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The Society and Culture of Major English-
Speaking Countries
UK
（
The United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
）
INTRODUCTION
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1. The
Commonwealth of Nations
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2. European Union since 1973
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3. G7: the
Group of Seven large developed economies-> G8 ->
G20
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4.
Population:1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity,
a multiracial society.
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5. One nation of four parts:
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England
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Scotland
?
Wales
?
Northern Ireland
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6. Capital:
London
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in
the south of the country
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the largest city in the country
?
one
of
the
three
major
international
financial
centers
in
the
world
(London Stock Exchange)
?
political,
economic and cultural center
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the only city
to host Olympic Games three times:1908,1948,2012
HISTORY
England
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1. A Highly
Urbanized Country: 80% in cities, 2% agriculture.
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2. The Largest
of the four nations, and the largest population
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3. A History of
Invasion:
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Before the first Century AD: tribal
kingdoms of Celtic people
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43 AD: Roman Invasion( England and
Wales)
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The
Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes
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King Arthur and His Knights of Round
Table
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Angle-
land->England
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8th Century: Vikings
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King Alfred the
Great
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1066: The
Norman Conquest
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Normans, William of Normandy , the
Battle of Hastings, King Harold
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The Tower of
London
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1640s
：
Civil War,
Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, “Lord
Protector”
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1688:
Glorious
Revolution
(Bloodless
Revolution),
James
II,
“William
of
Orange” and his wife Mary
Scotland
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1.
The
second
largest
of
the
four
nations,
both
in
population
and
in
geographical area.
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2. the most
rugged part of the UK
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: The Highlands
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South: The Southern Uplands
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Middle: Lowlands
4. Glasgow: The Largest city
Edinburgh: Capital
5.
Hadrian’s Wall 136AD Rome
6.
Six century AD
British Celts: around
Glasgow
Scots: Southwest
Scottish Celts (Picts): Highlands,
Gaelic
7. Anglo-
Scottish
conflict: Macbeth, William Wallace’s uprising
in1298
8.
The Battle of Bannockburn: Robert the
Bruce 1314
9. 1603 James I
10. 1707 Scotland joined the Union,
electing its members of parliament to the
London parliament.
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11. Culture and
Science:
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Telephone: Bell, Walter Scott, Robert
Burns
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Louis Stevenson: Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
Wales
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1. The Third
Largest
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2.
Capital: Cardiff
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3. Language: Welsh
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4. Heroes:
Llywelyn ap Grufudd
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Owain, Glyndwer
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5. 1536 Wales joined UK
Northern Ireland
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1. Ulster
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2. The Smallest
of the four nations, both in area and population
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3. Capital:
Belfast
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4.
Culture:
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Seamus Heaney:1995 Nobel Prize
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Neil Jordan:
1992 Oscar award
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5. Landmark: Giant’s
Causeway
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6.
Until
1921:
The
United
Kingdom
of
Great
Britain
and
Ireland.
(Ireland
since 1801)
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7. Home Rule Bill 1914
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8. The Easter
Rising 1916
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9.
IRA: Irish Republic Army
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10. The Sinn Fein Party
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11. Conflict:
Catholics vs. Protestants
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12.1921
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South: 26
counties -> Ireland
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Northeast: 6 counties-> UK
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13. Parliament
at Stormont, near Belfast.
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“direct rule”
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14. The split
of IRA:
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The Official
IRA
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The Provisional IRA
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15. Bloody
Sunday 1972. 1.30
POLITICS
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1. The oldest
representative democracy.
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2. Monarchy: fifth century AD-1066
Norman Conquest
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3. Queen: Elizabeth II
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4. “divine
right of kings”
->symbolic
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5. Oliver
Cromwell: roundheads 1640-1660 King Charles I
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6. Magna Carta:
a key expression of the rights of citizens against
the Crown
1215
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Parliament:
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House of Lords
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House of Commons
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8.
All
money
grants
should
be
considered
and
approved
by
the
Commons
before being
considered by the Lords.
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9.1688
Glorious
Revolution William of Orange
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10.1689 Bill of
Rights: the King would never be able to ignore
Parliament
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t
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12.
1714 King George I Prime Minister
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13.
1832 Modern political system was born.
The British Government Today
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n is both a
parliamentary democracy and a constitutional
monarchy
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2.
British
parliamentary
democracy:
Australia,
Canada,
New
Zealand
and
India.
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3. All but India recognize the Queen as
their head of state
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4. Governor-General: a representative
of the Crown
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5.
No written constitution
?
statute
law
成文法
, the common
law
普通法
and
conventions
习惯法
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6. The
Functions of Parliament:
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Passes Laws
?
V
otes for taxation
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Scrutinizes
government policy, administration and expenditure
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Debates the
major issues of the day
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7. Parliament is supreme in Britain
because it alone has the power to change
the terms of the Constitution.
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8. There are no
legal restraints upon Parliament.
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9.
The
Parliament
today
consists
of
the
Queen,
the
House
of
Lords
and
the
House of
Commons. These three institutions must all agree
to pass any given
legislation.
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10. The Roles
of the Queen (Monarchy) :
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Symbolizes the tradition and unity of
the British state
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Legally head of the executive
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Integral part
of the legislature
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Head of judiciary
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