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Understanding
linguistic terms
1. Blending;
Acronym
，
back-formation
2.
sociolinguistics
speech
community,
speech
variety,
regional
dialect,
sociolect,
idiolect,
ethnic dialect, register,
standard dialect, pidgin and creole,
bilingualism and diglossia
3. Sapir-
Whorf hypothesis, intercultural
communication
4.
language
acquisition,
CPH
(Critical
Period
Hypothesis);
N.
Chomsky
’
s
LAD;
Telegraphic speech
5.
learning
strategies;
interlanguage;
comprehensible
input;
language
aptitude;
motivation;
language
transfer;
cross-association;
contrastive
analysis;
SLA(second language
acquisition)
6.
Neurolinguistics;
cerebral
Cortex;
Broca
’
s
Aphasia;
Spoonerism,
priming
experiment;
syntactic parser
garden path sentence;
psycholinguistics
Question Answering
1. What are the major causes of
language change?
2. Give
examples to show vocabulary change.
3.
Give at least three examples to show the influence
of American English on British
English.
4. What are the three major theories of
child language acquisition?
5. Give
brief account of the important role that
linguistic environment plays in child
language development.
6.
What is the role of native language in second or
foreign language learning?
7. What are
the individual differences in second or foreign
language acquisition?
8. Describe
Levelt
’
s speech production
model in your own words.
9. What are
the major psycholinguistics methods?
10. Describe the major symptoms of
Broca
’
s aphasia.
11. what is the significance of
cultural teaching and learning?
Part I.
Blank
Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)
Directions
:
Complete
the
flowing
statements
concerning
some
basic
linguistic
concepts.
1.
According to Chomsky, when we determine
a word
’
s category, three
criteria are
usually employed, namely
____________, inflection and ____________.
2.
The
description
of
a
language
at
some
point
of
time
in
history
is
a
____________
study;
the
description
of
a
language
as
it
changes
through
time
is
a
____________
study. In
modern linguistics, the former approach seems to
enjoy priority over
the latter..
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3.
According to
Paul Grice
’
s Cooperative
Principle, there are four maxims in
natural
conversation,
including
the
maxim
of
____________,
the
maxim
of
quality,
the maxim of ___________ and the maxim
of manner.
4.
The
syntactic category of the specifier differs
depending on the category of
the head.
Determiners serve as the specifiers of Ns while
__________ typically
function as the
specifiers of Vs and degree words as the
specifiers of As and
sometimes
__________ .
5.
Language
is
a
system
of
arbitrary
vocal
____________
used
for
human
____________ .
6.
N.
Chomsky,
the
American
linguist,
proposed
the
distinction
between
____________
and
____________, the former is defined as the ideal
user
’
s knowledge of the
rules of his language, and the latter
defined as the actual realization of his
knowledge in linguistic communication
7.
According
to
the
American
linguist
Charles
Hockett,
human
language
differs
from
any animal system of
communication in that it has its design features,
such
as
arbitrariness,
productivity,
____________,
displacement
and
cultural
____________.
8.
Sentence
can
be
defined
as
a
sequence
of
words
arranged
in
a
certain
____________
in accordance
with a certain _____________ rules.
9.
Phonetics is
defined as the study of the____________ medium of
language; it is
concerned with all the
_____________ that occur in the
world
’
s languages.
10.
In the study
of semantics, sense is concerned with the inherent
meaning of the
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linguistic
form.
It
is
the
collection
of
all
the
____________
of
the
linguistic
form; it is ____________ and de-
contextualized.
Part II. True or False
( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)
Directions
:
Decide whether the following statements are true
(T) or false (F).
1.
According
to
transformational
syntax,
the
phrase
“
talk
about
”
has
two
elements,
of which the V
“
talk
”
belongs to major lexical category and the P
“
about
”
belongs to minor lexical category. (
)
2.
According
to
lexical
sense
relations,
the
words
‘
give
’
and
‘
take
’
are
complementary antonyms.
( )
3. Semantically, the
sentence
“
My unmarried
sister
is married to
a
bachelor.
”
is
a contradiction. (
)
4. Concerning the sense relation, the
word
“
table
”
is the hyponym of the word
“
furniture
”
. (
)
5.
According
to
John
Searle,
threatening,
like
“
Your
money
or
your
life!
