-
Chapter
One
：
Early
and
Medieval
English
Literature
(5th
century
–
1485):
1. Beowulf (7th century)
What a Man Is Beowulf?
Beowulf is a grand hero. He is faithful
to his people. He goes alone, in a
strange land, to rescue his people. He
forgets himself in face of danger,
thinking only that it profits others.
Features of Beowulf
Allitera
tion(
押头韵
): There are
generally four accents in a line, three of
which show alliteration.
Metaphor(
隐喻
):
ring-
giver=
king;
whale‘s
road=sea.
Such
metaphors
occur in great number.
Under
statement(
典型特点
):
not
troublesome=very
welcome;
need
not
praise=condemn
Literary
Terms
（文学术语解释）
Legend
（传说）
: A
song or narrative handed down from the past,
legend
differs
from
myths
on
the
basis
of
the
elements
of
historical
truth
they
contain.
Epic
（史诗）
: 1)Epic,
in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the
actions of gods and heroes. 2) Beowulf
is the greatest national epic of the
Anglo-Saxons.
John
Milton
wrote
three
great
epics:
Paradise
Lost,
Paradise Regained and
Samson Agonistes.
Romance
罗曼史
/
骑士文学
: 1)Romance
is a popular literary form in the
medieval England. 2) It sings knightly
adventures or other heroic deeds. 3)
Chivalry (such as bravery, honor,
generosity, loyalty and kindness to the
weak and poor) is the spirit of
romance.
Ballad
（民谣）
:
1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or
recited. 2)
Ballads were passed down
from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood
is a famous ballad singing the goods of
Robin Hood. Coleridge
’
s The
Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th
century English ballad.
2. Geoffrey Cha
ucer
杰佛利·乔叟（约
1340-1400
）英国代表作家，现实主义文
学的奠基者。
He is
―The founder of
English Realism‖
―The father
of English literature‖
and
―the father of English
poetry‖
. He was the first author buried
in the
famous ―poets‘
corner‖
，
Westminster Abbey
The Canterbury
Tales
《坎特伯雷故事集》
(1400)
In
The
Canterbury
Tales,
Chaucer
presented
to
us
a
comprehensive
realistic
picture of the English society of his time and
created a group of
vivid typical
figures in the Middle Ages.
→
“
The
founder of English
Realism
”
The Heroic
Couplet(
英雄双韵体
)
（英雄对偶句）
Heroic
couplet refers to the rhymed couplet in iambic
pentameter
Heroic couplets are lines of
iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb,
cc).
The Heroic Couplet: 1)
It means a pair of lines of a type once common in
English
poetry,
in
other
words,
it
means
iambic
pentameter
rhymed
in
two lines. 2) The rhyme
is masculine.
3) Use of the heroic
couplet was
first pioneered by Geoffrey
Chaucer.
Questions
2.
Why
does
Beowulf
tower
above
all
other
literary
works
written
in
Anglo-Saxon?
3. What is the
social significance of
The Canterbury
Tales
and what is
Chaucer
‘
s
contribution to English poetry and to the English
language?
Chapter Two:
The Renaissance (means rebirth or
revival. Humanism is
the essence of the
Renaissance.)
Representatives
1. Dante,
1265-1321
The
Divine Comedy
《神曲》
2. Boccaccio, 1313-1375
The
Decameron
《十日谈》
3.
Petrarch, 1304-
1374
―Father of
Humanism
人文主义
‖
4. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519
Last Supper;
Mona Lisa
5. Miguel de Cervantes,
1547-1616
Don
Quixote
《堂吉诃德》
1.
William Shakespeare, poet and dramatist.
?
