-
-Chapter One
I.
Fill in the
blanks.
1. Language,
broadly speaking, is a means of _______
communication.
2.
In
any
language
words
can
be
used
in
new
ways
to
mean
new
things
and
can
be
combined
into
innumuberable sentences
based on limited rules. This feature is usually
termed _____.
3. Language has many
functions. We can use language to talk about
itself. This function is ______.
4.
Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal
noises while performing heavy work has been
called __________ theory.
5.
The theory that language arose from instinctive
emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has
been
called _____________ theory.
6. The theory that language arose from
human beings instinctive need for contact with his
companion
has been called the _________
theory.
7. Linguistics is the
scientific study of _____________.
8.
Modern linguistic is _____________ in the sense
that the linguist tries to discover what language
is
rather than lay down some rules for
people to observe.
9. One general
principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of
________ over writing.
10. The
description of a language as it changes through
time is a ________ study.
11. Saussure
put forward two important concepts. ___________
refers to the abstract linguistic system
shared by all members of a speech
community.
12. Linguistic potential is
similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s
_________.
II
.
Choose the best answer.
13.
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols
used for human ______.
a. contact
b. communication
c.
relation
d. community
14.
Language is ___________.
a. instinctive
b.
non-instinctive
c. static
d.
genetically transmitted
15. A linguist
regards the changes in language and languages use
as _________.
a. unnatural
b.
something to be feared
c. natural
d. abnormal
16. Which of the
following words is entirely arbitrary?
a. tree
b. crash
c. typewriter
d. bang
17. The function of the sentence “Water
boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is
_________.
a. interrogative
b.
directive
c. informative
d. performative
18. _________ is a
grammatical description of a language specially
designed as an aid to teaching that
language to native or foreign learners.
a. Descriptive grammar
b. Prescriptive
grammar
c. Pedagogical grammar
d.
Universal grammar
19. In Chinese when
someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the
people present are likely to say
sui
sui ping an
(every year be safe and
happy ) as a means of controlling the forces which
the believers
feel might affect their
lives. Which functions does it perform?
a. Interpersonal
b. Emotive
c.
Performative
d. Recreational.
20.
Which
of
the
following
property
of
language
enables
language
users
to
overcome
the
barriers
caused by time and place, due to this
feature of language, speakers of a language are
free to talk about
anything in any
situation?
a. Transferability.
b.
Duality.
c.
Displacement.
d. Arbitrariness
21. Study
the following dialogue. What function does it play
according to the functions of language?
---
A nice day, isn’t it
?
---Right! I really enjoy
the sunlight.
a. Emotive
b. Phatic
c. Performative
d. Interpersonal
22. Which branch of linguistics studies
the similarities and differences among languages?
a. Diachronic linguistics.
b.
Synchronic linguistics.
c. Prescriptive
linguistics.
d. Comparative linguistics.
23. _______ refers to the actual
real
ization of the ideal language
user’s knowledge of the rules of his
language in utterances.
a.
Performance
b.
Competence
c. Langue
d. Parole
24. _______ deals with language
application to other fields, particularly
education.
a. Linguistic geography
b. Sociolinguistics
c. Applied linguistics
d.
Comparative linguistics.
III. Decide
whether the following statements are true(T) or
false (F).
----- 25. Duality is one of
the characteristics of human language. It refers
to
The fact that language
has two levels of structures: the system of sounds
and the system of meanings.
-----26.
Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than
descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us
how
to speak correct language.
----
27.
Competence
and
performance
re
fer
respectively
to
a
language
user’s
underlying
knowledge
about the system of rules and the
actual use of language in concrete situations.
---- 28. Language is a means of verbal
communication. Therefore, the communication way
used by the
deaf-mute is not language.
---- 29. Arbitrariness of language
makes it potentially creative, and conventionality
of language makes
a language be passed
from generation to generation. As a foreign
language learner, the latter is more
important for us.
---- 30. By diachronic study we mean to
study the changes and development of language.