”
belongs
to directive.
（
）
6.
According
to
the
morphology,
the
word
“
disagreemen
t
”
contains
three
morphemes:
dis + agree + ment,
among
which
the morpheme
“
< br>agree
”
belongs
to free
morpheme
and
“
dis,
ment
”
are bound morphemes. (
)
7. A phonological feature of the
English compounds is that the stress of the word
always falls on the first element, and
the second element receives secondary
stress, such as
greenhouse,
hotdog
.( )
8.
According to the sense relations between
sentences, the sentence
“
He
has been
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to
Hungary
”
is an
entailment of
the
sentence
“
He has
been
to
Europe.
”
( )
9.
Modern
linguistics
is
mostly
prescriptive
rather
than
descriptive.
( )
10. In terms of place of articulation,
the English consonants [p] and [b] belong
to bilabial while [f] and [v] are
labiodental. ( )
Part III.
Understanding of Linguistic
Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks)
Directions:
Please give a brief explanation of the
following linguistic terms.
1.
Pragmatics
2.
Phoneme
3.
Polysemy
4.
Syntactic category
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Part VI.
Question Answering
Directions
:
Please answer the following questions
briefly
.
1.
The XP rule is
usually described as:
XP
(specifier) X (complement*)
Please explain the above rule in simple
English. (10 points)
2.
What are the
major views concerning the study of meaning? (15
points)
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3.
Smith said to
his classmate:
“
John, you have been keeping
my notes for a whole week
now.
”
According
to
Austin
’
s
speech
act
theory,
explain
the
three
acts
(locutionary,
illocutionary,
and
perlocutionary)
that
Smith
is
possibly
performing
while
making
the
above
utterance? (15 points)
Key
to the Test A
Part I Blanking filling:
1. symbols
communication
2. competence
performance
3.
duality
transmission
4.
speech
sounds
5. meaning
distribution
6. synchronic
diachronic
7. quantity
relation
8. order
gramatical
9.
qualifiers
Ps
10. features
abstract
Part II
True or False
1. F
2. F
3. T.
4. T
5. T.
6.
T.
7. T
8.
F
9. F
10 T
Part III Understanding of linguistic
terms
1.
Pragmatics:
a
general
definition is
the study of how speakers of a language
use
sentences to effect successful
communication. As the process of communication is
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essentially
a process of conveying and understanding meaning
in a certain context,
pragmatics
can
also
be
regarded
as
a
kind
of
meaning
study.
Including
deixis,
speech
acts,
indirect
language,
conversation,
politeness,
cross-cultural
communication, and presupposition.
2.
Phoneme:
A phoneme is a phonological
unit.
It is a abstract unit.
It is not any
particular
sound,
but
rather
it
is
represented
or
realized
by
a
certain
phone
in
a
certain
phonetic context.
3.
Polysemy:
While
different
words
may
have
the
same
or
similar
meaning
,
the
same one word may have more than one
meaning. This is what we call polysemy,
and such word is called a polysemic
word.
4.
Syntactic
category:
Category refers to
a
group
of
linguistic items
which fulfill
the same or similar functions in a
particular language such as a sentence, a noun
phrase or a verb. A fundamental fact
about words in all human languages is that
they
can
be
grouped
together
into
a
relatively
small
number
of
classes,
called
syntactic category..
Part VI Question answering:
1.
The XP rule
is usually described as:
XP
(specifier) X (complement*)
Please explain the above rule in simple
English. (10 points)
X stands for a
head, i.e. any major word-level category, such as
N, V
, A and P.
The arrow
means
“
consists
of
”
or
“
branches
into
”
.
The
parentheses (
) mean the
element in them can be omitted and the asterisk *
indicates that one or more
category can occur. The rule can be described as
follows:
Any phrase
consists of a head and maybe a specifier on the
left side of the head, and
maybe one or
more complement on the right side of the head.
2.
What are the major views concerning the
study of meaning? (15 points)
Naming
theory;
Representative:
Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and
labels for
things.
The
conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and
Richards; the concept is the meaning of
the word.
Contexualism;
Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word
is determined by its use in
the
context, including situational context and
linguistic context.
Behaviorism;
Representative:
Bloomfield;
the
meaning
consists
in
the
relation
between
speech and the practical events.
3.
