-
1
：
That, quantity,
low, saturation, bottom, much, absorb
For one thing, they are complex and
giant molecules and are different from low
molecular weight compounds
like, say,
common salt.
首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，
譬如说普通的盐。
To contrast the
difference, the molecular weight of common salt is
only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as
high as several hundred thousand, even
more than thousand thousands.
与低分子化合物不同
的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是
58.5
，而高聚物的分子量高于
105
，甚至大于
106
。
As an example, a
gaseous compound called butadiene, with a
molecular weight of 54, combines nearly 4000
times and gives a polymer known as
polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) with about 200
000molecular weight.
例如：
气态化合
物丁二烯的分子量为
54
，
连接
4000
次可得到分子量大约为
200000
的聚丁二烯
（合成橡胶）
高聚物。
It is essentially the
“giantness” of the size of the polymer molecule
that makes its behavior (different from that
of a commonly known chemical compound
such as benzene.)
实质上正是由于聚合物的巨大分子尺寸才使其性
能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物（的性能）
Solid
benzene,
for
instance,
melts
to
become
liquid
benzene
at
5.5
℃
and
,
on
further
heating,
boils
into
gaseous benzene.
例如固态苯在
5.5
℃熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。
Instead, it becomes increasingly
softer and, ultimately, turns into a very viscous,
tacky molten mass. Further
heating of
this hot, viscous, molten polymer does convert it
into various gases but it is no longer
polyethylene.
(Fig. 1.1) .
而
聚合物变得越来越软，
最终变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。
将这
种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，
它会转变成不同气体，但它不再是聚乙烯（如图
1.1
）
The globules of polyvinyl alcohol first
absorb water, swell and get distorted in shape and
after a long time go
into solution.
聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生变形，经过很长时间后，<
/p>
（聚乙烯醇分子）进入到溶液中。
in
conclusion, we can say that (1) the long time
taken by polyvinyl alcohol for dissolution, (2)
the absence of a
saturation point, and
(3) the increase in the viscosity are all
characteristics of a typical polymer being
dissolved
in a solvent and these
characteristics are
attributed mainly to the large molecular size of
the polymer.
总之，我们可以讲（
1
）聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间，
（
2
）不存在饱和点，
（
3
）
粘度的增加是聚合物溶
于溶液中的典型特性，这些特性主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。
Another
striking
difference
with
respect
to
the
behavior
of
a
polymer
and
that
of
a
low
molecular
weight
compound concerns the dissolution proce
ss.
聚合物行为和低分子量化合物另一不同的行为为溶解过程。
3
：
monofunctional
单官能团
Many
different
chemical
reactions
may
be
used
to
synthesize
polymeric
materials
by
step-growth
polymerization.
通过逐步聚合可用许多不同的化学反应来合成聚合材料。
All step-growth polymerization fall
into two groups depending on the type of
monomer(s) employed. The first
involves
two different polyfunctional monomers in which
each monomer possesses only one type of functional
group.
所有的逐步聚合反应根据所使用单体的类型可分
为两类。第一类涉及两种不同的官能团单体，每一种单体
仅具有一种官能团。
A
polyfunctional
monomer
is
one
with
two
or
more
functional
groups
per
molecule.
The
second
involves
a
single monomer containing both types of
functional groups.
一种多官能团单体每个分子有两个或多个官能
团。第二类涉及含有两类官能团的单个单体。
Polyesterification, whether between
diol and dibasic acid or intermolecularly between
hydroxy acid molecules,
is an example
of a step-growth polymerization process.
聚酯化反应是逐步聚合反应过程的一个例子。反应可能在二元酸和二元醇之间或羟基酸分子间进行。
The
esterification
reaction
occurs
anywhere in
the
monomer matrix
where two
monomer molecules
collide,
and
once
the
ester
has
formed,
it,
too,
can
react
further
by
virtue
of
its
still-reactive
hydroxyl
or
carboxyl
groups.
酯化反应出现在单
体本体中两个单体分子相碰撞的位置，且酯一旦形成，依靠酯上仍有活性的羟基或羧基
还
可以进一步进行反应。
The net effect of
this is that monomer molecules are consumed
rapidly without any large increase in molecular
weight.
酯化的结果是单体分子很快地被消耗掉，而分子量却
没有多少增加。
6
：
Most important mechanical properties
depend on and vary considerably with molecular
weight.
最重要的力学性能取决于分子量，而且随着分子量变化而发生很大的变
化。
Thus,
strength of polymer does not begin to
develop until a minimum molecular weight of about
5000
～
10
000 is achieved.
因此
,
直到最小分于量增大到大约
5
000
～
10 000
以后
,
聚合物的强度才开始显示出来
.
Above that size, there is a rapid
increase in the mechanical performance of polymers
as their molecular weight
increases;
the effect levels off at still higher molecular
weights.
Level
off
?达到平衡，变平缓，趋缓
分
子量大于这个值的时候，随着分子量的增加，聚合物的机械性能快速增加
;
达到更高的分子量的时候，这
种效应才变平缓。
In most instances, there is some
molecular weight range in which a given polymer
property will be optimum
for a
particular application.
在大多
数情况下，对于某种特定的应用来说，某种聚合物存在着某一个分子量范围。
When one speaks of the molecular weight
of a polymer, one means something quite different
from that which
applies to small-sized
compounds.