Works
作品：
Hamlet
,
King
Lear
,
Othello
,
Macbeth
悲喜剧《罗密欧与茱丽叶》
四大悲剧
《哈姆雷特》
《麦克白》
《奥赛罗》
《
李尔王》
四大喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》
《
威尼斯商人》
《第十二夜》
《皆大欢喜》
历史剧
《裘力斯凯撒》
《安东尼与
克莉奥佩特拉》
《约翰王》
《
亨利六世
》
上
、
中、下篇与《理查三世》《理查二世》《亨利四世》
Hamlet
The play,
set in Denmark, recounts how Prince Hamlet exacts
revenge on
his uncle Claudius, who has
murdered Hamlet's father, the King, and then
taken the throne and married Hamlet‘s
mother. The play vividly charts the
course
of
real
and
feigned
madness
—
from
overwhelming
grief
to
seething
rage
—
and
explores
themes
of
treachery,
revenge,
incest,
and
moral corruption.
Melancholy: It is said not without
reason that the key-
note of Hamlet‘s
character is melancholy, and there can
be no Hamlet without melancholy.
Hesitation: Hesitation is the main
cause for Hamlet‘s tra
gedy. His delay
in
action comes from his melancholy.
But they are not negative, for they are
rather the result of his penetrating
habit of mind.
the rise and success of
“
an upstart crow
”
(
用美丽的羽毛装饰起来的狂
妄自大的
乌鸦
)--------
莎士比亚《亨利六世》
All
the world's a stage, and all the men and women
merely players: they
have their exits
and their entrances; and one man in his time plays
many
parts...
—
As You Like It, Act II,
Scene 7, 139
–
42.
What
a
piece
of
work
is
a
man,
how
noble
in
reason,
how
infinite
in
faculties, in form and moving how
express and admirable, in action how
like an angel, in apprehension how like
a god! The beauty of the world,
the
paragon of animals
—
and yet,
to me, what is this quintessence of dust?
----Hamlet Act 2, scene 2,
303
–
312
Literary
Terms
（文学术语解释）
Sonnet(
十四行诗
)
Definition:
A
sonnet
is
a
lyric
poem
consisting
of
a
single
stanza
of
fourteen iambic pentameter lines,
restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.
Three types of sonnet:
a)
The Italian or
Petrarchan(
彼得拉克
) sonnet:
abba abba cde cde
abba abba cdc cdc
b) The
English or
Shakespearean(
莎士比亚的
) sonnet:
abab cdcd efef gg
c) The
Spenserian(
斯宾塞体
) sonnet:
abab bcbc cdcd ee
“
sonnet 18”
In this sonnet, the poet expresses his
true affection for the person he loves
and believes that his poetry will bring
forth eternal beauty to the person.
This sonnet is made
up of
three quatrains with a rhyming scheme abab
cdcd efef and a couplet rhyming gg.
The theme of the sonnets may be that
his poetry can bring eternity to the
one he loves.
Soliloquy
(
独白
)
1)
Soliloquy, in drama,
means a moment
when a character is alone and
speaks
his or her thoughts aloud.
2)
In the line ―To be, or
not to be, that is the question‖, which begins the
famous
soliloquy
from
Act3,
Scene1
of
Shakespeare‘s
Hamlet.
In
this
soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or
not life is worth living and speaks
of
the reasons why he does not end his life.
2. Francis Bacon, essayist,
“Of
Studies”
（
It
analyzes
what
studies
chiefly
serve
for.
The
different
ways adopted by
different people to pursue studies, and how
studies exert
influence
over
human
character.
This
one-paragraph
essay
has
been
a
classic in English
prose.
）
His
inductive reasoning(
归纳推理
) vs
deductive reasoning(
演绎推论
)
→
“
The
real progenitor(
先驱
) of
English materialism
”
→
“
Father of modern science in
England
”
His
achievement in the art of prose writing:
→
His
essays
is
the
first
collections
of
essays
in
the
English
literature
history: a
landmark
Literary
Terms
（文学术语解释）
Induction /
归纳推理
Induction or inductive reasoning,
sometimes called inductive logic, is the
process of reasoning in which the
premises of an argument are believed to
support the conclusion but do not
entail the premises;
Deduction /
演绎推理
Deductive
reasoning
is
reasoning
which
uses
deductive
arguments
to
move
from
given
statements
(premises)
to
conclusions,
which
must
be
true if the premises are true. An
example of deductive reasoning, given by
Aristotle,
is
“
All
men
are
mortal.
