voice to the desires and
aspirations of the people.( peace)
2)
Shakespeare’s humanism. His plays reflected the
spirit of his age. 3
He was a great poet
4
）
He was a
master of the English language.
5
）
His first
original play written in about 1590 was King Henry
VI 6
）
Hmalet,
哈姆雷特
Othello,
奥赛罗
King Lear,
李尔王
and
the Tragedy of Macbeth
麦克白
are regarded as
Shakespeare’s four great tragedies. Ham
blet:
讲的是丹麦故事，
反映的是
英国的事情
主要人物：
Claudi
us
克劳迪斯，死去国王的弟弟，
Queen Gertrud
e
乔特鲁得：王子的母亲，
Polonius
< br>波洛琉斯：爱说闲话的官
员，
Ophelia
奥菲利亚：官员的女儿，
Laertes
雷欧提斯
：官员的儿子
The Merchant of
Venice
威尼斯商
人
主要人物：
Bassanio
巴萨尼奥，
Antonio
安东尼奥，
Shylock
夏洛克
:a wealthy Jew
犹太
人，
Portia
鲍
西亚：
Bassanio’s girlfriend, Jessic
a
杰西卡：
shylock’s daughter,
Lorenzo
罗兰佐：
Bassanio’s friend
and
Jessica’s boyfriend,
Nerissa
尼莉莎：
Portia’s
waiting
-woman
侍女
<
/p>
，
Gratiano:
葛莱西安诺：
Bassanio’s
another friend and
Nerissa’s boyfriend
地点：
Belmo
nt
贝尔蒙特
Sonnet 18:
The first eight lines: shall I
compare
thee to a
summer’s day?thou art more
lovely and more temperat?.
--The
English summer: warm,
not hot, gives
people a happy feeling, lots of sunshine
--Proposing a
comparison
：
Even better to a
summer’s day
--Rough
winds
—
nature
，
The
duration
持续
of
summer: ends very soon
，
Hot_
the sun
Summer is beautiful, but it
will change into
winter
，
But
—change
This poem is similar the
Spencer’
斯宾塞
s sonnets Spencer
is using tide
潮水
__time
，
Shakespeare is using
summer
—
time Sonnet 29: The
first
eight lines: “when ,in disgrace
with fortune and
men’s eyes,
I all alone?..” unlucky, unfortunate despised
by other people Describes his
unfavorable condition, therefore he is very sad.
Line 9-12
：
The
author
—
the
lark
云雀
His great
happiness
—
the memory of his
friend brings his happiness --Magical effect
Francis
Bacon
：十七世纪初，英国的杰出散文家
1. his life
：
Pope
蒲柏
descibed him as the wisest,brightes,
meanst of
mankind
，
Bacon’s work may be
divided into three classes, the philosophical, the
literary, and
the professional works.
The final edition of essays contains 58 essays. 2.
writing (Of Truth,
谈真理
Of
Studies
谈读书
) Part V The 17th century
The period of revolution and restoration.17
世纪资产阶级与王政
复辟时期
1. Historical Background 1) English
Bourgeois Revolution
英国资产阶级革命
During the reign
of
Elizabeth, England enjoyed a time of prosperity
and fast development. James I
(Stuart
斯图亚特王室
),
a
change of Dynasty, all the conflicts, which has
started during Elizabeth
reign, has
come into surface. James I
imposed
担负的
heave
taxes on businessmen, bourgeoisie, he
controlled the manufacture
product__monopoly
垄断
, but
people believed in free trade King VS. The
Parliament (has the support of the
capitalists and businessmen and also the
Puritans
清教徒
) 2) the
persecution
迫害者
of the Puritans Charles I was
beheaded
砍头
. After the civil
War, the parliament was
in power
—
Crowell
克罗韦尔
became the Lord
君主
Protector (1653) Charles II, and
restoration, James II
William Orange
singed “ The Bill of Rights” which greatly
restricted
约束
the
power of the English King.
