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《英语语言学》练习题一
参考答案
练习题第
1
套参考答案
I.
II.
1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F
6. T 7. F 8.T
9.F 10. T
11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. T
a. [m]
b. [w]
c. [l]
d. [b]
e.
[I]
III.
(ommited)
IV.
a. A bluebird refers to a kind of bird.
A blue bird means a bird whose feathers are blue.
b. A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper
who keeps lighthouse. A light housekeeper means a
housekeeper who is light.
V
.
The relation between bank
1
and bank
2
is homonymy.
VI. a. tautology
b. contradiction
c. inconsistency
d. synonymy
e. entailment
VII. 1. The term
variety
is the label given
to the form of a language used by any group of
speakers or used in a particular
field.
A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon,
phonology, syntax shared by members of the group.
Varieties of a
language
are
of
four
types:
the
standard
variety
,
regional
(geographical)
dialects
,
sociolects
(social
dialects)
and
registers
(functional varieties).
The standard variety is the
form of a language used by the government and
communication media, taught in schools
and universities and is the
main or only written form. A regional
dialect is a variety of a language spoken by
people
living in an
area.
Sociolects
are forms
of a language that characterize the speech of
different social classes.
Register
is a
term
widely
used
in
sociolinguistics
to
refer
to
“
varieties
according
to
use”,
in
contrast
with
regional
dialects
and
sociolects, both of which are
“varieties according to
user
.
”
2.
The maxim of
quantity
:
(i) Make your contribution as
informative as is required for the current purpose
of exchange.
(ii) Do not make your contribution more
informative than is required.
The maxim of
quality
:
Try to make your contribution one that
is true.
(i) Do
not say what you believe to be false.
(ii) Do not say that for
which you lack adequate evidence.
The maxim of
relevance
:
Make your contributions
relevant.
The
maxim of manner
:
(i) Avoid obscurity of
expression.
(ii) Avoid ambiguity.
(iii) Be brief.
(iv) Be orderly.
3
．
Target domain
and source domain are the components of metaphors.
The trans ference of properties
of the
source domain to the target domain is referred to
as mapping.
练习题第
2
套参考答案
I.
1.
descriptive
2.
places,
voicing
3.
Allophones
me
5.
signifier,
signified
6.
structure
7.
diphthongs
8.
accidental 9. Meaning, sounds
10. metalanguage
11. interpersonal, textual
I.
II.
voiced 2.
fricative 3. labial 4. alveolar 5. high, vowel
1.
This is a dress for beautiful girls.
This is a beautiful dress for girls.
2.
Tom hates his
boss and I hate his boss too.
Tom hates
his boss and I hate my boss too.
III.
a) The Whit
House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the
American government. A white house refers to a
house which is painted white.
b) A redcoat refers to a British
soldier who is in red coat. A red coat means a
coat whose color is red.
IV.
V.
(ommited)
1. Ideational function ---
we use language to talk about our experience of
the world, including our
inner
world,
to
describe
events,
states
and
the
entities
involved
(language
serves
as
a
cording
system
which deals with the
relation between man and nature);
·
Interpersonal
function
---
we
use
language
to
interact
with
others,
to
establish
and
maintain
relations
with them,
to please
them, to anger
them, and
influence their behavior,
to get
their help or
sympathy
(language servers as a medium between
individuals);
·
Textual
function --- language as a system organizes
messages in a unified manner so that chunks of
messages
fit
logically
with
others
around
them
and
with
the
wider
context
in
which
the
talking
or
writing
takes place (when
language is in use, playing the above two
functions, it naturally forms a text).
2. Metaphors have three main features:
systematicity, creation of similarities, and
imaginative
rationality. Metaphors are
systematic precisely because they are conceptual
in nature. Metaphor can
create
similarities
between
the
two
domains
involved.
This
runs
counter
to
the
traditional
view
which
holds
that similarities are inherent in the entities
themselves. But cognitive linguists hold that
the
similarities
relevant
to
metaphors
are
experiential
rather
than
objective.
Metaphors
are
characterized by imaginative
rationality. They unite reasoning and imagination.
Metaphors as a form
of reasoning by
analogy
involve categorization,
entailment and inference. By metaphors we
understand
one kind of thing in terms
of another kind of thing.
1.
Homonymy
Homonyms are words which have the same
form, but different meanings. Words which have the
same
spelling but different meanings
are called
homographs
, such
as bow (v.) and bow (n., a weapon). Words which
have
the same pronunciation but
different meanings are called
homophones
. Flour/flower,
pale/pail, whole/hole are all
homophones. Words which have the same
spelling and pronunciation but different meanings
are
full homonyms
, as
exemplified by bear (v.)/bear (an
animal), ground (n.)/ground(v.).
Polysemy
Homonyms are listed
as separate entries in a dictionary, because
lexicographers see them as unrelated in
sense. A
polyseme
is a word which has several related senses. In
many dictionaries you can find bank1 and bank2 as
separate entries. The relation between
the two is homonymy. Both of them are polysemes,
because each of them has
several
definitions. Lexicographers make the distinction
between homonyms and polysemes based on the
intuition of
native speakers as well as
the etymology or history of words.
《英语语言学》练习题二
参考答案
练习题第
< br>3
套参考答案
I.
II.
1
—
5 T F F T F
6
—
10 TF T F F
11
—
15 T F T T F
I.
[f] voiceless
labiodental fricative
II.
[r] alveolar retroflex liquid