(Major
premise)
Socrates
is
a
man.
(Minor premise)
Socrates is mortal.
(Conclusion)
‖
培根至理名言
:
< br>爱情就像银行里存一笔钱，能欣赏对方的优点，就像补充收入；容忍对方缺点，这是节制支出。所
谓永恒的爱，是从红颜爱到白发，从花开爱到花残。
我活着是为了学习，而学习并不是为了活着。
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理之学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学
使人善辩。
友谊的主要效用之一，就是使人
心愤怨和抑屈之气得以宣泄释放。
合理安排时间，就等于节约时间。
除
了一个真心的朋友之外没有一样药剂是可以通心的。
对一个真心的朋友你可传达你的忧愁
、
欢悦、
恐惧、希望、疑忌、谏诤以及任何压在你心上的事情。
一次不公的裁判比多次不平的举动为祸尤烈。
因为这些不平的举动不过弄脏了水流，
而不公的裁判
则
把水源败坏了。
在我看来，举止就像是心灵的衣裳，而且具备
衣裳的特点。因为举止应当合乎时尚，而不应稀奇古
怪；它应在体现出心灵美的同时又能
掩饰其不足；总之，举止不能太拘束，太呆板。
临时结交的人，不能算是朋友。
得不
到友谊的人将是终身可怜的孤独者。没有友情的社会则只是一片繁华的沙漠。
如果把快乐告诉一个朋友，你将得到两个快乐，而如果你把忧愁向一个朋友倾吐，你将被分掉一半
忧愁
.
天性好比种子，
它既能长成香花，
也可能长成毒草，
所以人应当时时
检查，
以培养前者而拔除后者。
友谊使欢乐倍增，使痛苦减半。
一个人从另一个人的诤言中所得来的光明比从他自己的理解力
、
判断力中所得出的光明更是干净纯
粹。
最能保人心神之健康的预防药就是朋友的忠言和规谏。
疑心病是友谊的毒药。
生活的理想，就是为了理想的生活。
书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之
.
读书使人成为完善的人。
一个人的心
智若在仁爱中行动，在天意中休息，在真理的地轴上旋转，那可谓他已到了地上的天堂
了
。
真理的探求，真理的认识和真理的信仰乃是人性中的最优之点。
以上谈了神学和哲学的真理，还要再谈谈实践的真理。甚至那些行为卑劣的人，也不能不
承认光明
正大是一种崇高的德性，而伪善正如假币，也许可以购物，但也贬低了事物真正
的价值。这种欺诈的
行为像蛇，不能用脚却只配用肚子走路。
真挚的友谊犹如健康，不到失却时，无法体味其珍贵。
过于求速是做事上最大的危险之一。
只有顺从自然，才能驾驭自然。
书籍
是在时代的波涛中航行的思想之船，它小心翼翼地把珍贵的货物运送给一代又一代。
美德好比宝石，它在朴素背景的衬托下，反而更加华丽。
健康的身体乃是灵魂的客厅，有病的身体则是灵魂的禁闭室。
Knowledge is power.
知识就是力量
.
Works
作品
Of Marriage and Single Life
《论婚姻》
The First
One
Chapter Three:
17th
century literature
(the
period of English bourgeois
revolution
and restoration)
1. John
Donne(
约翰·多恩
)
The
Songs and Sonnets
《歌谣与十四行诗》
；<
/p>
Death, Be Not Proud
《死
< br>神莫骄妄》
；
The
Flea
《跳蚤》
；
A
Valediction: Forbidding
Mourning
《分
别：莫忧伤》
2.
John
Milton(
约翰
·
弥尔顿
)<
/p>
(1608
–
1674)
He
was
an
English
poet,
prose polemicist and civil servant for
the Commonwealth of England.