Smith said to
his classmate:
“
John, you have been keeping
my notes for a whole week
now.
”
According
to
Austin
’
s
speech
act
theory,
explain
the
three
acts
(locutionary,
illocutionary,
and
perlocutionary)
that
Smith
is
possibly
performing
while
making
the
above
utterance? (15 points)
(omitted)
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Part I.
Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30
marks)
Directions
:
Complete
the
flowing
statements
concerning
some
basic
linguistic
concepts.
11.
Linguistics is generally defined as the
scientific study of ____________. It
is
scientific
because
it
is
based
on
the
systematic
_________________
of
linguistic data, conducted with
reference to some general theory of language
structure.
12.
The Swiss linguist, F. de Saussure,
made the distinction between langue and
parole, the former refers to the
__________ linguistic system sheared by all
the members of a speech community,
while the latter refers to the realization
of langue in actual __________.
13.
According
to
the
American
linguist
Charles
Hockett,
human
language
differs
from
any
animal
system
of
communication
in
that
it
has
its
design
features, of
which
displacement is one, which means
language can be used to refer to __________
removed from the immediate situations
of the __________.
14.
An initial classification in phonetics
will divide the ____________ sounds in
English into two broad categories:
____________ and consonants.
15.
According to
Chomsky, when we determine a
word
’
s category, three
criteria are
usually employed, namely
____________, inflection and ____________.
16.
The notion of
context is essential to the pragmatic study of
language. It is
generally
considered
as
constituted
by
the
knowledge
shared
by
the
____________
and the
__________.
17.
According to Paul Grice, in making
conversation the participants must first of
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all be
willing to ___________; otherwise, it would not be
possible for them to
carry on the
___________.
18.
A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is
a unit that is of ___________ value.
It
is an abstract unit. It is not any particular
sound , but rather it is
represented or
realized by a certain __________ in a certain
phonetic context.
19.
According to transformational syntax,
phrases that are formed of more than one
word usually contain three elements.
The word around which a phrase is formed
is termed head. The words on the left
side of the heads are said to function
as
___________________.
The
words
on
the
right
side
of
the
heads
are
________________.
20.
Sense is
concerned with the inherent meaning of the
linguistic form. It is the
collection
of all the ____________ of the linguistic form; it
is abstract and
de-contextualized.
Reference
means
what
a
linguistic
form
refers
to
in
the
real
physical world; it deals with the
relationship between the linguistic element
and the non-linguistic world of
__________.
Part II. True or False ( 10
x 1 = 10 marks)
Directions
:
Decide whether the following statements are true
(T) or false (F).
1.
According to transformational syntax, prepositions
like
“
near
”
or
“
about
”
belong to minor lexical category.
( )
2. The words
‘
male
’
and
‘
female
’
are complementary antonyms. ( )
3.
The
sentence
“
The
table
has
bad
intentions.
”
is
semantically
anomalous.
( )
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4.
Concerning the sense relation, the word
“
rose
”
is the hyponym of the word
“
flower
”
. ( )
5. According to John Searle, promising,
like
“
I
’
ll
bring you the book tomorrow
without
fail.
”
belongs to
commissive.
（
）
6. According to
the morphology, the word
“
un
desirable
”
contains four
morphemes:
un + desire + able + ity,
among which the morpheme
“
de
sire
”
belongs to free
morpheme and
“
un,
able, ity
”
are bound
morphemes. ( )
7. The
description of a language at some point of time in
history is a synchronic
study;
the description of a language as it
changes through time is
a diachronic
study.
In
modern
linguistics,
a
diachronic
approach
seems
to
enjoy
priority
over
a
synchronic one.( )
8.
According to the sense relations between
sentences, the sentence
“
Joh
n
’
s
computer
needs
repairing
”
is
an
entailment
of
the
sentence
“
John
has
a
computer.
”
(
)
9. According to G.
Leech
’
s predication
analysis, the sentence,
“
Henry sent Mary
an e-mail
”
is a
two-place prediction containing two arguments. (
)
10. In terms of manner of
articulation, the English consonants [p] and [t]
belong
to stops or plosives while [f]
and [s] are fricatives. ( )
Part III.
Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x
5 = 20 marks)
Directions:
Please give a brief explanation of the
following linguistic terms.
5.
Language
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