---- 31. Langue is relatively stable
and systematic while parole is subject to personal
and situational
constraints.
---- 32. Language change is universal,
ongoing and arbitrary.
---- 33. In
language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to
students is basically descriptive, and
more attention is paid to the
developing learners’ communicative
skills.
---- ge is system of
arbitrary, written signs which permit all the
people in a given culture, or
other people who have learned the
system of that culture, to communicate or
interact.
----
35.
Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led
to the school of historical
linguistics.
---- 36.
Applied linguistics is the application of
linguistic principles and theories to language
teaching
and learning.
Keys to Chapter one
I.
Fill in the
blanks.
1. verbal
2. productivity
3. metalingual function
4. yo-he-yo
5. pooh-pooh
6. contact
7. language
8. descriptive
9. speech
10.
diachronic linguistic
11.
Langue
12. competence
II. Choose the best answer.
13. B
14. B
15. C
16. A
17. C
18. C
19. C
20. C
21. B
22. D
23. A
24. C
III. Decide whether the
following statements are true (T) or false (F).
25. T
26. F
27. T
28. F
29.
T
30. T
31
T
32. F
33. T 34 .F
35. F
36. T
Chapter Two
I.
Fill in the blanks.
1. ________
phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs
of producing the sounds of speech.
2. Speech takes place when the organs
of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These
movement
have an effect on the _______
coming from the lungs.
3.
Consonant sounds can be either _______ or ______,
while all vowel sounds are ________.
4.
Consonant
sounds
can
also
be
made
when
two
prgans
of
speech
in
the
mouth
are
brought
close
together so that the
air is pushed out between them, causing _________.
5. The qualities of vowels depend upon
the position of the ________ and the lips.
6. One element in the description of
vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the
highest point in the
mouth. A second
element is the _______ to which that part of the
tongue is raised.
7.
Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter
are produced without _______.
8. In
phonological analysis the words
fail-
veil
are distinguishable simply because
of the two phonemes
/f/-/v/. This is an
example for illustrating _______.
9. In
English there are a number of _______, which are
produced by moving from one vowel position
to another through intervening
positions.
10. ________
refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually
show the influence of their neighbours.
11. ________ is the smallest linguistic
unit.
12. According to _______, when
there is a choice as to where to place a
consonant, it is put into the
onset
rather than the coda.
II.
Choose the best answer.
13.
Pitch variation is known as
________ when its patterns are imposed on
sentences.
a. intonation
b.
tone
c. pronunciation
d.
voice
14. Conventionally a ________ is
put in slashes.
a. allophone
b.
phone
c. phoneme
d.
morpheme
15. An aspirated
p
, an unaspirated
p
and an unreleased
p
are ________ of the
p
phoneme.
a. analogues
b. tagmemes
c. morphemes
d. allophones
16. The opening between the vocal cords
is sometimes referred to as _______.
a.
glottis
b. vocal cavity
c. pharynx
d. uvula
17. The diphthongs
that are made with a movement of the tongue
towards the center are known as
________ diphthongs.
a. wide
b.
closing
c. narrow
d. centering
18. A phoneme is a group of similar
sounds called _________.
a. minimal
pairs
b. allomorphs
c. phones
d. allophones
19. Which branch of phonetics concerns
the production of speech sounds?
a.
acoustic phonetics.
b.
Articulatory phonetics.
c.
Auditory phonetics
d. Neither of them
20. Which
one is different from the others according to
manners of articulation?
a. [z]
b. [w]
c. [?]
d. [v]
21. Which one is different from the
others according to places of articulation?
a.
[
n
]
b. [
m
]
c.
[
b
]
d. [
p
]
22. Which vowel is different from the
others according to the characteristics of vowels?
a.
[
i:
]
b. [
u
]
c. [e]
d.
[
i
]
23. What kind
of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are
vibrating?
a. Voiceless
b.
Voiced
c. Glottal stop
D. Consonant
24. Which
consonant represents the following description:
voiceless labiodental fricative?
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