Works
作品：
Lycidas
《利西达斯》
；
Defence of the English People
《为
英国人民声辩》
；
The Second Defence of the English People
《再为英国
人民声辩》
；
Parad
ise
Lost
《失乐园》
；
Paradise
Regained
《复乐
园》
；
Samson
Agonistes
《力士参孙》
Milton!
Thou
shouldst
be
living
at
this
hour:
England
hath
need
of
thee(
弥
尔
顿
，
您
应
该
活
到
现
在
！
英
国
需
< br>要
您
)
。
—
—
William
Wordsw
orth(
威廉·华兹华斯
)
Paradise
Lost
《失乐园》
It
is
Milton‘s
mas
terpiece,
which
is
a
long
epic
in
12
books
written
in
blank
verse.
The
story
is
drawn
from
the
Old
Testament
of
the
Bible,
which
tells
how
Satan,
after
being
defeated
in
his
rebel
against
God,
temps Adam and Eve to
eat the apples for the Forbidden Tree, and causes
the Fall of Man. Satan is the real hero
in the poem. God is a tyranny, a
symbol
of the English Monarch
On His Deceased
Wife
(
梦亡妻
)
3. John Bunyan
(<
/p>
约翰
·
班扬
),
novelist,
Works
作品：
The
Pilgrim‘s Progress
《天路历程》
《天路历程》著述基督徒从毁灭之城走出，经过绝望深渊、名利场、怀疑褒，历
尽艰辛，
战胜妖魔终于抵达欢乐山到达天国。
书的价值
还在于它描述了英国城乡
的现实主义画图。这本书是一本宗教寓言，属于传教，说教的书
。
4. John
Drydon(
约翰·德莱顿
)
All for
Love
《一切为了爱情》
An
Essay of Dramatic
Poesy
《论戏剧诗》
Metaphysical
Poets
（玄学派诗人）
They
refer
to
a
group
of
religious
poets
in
the
first
half
of
the
17th
century
whose
works
were
characterized
by
their
wit,
imaginative
picturing,
compressions, often cryptic expression, play of
paradoxes and
juxtapositions of
metaphor.
The Metaphysical Poets
John Donne
(1572
–
1631)
George Herbert (1593-1633)
Henry Vaughan (1621-1695)
Richard Crashaw (1613-1649)
Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)
Metaphysical Poetry
It
is
a
loose
school
of
highly
intellectual
poetry
in
the
17th
century
marked
by
bole
and
ingenious
conceits,
incongruous
imagery,
and
complexity
of
thought,
frequent
use
of
paradox
and
often
by
deliberate
harshness or
rigidity of expression.
This term was
coined by John Dryden (1631-1700) and later
adopted by
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
in his The Lives of the Poets (1781).
The
major
features
of
metaphysical
poetry
in
fact
characterize
mostly
Donne‘s works.
More Detailed Characteristics
Metaphysical poetry is characterized
by:
→
energetic,
rough,
or
uneven
movement,
unlike
the
studied
elegance,
sweetness, and
smoothness of 16th century verse
→
elaborate,
strained, or far-fetched
“
co
nceits
”
(
奇喻）
;
→
dazzling
displays of wit
→
a
tendency
toward
logical
argumentation
or
the
structure
of
an
argument in
a poem
→
an
interest in philosophical questions and
speculation
They ―show their learning‖,
but not their true feeling in their poetry. They
―wholly
employed
on
something
unexpected
and
surprising‖
and
wish
―only to say what they
hoped had never been said before.‖
Poetry Appreciation
John
Donne: The Flea
Robert Herrick: To the
Virgins to Make Much of Time
Style
Miltonic
style:
a
style
that
is
unsurpassed
in
its
sonority,
eloquence,
majesty and
grandeur.
Latinate: Milton used English
language according to Latin grammar.
Significance
Milton is the
spokesman of the Revolution.
Milton is
a great master of blank verse.(is a form of poetry
in unrhymed
iambic
pentameter.)
无韵诗或素体诗
Milton created the greatest epic in
English language.
Chapter
Four
Eighteenth Century English
Literature (late 17th century --- middle 18th
century)The 18th century English
literature, therefore the Enlightenment
is sometimes called the Age of
Reason
(
推崇理性
). The 18th
century was
the golden age of the
(English) novel.
