-
Part I The Middle Age
Chapter 1 the
Anglo
-
Saxon period
(449
-
1066)
1.
Beowulf
（贝奥武甫）
: England’s
national
epic
.
（第一部民族史诗）
2. artistic feature: ① using
alliteration
② using metaphor and
understatement
Chapter 3
Geoffrey Chaucer
(ca1343
-
1400)
1
.Geoffrey
Chaucer
is the
father
of
English
poetry
and one of the most greatest
narrative
（叙事）
poets
of England.
2.
首创双韵体
.
tonico
-
syllabic verse.
运用
London dialect.
3. writing style: wisdom, humor,
humanity.
4.
代表作：
The
Canterbury
Tales
-----
In
this
book,
Chaucer
created
a
strikingly
brilliant
and
picturesque panorama of his time and
his country
. In this poem Chaucer’s
realism, trenchant
irony and
freedom
of views reached such a high
level of power that it had no equal in all the
English
literature
up
to
the
16
th
century.
But
Chaucer
was
not
entirely
devoid
of
medieval
prejudices. [
乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出一
幅生机勃勃而又充满诗情画意的社会百态图。
在他的这部现实主义诗歌中，
他将自己的讽刺艺术和宽广视野展现的淋漓尽致，
使该作品在
16
世纪前的英国独树一帜。但是没能脱离中世纪的偏见。
Part II The
Renaissance
（文艺复兴）
1.
时期：
during the
16
th
c
entury
（
1550
---
1642
）
2.
国家：
Greek and
Roman. Also England in drama.
3.
定义：
The term
Renaissance
originally indicated a
revival
of
classical arts
and
science
after the
dark ages of medieval
obscurantism.
4.
类型：
drama and
canto
（诗章）
.
work: ① humanism
---
admire human beauty and
human achievement.
②
Thomas
More
---
Utopia
in 1516.
③
Francis Bacon
---
the great English scientist and
philosopher.
④ Christopher
Marlowe
---
the greatest of
the pioneers of English drama
⑤ Edmund Spense
r(
埃德蒙
·
斯宾塞
< br>)
----
The Faerie
Queene
（仙后）
Chapter 5 William Shakespeare
(1564
-
1616)
1. He is
the
greatest
of English authors, the
world’s pre
-
eminent
dramatist.
2. One of the
first
founder
s of
realism
.
3. A master hand at realistic portrayal
of human characters and relations.
4.
四大悲剧
:
①
Hamlet
②
Othello
③
King
Lear
④
The Tragedy
of
Macbeth.
5.
创作阶段
: ①comedy:1
590
-
1600②tragedy:1601
-
1608③tragicomedies:1609
-
1612
22
年写了
37plays,2
narrative poems,154sonnets.
6.
Hamlet:
It
is
the
profoundest
expression
of
Shakespeare’s
humanism
and
criticism
of
contemporary world.
The
character
of
Hamlet.
1.
A
humanist,
free
from
prejudices
and
superstitions.
Loving
the
world
instead
of
the
heaven.
2.
Treat
people
with
love.
Disgusted
with
uncle’s
drunkenness. Shocked
by mother’s shallowness. 3. Intellectual genius.
Close observer. “ Denmark
is
a
prison”.
4.
The
melancholy
of
Hamlet—the
key
note
of
Hamlet’s
character.
He
is
too
sophisticated to degrade his nature to
the conventional role of a stage revenger.
Contrast
is
an
important
structural
principle
in
Hamlet.
Shakespeare’s
plays
are
generally
well
-
organized,
with harmony and order disbalanced at the
beginning, social conflicts sharpened
in the middle and harmony and order
restored at the end.
Themes:
Hypocrisy, treachery of
the
royal court and of the society as a whole. Revenge
theme (Justice by violence) Lack of faith v.
love The doom of ambition
The tragedy of
Hamlet:
An individual v.
mighty evil force of the
whole
society
7.
The
merchant of Venice
is not
tragedy.
8.
sonnet 18
Shall I compare
thee(
你
) to a summer’s
day?
①1
-
4
起，
5
-
8
承，
9
-
12
转，
13
-
14
合
.
②simile, rhetoric question,
alliteration, personification,
couplet(
对偶
).
③The
message
is
that
in
this
world
no
beauty
(in
Nature)
can
stay
except
poetry
or
art;
and
your
beauty
can
only
last
if
I
write
it
down
in
my
poetry.
Also
notice
the
love
play.
Apparently
the
poe
t
is
addressing
a
man
of
his
heart,
the
wooing
sounds
more
like
a
game
play
than
anything
real
an
d
sincere.
The
love
here
is
too
conditional
to
be
genuine.
④
Structure
: Proposal
(line1
-
2)
Argument
(line3
-
12)
Conclusion
(line13
-
14)
Chapter 6 Francis
Bacon
---
essayist
1. Bacon’s works may be divided
into
three
classes. The most
important are the Essays.
①
the
philosophical
---
the
advancement of learning
②
the
literary
---
essays
③
the professional
works
---
maxims of the law
and reading on the statute of uses.
2. The essays of Bacon are so highly
esteemed.
3.
”
Great Place
” is the Bacon’s
worldly—
wise
philosophy
.
4.