当人们谈到聚合物分子量的时候，他所指的是和
(
适用于
)
低分子化合物的分
子量完全不同的另一回事。
Polymers differ
from the small-sized compounds in that they are
polydisperse or heterogeneous in molecular
weight.
聚合物与小分子量
化合物的不同在于聚合物的分子量是多分散性的或不均匀的。
Both the average molecular weight and
the exact distribution of different molecular
weights within a polymer
are required
in order to fully characterize it.
为了充分地表征聚合物，不仅要求平均分子量，而且也要求聚合物内不同分子量的确切的分布情
况。
7
：
mean-square
end-to-end distance
均方末端距
Dissolving a polymer is a slow process
that occurs in two stages.
溶解高分子需要一个缓慢的过程，这个过程分两步发生。
First, solvent molecules slowly diffuse
into the polymer to produce a swollen gel.
溶剂分子缓慢地扩散到高分子中产生溶胀凝胶。
This may be all that happens
if
，
for
example
，
the polymer-polymer
intermolecular forces are high
because of
crosslinking
，
crystallinity
·
or strong hydrogen bonding.
例如
,
如果因交联，
结晶和很强的氢键而形成很大的分子间力，
(
聚合物的
溶解过程
)
有可能就只停留在这一
阶段
。
But
if
these
forces
can
be
overcome
by
the
introduction
of
strong
polymer-solvent
interactions,
the
second
stage of solution can
take place. Here the gel gradually disintegrates
into a true solution.
但是如果这些力被强的高分子
-
溶剂之间相互作用克服，
溶解的第二阶段就会
发生。
能
（在水中）
崩解的即，
凝胶逐渐变成一个真正的溶液。
As
specified in the
literature
，
the arrangements
of the polymer chain differing by reason of
rotations about
single bands are termed
conformations.
正如在文献中所定义的那样，由于围绕着单键的旋转而
导致的聚合物链不同的空间排布叫做构象。
The
importance
of
the
random-coil
nature
of
the
dissolved,
molten,
amorphous,
and
glassy
states
of
high
polymers
cannot be overemphasized.
我
们无论怎样强调溶解的，熔融的，无定形的，玻璃态的高分子无规线团性质的重要性都不过分。
< br>
Many important physical as well as
thermodynamic properties of high polymers result
from this characteristic
structural
feature.
高分子的许多重要的物理及热力学性质都
是这个结构特征引起的。
10
：
An
ordinary rubber ball if cooled below
-70
°
C becomes so hard and
brittle that it will break into pieces like a
glass ball falling on a hard surface!
一个普通的橡胶球被冷却到零下
70
度以下
，就会变得又硬又脆，掉在硬
表面上就会像玻璃球一样破碎成碎片。
This is because there is a
“temperature boundary” for almost all amorphous
polymers (and many crystalline
polymers) only above which the
substance remains soft, flexible and rubbery and
below which it becomes hard,
brittle
and glassy.
这是因为几乎所有无定型聚合物<
/p>
(
及许多结晶聚合物
)
< br>都有一个“温度边界”
，温度高于这个边界，材料保持
软
的柔韧的及橡胶状的，而高于这个边界，材料则变成硬的，脆的，玻璃状的。
Depending
on
the
temperature,
the
molecules
of
a
low
molecular
weight
substance
either
move
apart
as
a
whole or do
not move at all. i. e., there is a definite
temperature (melting point Tm) below which the
molecules
do not move and above which
they do move.
根据温度
,
< br>低分子量的物质要么整个分子移开，要么根本不运动。有一个特定的温度
(
熔点
Tm)
在低于这一
温度时分子不运动，而在高于这一温度时分子则在运动。
In the case of polymers, there is
indeed an intermediate state.
< br>尽管分子的一些链段在动，分子整体是不动的。聚合物有一个中间状态。
If the temperature ranges between Tg
and Tf, the localized mobility is activated, but
the overall mobility is not.
如果温度在
Tg
和
< br>Tf
之间，局部的运动被激活，而整体的运动则没有。
The local segments, where mobility is
already activated, correspond to the liquid state,
while the molecule as a
whole, where
mobility is forbidden, is in the solid state. This
state, which is really a combination of liquid and
solid, is called the rubbery state.
correspond
to: <
/p>
相当于局部链段的运动被激活，对应着液态，而整个分子的运动性受到限制，则仍处于固<
/p>
态。这个状态，实际上是液态和固态的结合，叫做橡胶态。
Under the influence of an applied
stress, it exhibits properties of a viscous fluid
as well as an elastic solid and
undergoes what is called viscoelastic
deformation.
在外加应力的作用下，聚合材料既显示出粘性液体的性质，
也显示出弹性固体的性质，而经历的过程叫做
粘弹形变。
The Tg value along with the Tm value
gives an indication of the temperature region at
which a
polymeric material transforms
from a rigid solid to a soft viscous state
Tg
值和
Tm
值表明了一个温
度范围，在这个范围内聚合材料由刚性固体转化为柔软的粘流态。
11
：
Functional
polymers
are
macromolecules
to
which
chemically
functional groups
are attached; they
have the
potential advantages of small molecules
with the same functional groups.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：(整理)商务英语词汇大全(整理版).
下一篇：10个最常用的商业英文缩写