1. Alexander Pope
亚历山大·保罗
(1688-1744)
Essay on Criticism
(
《论批评》
)
The Rape
of the Lock (
《夺发记》
)
An Essay on Man
(
《人论》
)
The
Dunciad (
《群愚史诗》
)
Translation of Iliad and Odyssey
Edition of Shakespeare's works
Quotes(
语录
) by
Pope
A little learning is a dangerous
thing
To err is human, to
forgive divine.
Wit is the lowest form
of humor.
For fools rush in where
angels fear to tread.
Fools admire, but
men of sense approve.
Charms strike the
sight, but merit wins the soul.
2.
Samuel Johnson
(1709
–
1784)
Letter to
Lord
Chesterfield
3. Daniel Defoe
(1660-1731)
, novelist,
(
the Rise of the English
Novel)
An English writer,
journalist, and pamphleteer(
小册子作者
).
His
masterpiece
Robinson
Crusoe
was
one
of
the
forerunners
of
the
English realistic novel.
Pamphlets(
小册子
):
The Trueborn Englishman
(
《地道的英国人》
) The
Shortest Way with the Dissenters
(
《
消灭不同教派的捷径》
)
Hymn to the
Pillory
(
《枷颂》
)
Paper: The
Review
《评论报》
Novels: Robinson Crusoe
《鲁滨逊漂流记》
Captain Singleton
《辛格
顿船长》
Moll
Flanders
《摩尔·弗兰德斯》
Colonel
Jacque
《杰克上
校》
Robinson Crusoe
《鲁滨逊漂流记》
A. The
theme of story: We see the glorification of the
bourgeois man who
has
the
courage
and will
to face
hardships
and
the
ingenuity(
智谋
)
and
determination
to
preserve
himself
and
improve
on
his
livelihood
by
struggling against nature. It is also
the glorification of labor, physical as
well
as
mental,
which
enables
the
hero
first
to
make
a
bare
living
for
himself and later to improve gradually
upon his living condition.
B.
Style:
simple
language,
concise
(
简洁
)
description,
well-knit
plot
construction
（结构严禁）
C.
The
image
of
Crusoe:
The
character
of
Robinson
Crusoe
is
representative
of
the
English
bourgeoisie
at
the
earlier
stages
of
its
development. He is most practical and
exact, always religious and at the
same
time mindful of his own profit. He has marvelous
capacity for work,
boundless energy and
persistence in overcoming obstacles. He struggles
hard against nature and makes her bend
before his will.
4. Jonathan Swift
(
乔纳森
·
斯威夫特<
/p>
)
(1667-1745
),
essayist and satirist
Works
作品：
A Tale of
a Tub (
《桶的故事》
) is written in
the form of a
parable
(
寓言
), satirizing all
religious sects.
《桶的故事》
里他攻击英
国三大教会，
指出三大教会背离基督所教导的简明的宗
教信仰，
他们凭借朴素的基督教信仰争夺名利、
勾心斗角、
散步邪说、
互相仇恨。
起初他不喜欢爱尔兰人，
但后来跟爱尔兰人居住了几年后就深深理解到爱尔兰为
什么会变成那
个样子，于是他写了一本又一本的小册子去反对英国统治者。
The Battle of the Books
(
《书的战争》
) is an attack on
pedantry in the
literary world of the
time.
《麻布商书信集》
揭露英国卑鄙不公正的行为，<
/p>
并煽动爱尔兰人起来维护自己的
权利。
1
729
年目睹爱尔兰人每况越下的处境他发表了他最具讽刺性的文章《使
爱尔兰穷人的孩子不至成为他们父母或者国家的负担。
Gulliver‘s
Travels
《格雷弗游记》
gives an
unparalleled satirical depiction
of the
vices of his age.