The civil
war has transformed the country from tyranny to a
constitutional monarch. The revolution period
is also called puritan age, because the
English revolution was carried out under a
religious cloak 2
，
literature
这一时期的四约翰（
John
Milton
弥尔顿，
John
Bunyan
班扬，
John
Donne
多恩，
John Dryden
德莱顿）成为文坛杰出人物，
metaphysical
poet
玄学派
and
French drama
的影响成为两个重要的文学概
念。<
/p>
The literature of the middle and later
periods of the 17th century cultimated in the
poetry of Milton, in
the prose
散文
writing of Bunyan, and
also in the plays and literary criticism
文学评论
of Dryden. Milton
and bunyan represented the extreme of
English life in the 17th century. One gave us the
only epic
史诗
since
Beowolf, the other gave us the only great
allegory
寓言
. 2. Writers John
Donne:
玄学派代表人物
John Milton
：
Paradise
Lost
失乐园：
consists of 12
books
（
it’s based on the
biblical legend ,invovlves
Adom
亚当
and Eve
夏娃
,
Satan
撒旦
in his
plot
）
The character of Satan<
/p>
撒旦：既是英雄又带点邪恶色
彩的反叛者形象
we think of Satan either as an abstract conception as someone in whom evil is mixed
with good but who is doomed to
destruction
毁灭
by
the flaw
缺点
of
slef-love. 1. his good
mastery
熟练
of
Latin His writing of English is much influenced by
his use of Latin 2. revolutionary enthusiasm His
attempt to throw
tyranny
暴政
and gain freedom
His language --Long, complex sentence structures
--Allusions
影射
,
references to Bible, history,
mythology
神话
--Some sentences begin in the middle or
at
the end. Some are inverted John
Bunyan The book: The pilgrim’s
Progress
天路历程，
it’s written in
the
old-fash-ioned, medieval form of
allegory and dream.
采用的旧体形式，大量运用了中世纪时的比喻
和梦的
形式。
In the Pilgrim’s
Progress, the story begins
with a man
called Christiam
基督徒
setting
out with a
book in his hand and a great
load
负荷
on his
back from the city of
Destruction
毁灭城
. The fair-
England
the
persecution
迫害
of
the faithful, the persecution of the
puritans
清教徒
. Christ
基督
---Vanity
虚荣心
Fair---Heaven Style: simple,
straightforward, Biblical
圣经的
“ The Vanity
虚荣心
Fair,” an
Excerpt
摘录
from
Part 1 The Pilgrim’s Progress Part VI The 18th
Century The Age of Enlightenment in
England
英国
启蒙运动时期
1. Historical Background In 1688, the
constitutional
宪法的
monarchy
君主制
. The
monarch was deprived
剥夺
of its ruling power and in his place
Parliament
议会
became the actual leader of the
country.
England grew from a second
rate country to a powerful naval country.
Parliamentary parties: the liberal
Whig
自由派辉格党
, the
conservative Tory
保守派托利党，
on the extreme of Toryism was a third
part of
zealots, called the Jacobites
,who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne
.
托利党中的狂热分子形成
第三方势力被称作詹姆斯派，妄图恢
复斯图亚特王朝
All the struggles,
violence has come to an end with
the
coning of the weak kings. People desire peace and
stability Any extreme actions are regarded as
irrational.
无理性
The
puritan’s revolution is treated as extremist
action, excessive
过度的
zeal
热情
and
subversion
颠覆
,
irrationality
不合理性
,
absurdity
荒谬
. People wish
that their actions were controlled by
reason.
Moderation
温和
,
tolerance
宽容
,
restraint
约束
,
rule
规则
,
order
次序
, these qualities are
the most
important. With the rising of
bourgeoisie, the cultural life had
undergone
经历
remarkable changes.
Some
special features: 1) political writings 2)
newspapers and journals
杂
志
3) coffeehouse
4) the new morality
道德
5) science and technology
Newton
牛顿
’s scientific
discovery
—
men
were living in a
mechanistic
机械地
world which ran as
precisely
精确地
as a
clock. 6)
the French influence 18
世纪的英国文学进入了一个散文
prose
而不是诗
歌的时代。
文学主流是现实主义，
小说是主要的文学样式
Authors 1. Daniel
Defoe
丹尼尔。笛福
作者介绍：
He is often given the
credit for
the discovery of the modern
novel.
开创了现代派小说的先河。
Work
：
Hymn to the
Pillory
立伽颂
: a set of