18年丰台高三英语一模

页）

B

Ladies and Gentlemen,

I want to begin by telling you about some people I know.

Martin McLeod, 94-year old, is still in good health, but no longer drives.

When he goes to the doctor or the grocery store, someone must pick him up.

Emily

Sanders,

a

university

student,

has

to

ride

a

bike

across

town

to

school every day because she can’t afford a car or the expensive rent near the

university. One day in January, while riding down Chatula Street, she broke her

ankle. She ended up dropping out of school because of no transportation.

Martin and Emily are people who

would benefit

if our city invested in

a

more

comprehensive

public

transportation

system.

But

they

are

not

the

only

ones, for I am convinced that you, too, would benefit. Let me explain why.

Consider first the cost. Let’s say Hannah buys a used car for $$10,000 and

uses it for ten years. She spends $$1,000 per year just to own it. She easily spends

$$4,000

per

year

on

insurance,

gas,

parking,

safety

inspections,

tune-ups

and

repairs. Suppose, however, the city public transportation could cost Hannah less

than $$300 a year.

2017

city

report

says

that

we

have

more

than

700,000

cars

on

the

road

every day. Multiply Hannah by 700,000, and the cost of driving cars begins to

look pretty amazing! If everyone took public transportation, we would put over

$$2.5 billion back into the pocketbooks of our citizens.

Besides, public transportation would greatly improve the quality of life. It

helps the environment, reduces traffic and the need for parking and so on.

All

these

reasons

and

more

scream

for

us

to

invest

in

a

public

transportation

system,

but

certainly

there

is

a

cost.

The

rail

and

bus

systems

require vehicles and staff to run. This part of the cost can be borne through user

fees.

Also

much

of

the

remaining

cost

can

be

offset

by

reducing

the

need

to

construct

new

roads.

When

all

is

said

and

done,

then,

the

final,

real

cost

of

a

public transportation system is less than you might think.

So, here is the situation. Our city needs to invest in public

transportation. Isn’t this really something you need to think over?

高三英 语第

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40. With the examples of Martin and Emily, the speaker wants to show

.

A. the danger of traffic

B. the age groups of drivers

C. the demand for public transportation

D. the complaints about transportation means

41. Taking public transportation instead of a car, Hannah may save

per year.

A. $$10,000

B. $$4,700

C. $$4,000

D. $$1,000

42. According to the speaker, the public transportation system may

.

A. reduce the employment opportunities

B. decrease the chance of dangerous driving

C. bring more benefit without extra expense

D. increase the budget for roads construction

43. The intended audience of the speech are

.

A. government officials

B. university students

C. the citizens

D. the elderly

C

In the past many studies placed too much emphasis on how animals are trained

to learn. But recently more and more studies have focused on how animals equip

themselves to learn.

One

study started

with a

school

field

trip

to

a

pine

forest where many pine cones were discovered, stripped

(

剥壳

)

to the central core. So the investigation was directed at finding

out

what

was

eating

the

pine

seeds

and

how

they

managed

to

get them out of the cones. The culprit proved to be the black rat,

pine cone

and

the technique was

to

bite

each

cone from

base

to

top, following

the

growth

pattern of the cone.

Urban

black

rats

were

found

to

lack

the

skill.

However,

babies

of

urban

mothers

cross-fostered

by

stripper

mothers

acquired

the

skill, whereas babies

of

stripper mothers fostered by an urban mother could not. Clearly the skill had to be

learned from the mother. In the case of rats, the youngsters take cones away from

the

mother

when

she

is

still

eating

them,

allowing

them

to acquire the

stripping

skill.

高三英语第

7

页（共

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页）

Another study, Bird Behaviour, provides a different view of the adaptiveness

of

social

learning.

It

concerns

the

seed

caching(hiding)

behaviour

of

Clark

’

s Nutcracker and the Mexican Jay. The former is a specialist, caching about

30,000 seeds

in

scattered locations

that it will recover over the months

of winter;

the Mexican Jay will also cache food but is much less dependent on this than the

Nutcracker.

The

two

species

also

differ

in

their

social structure: the

Nutcracker

prefers living alone while, the Jay, in social groups.

The experiment is to discover if a bird can remember where it hid a seed but

also if it can remember where it saw another bird hide a seed. The design is funny

with a cacher bird hiding food in a room, while watched by a caged observer bird.

Two

days

later,

cachers

and

observers

are

tested

for

their

discovery

rate

against

estimated

random

performance(

预估随机表现

).

Both

cachers

performed

above

chance.

More

surprisingly,

jay

observers

were

as

successful

as

jay

cachers,

whereas nutcracker observers did no better than chance. It seems that, whereas the

Nutcracker is highly skilled at remembering where it hid its own seeds, the social

living Mexican Jay is more adept at remembering, and so making use of, the caches

of others.

44. Urban black rats were able to learn to strip when

.

A. fed by stripper mothers

B. fostered by urban mothers

C. living with stripper babies

D. eating cones by themselves

45. In Bird Behavior Study, we can conclude that

.

A. nutcraker observers perform well in remembering

B.

the Clark’s Nutcraker has

better learning skills

C. the Mexican Jay benefits from social living

D. jay cachers are only good at hiding food

46. According to the passage, both studies show that

.

A. skills are equipped in childhood

B. skills improve by practice

C. animals study through playing

D. animals learn by examples

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