《格列佛游记》
是一最具有魅力的儿童故事，
里面的大人国和小人国都是英国缩
小或者放大后的形象，
该作品表明作者对当时社会人糟蹋人情形的愤
慨。
威廉
赫
兹利特说，斯威夫特通过格列佛而试图把骗人的面具从世人的脸上摘下。
Pamphlets on Ireland: A Modest
Proposal
《一个温和的建议》
《一个温和的建议》
文章清晰地提出
应该把爱尔兰穷人的孩子养肥然后屠宰了
来吃的强烈讽刺。
当时
爱尔兰发生灾荒而控制爱尔兰经济的地主却在英格兰或者
其他地方花天酒地，体现英国对
爱尔兰人民人吃人般的无人道般的压迫。
The
Drapier‘s letters
《布商信札》
5. Samuel
Richardson(
塞谬尔·理查森
)
< br>18
世纪中叶英国著名的小说
家，对英国文学和欧洲文学
都产生过重要影响。
Pamela
《帕梅拉》
《帕梅拉》的重要贡献在于它把社会环境的描写和人物心理活动的分析结合起
来，
通过有趣的故事使读者得到道德教育。
理查森特别注重人
物的感情描写，
从
而产生了现代小说一种新的文学类型——伤感
主义文学。
《帕梅拉》称得上是伤
感主义文学杰出的代表作。<
/p>
Clarissa
《克拉丽莎》
《克拉丽莎》是英国
18
世纪小说家塞缪尔
-
理查逊写的一部著名的悲剧小说。迄
今为止对该小说的评论大都从它严肃的道德和宗教议题入手。
本篇论文揭示了该
小说体现的狂欢化特点，
比如男主人公拉夫雷斯的
“笑”
与嘲讽在精神上与狂欢
化的笑有相似之处。
狂欢化的笑表现了对痛苦的蔑视、
对权威的质疑、
挑战和颠
覆，在
18
、
19
世纪的文学作品中经常弱化成了讽刺等形式，有时夹杂着戏谑与
赞扬，
有时带着反讽和自嘲的语气，
但归根结底都
是要打破现实的严肃性。
这些
特点在拉夫雷斯的叙述中都有体现
。
6. Henry
Fielding(
亨利·菲尔丁
)
, novelist, father of English
novels.
18
世纪最杰出的<
/p>
英国
小说家，
戏剧家
。其代表作品《
Tom Jones
汤姆
< br>·
琼斯
》对后
世影响极大。
《约瑟夫
·
安德鲁传》是
< br>菲尔丁
出版的第一部小说，而他写作的第一
本小说是《大
伟人江奈生
·
魏尔德传》
（
1743
）
。魏尔德是
18
世纪声名狼籍的罪
犯首领，有
―<
/p>
伟人
‖
的称号，最后被处以绞刑。
18
世纪早期便出现关于他的谣曲、
虚构性对
话、小传和小册子，其中就有
笛福
写的小传。
< br>
《一七三六年历史纪事》
《艾米莉亚》
《里斯本航海日记》
The History of
Tom Jones, a Foundling
《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》
；
Joseph Andrews
《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯》
；
The History of Jonathan wild the Great<
/p>
《大伟人乔纳森
.
菲尔德传》
7. Robert Burns
彭斯（
1759
～
1796
）
, poet,
生平英国诗人
,
浪漫主义
的先驱。
―My love‘s like a red, red
rose‖
《我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰》
―Auld
Lang
Syne‖
Chapter
Five
：
(Romanticism in
England) English Literature in the 19th
century (1798-1832)
1.
William
Wordsworth(1770-1850),
poet,
Lyrical Ballads, The Prelude
Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were
known as Lake Poets.
2.
Samuel
Taylor
Coleridge,
poet,
“The
Rime
of
the
Ancient
Mariner”, “Kubla Khan”
Major works
Demonic poems
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Kubla Khan
Christabel
Conversational poems
Frost at Morning
Dejection:
An Ode
Essays
Biographia
Literaria
Lectures on Shakespeare.
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
It is Coleridge‘s contribution to The
Lyrical Ballads. It tells us a strange
story in ballad meter. Three guests are
on their way to a wedding party
when
an
ancient
mariner
stopped
one
of
them.