Of Studies’ main idea
: ①the
text is that of 1;.652 editions.
②uses and benefits of study
and different ways adopted by different
people to pursue studies.
5. writing style: brevity, compactness,
powerfulness,
well
-
arranged.
Part III The period of
Revolution and
Restoration
（资产阶级革命与王政复辟）
17
th
century was
one of the most
tempestuous
(
动荡
)periods in
England.
2.
文学特点：
①The
Puritan Age was one of confusion, due to breaking
up of old ideas.
② In the
absence of any fixed standard of literary
criticism there was nothing to
prevent
the exaggeration of the
“metaphysical”
poets
(
玄学派
)
。
Poetry took
new
and
startling
form.
After
that
prose
became
somber
(
忧郁
).
J
ohn
Milton
---
the
indomitable
Puritan spirit
found its
noblest expression.(
约翰
·
弥尔顿充分体现了
清教徒不屈不挠的精神
)
③
Restoration(
王政复辟
)
created
a
literature
of
its
own,
which
was
often
witty
(
机敏
) and
clever
, but on the whole
immoral
(
颓废
) and
cynical
(
愤世嫉俗
).
The
most
popular
work
was
comedy
whose
chief
aim
was
to
entertain
the
licentious
aristocrats(
贵族
).
John Dryden
,
critic
,
poet
and
playwright
was the most
distinguished
literary figure of that
time.
Chapter 8 John
Milton
1
.Paradise
Lost
presents the author’s view in an
allegoric religious form
(
宗教讽喻的形式
)
，
and
readers will easily discern its
basic idea
---
the
exposure(
揭露
) of
reactionary(
反革命
) forces of
his
time and the passionate appeal for
freedom.
consists
twelve
books.
It
is
marked
for
its
intricate
(
结
构
复
杂
)
and
contradictory
composition
.
Part IV The Age of Enlighte
nment(
启蒙运动
)
---
prose
（散文时代）
背景：
Revolution
of 1688, marked the end of the long struggle for
political freedom
in
England. They have two parties:
the liberal
Wigs
(
自由派辉格党
)
and
the conservative
Tories<
/p>
(
保守派托利党
).
Enlightenment
was
an
expression
of
struggle
of
the
then
progressive
class
of
bourgeoisie(
资产阶级
)
against
feudalism(
封建主义
).
The
enlighteners
fought
against
class
inequality(
阶级不平等
)
，
stagnation
(
停滞
)
，
p
rejudices
and
other
survivals
of
feudalism.
enlighteners
repudiate(
颠
覆
)
the
false
religious
doctrines
about
the
viciousness
(<
/p>
邪恶
) of human nature, and
prove that man is born
kind
and
honest
, and
if
he
becomes
depraved(
腐败
),
it
is
only
due
to
the
influence
of
corrupted
social
environment.
流派
：
the reign of
so –called Classicism
(
古典主义
)
、
the revival of
romantic poetry
(
新兴的浪漫
主义诗歌
)
、
the
beginnings of the modern novel
(
< br>刚启萌的现代派小说
).
主要人物：
①
Alexander
Pope
,
his
contribution
to
the
theory
and
practice
of
prosody:
elaborated
certain
regulations
for
the
style
of
poetical
works
(
精心设计诗歌格式
)
and
made
popular the heroic couplets
(
英雄双韵体诗歌
)
---
five foot iambics rhymed in couplets
(
五步抑扬
格对偶句
)
②
Daniel
Defoe
----
Robinson
Crusoe
(1719), it was one of the
forerunners of the English
realistic
novel.
③
Henry Fielding and Tobias
George Smollet
-----
the
real founders of the genre of the
bourgeois realistic
novel
.
④
Samuel
Richardson
--
Pamela
< br>--
The
method
of
psychological
analysis
(
心理分析的方
法
)
⑤
Jonathan
Swift
-
----
the
most outstanding personality of the
epoch
of Enlightenment
in England. He ruthlessly exposed the
dirty mercenary essence of bourgeois
relationships.
⑥The
middle
of
the
18
th
century
in
England
came
a
new
literary
curr
ent
--
sentimentalism
⑦The latter half of the
18
th
century was the
so
-
called
pre
-
romanticism
(
< br>前浪漫主义
).
It had a reaction
against the Enlightenment, mostly in
“Gothic novel”
(
哥特
式小说
)
⑧The
mysterious element
plays an enormous role in the Gothic
novel, it is so replete
with
bloodcurdling scenes and unnatural feelings that
it is justly called “
a novel of
horrors
”.
Chapter
10 Daniel Defoe
is often
given the credit for the discovery of the modern n
ovel.(
开创了现代派小说的先河
)
2.
Robinson
Crusoe
---
head the list of
modern
fiction
---
an
adventure
story.
3.60
岁因鲁滨逊漂流记走红。
4.
works
:
①
Captain Singleton, Duncan Campbell,
Memoirs of a
Cavalier
---
1720
②Colonel Jack, Moll Flanders, A Journal
of the Plague Year(amazing realistic)
---
1722
③The Political History of the
Devil
---
1726
Chapter 11 Jonathan Swift
1
. the tale of a
tub
(
木桶的故事
) and
Gulliver’s Travels
(
格列弗游记
)
----
the
greatest satires
in the
English language.
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