The
mariner
tells
of
his
adventures
on
the
sea.
When
his
ship
sails
towards
the
South
Pole,
an
albatross
(
信天翁）
comes
through
the
snow-fog
and
alights
on
the
rigging.
The mariner shoots
at it quite thoughtlessly. Then misfortune
befalls. The
whole crew, with the only
exception of the old mariner, die of thirst as
punishment
for
the
act
of
inhospitality.
The
spell
breaks
only
when
the
mariner
repents his cruelty.
The
poem
is
famous
for
its
beautiful
cadence
（音韵）
and
wonderful
imagery.
The
combination
of
the
natural
and
supernatural,
the
ordinary
and extraordinary
makes it one of the masterpieces of Romantic
poetry.
The significance of
Lyrical Ballads
The preface to ―Lyrical Ballads‖ served
as the manifesto of the Engl
ish
Romantic
movement,
a
landmark
of
English
romanticism
and
the
beginning
of a new era.
The essence the preface:
―all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
the powerful feeling.‖
3. George Gordon Byron, poet,
Don Juan
They are
referred to as Satanic Poets by Robert Southey for
their violent
imagination and
rebellious spirit.
He changed the
course of English poetry by using the ordinary
speech of
the language and by
advocating a return to nature.
He
started the modern poetry
Two
schools
for
romantic
poets
grouped
according
to
the
political
viewpoints:
passive
romantic school
active romantic
school
Passive
romanticists:
these
romanticists
turned
to
the
past,
i.e.,
―the
merry old English‖ for their idea,
represented by Wordsworth, Colerid
ge
and Southey.
The
passive
romantic
poets
Wordsworth,
Coleridge,
and
Southey
are
usually mentioned as ―Lake
Poets
.
‖
Active
romanticists:
these
young
poets
held
out
an
ideal
of
an
future
society
free
from
oppression
and
exploitation,
represented
by
Byron,
Shelley
and Keats.
Characteristics of romantic
poets and their works
An
increasing
interest
in
nature
and
scenery,
the
beauty
of
nature
appealed strongly to the imagination of
the poets.
More attention to the
spiritual and emotional life to man.
Loose poetic form
Informal,
free language of the common people
Symbolic approaches
Dissatisfaction with the bourgeoisie
society expressed in a revolt against
or escapes from the prosaic, sordid
daily life.
Inspired by and uphold the
French revolution
What the preface
advocates?
Poetry
should
be
written
in
the
natural
language
of
common
speech,
rather
than
in
the
lofty
and
elaborate
dictions
that
were
the
considered
―poetic.‖
The
first principle of poetry should be pleasure; the
chief duty of poetry is
to
provide
pleasure
through
a
rhythmic
and
beautiful
expression
of
feeling.
The
theme
is
to
be
incidents
and
situation
chosen
from
common
life
–
ordinary things
to be presented in an unusual way with
imagination.
Poetry should offer access
to the emotions contained in memory.
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden
Ways
Questions: P216
1. What images does the poet create to
paint the girl?
2. What is the tone?
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Questions:
1. What is your first impression about
the daffodils introduced by the poet
in
the first stanza?
2. What as compared
to the ―stars‖ and the ―Milky Way‖?
3. How did the daffodils appeal to the
speaker when he is ―in vacant or in
pensive mood‖?
Theme:
Through
describing
a
scene
of
joyful
daffodils
recollected in memory, the poet hopes
to put illustrate his theory of poetic
inspiration
---
―spontaneous
overflow
of
powerful
feelings,
which
originates in emotion recollected in
tranquility‖
Image:
dancing daffodils
―fluttering‖,
―dancing‖, ―tossing‖, ―dance‖,
―danced‖, ―dances‖
―sprightly‖, ―glee‖, ―gay‖,
―jocund‖, ―pleasure‖
Metrical pattern:
a
short lyric of 4
sestets(
六行诗节
) (a quatrain-
couplet)