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1
、如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？
原创：
魏剑峰
国内不少英语作文辅导书和培训机构往往会让考生背诵各种
“
高
分句型
”
和写作模板，但往往事倍功半，很多考生
用了这些句型后非但不能加分，还有被扣分的危险。因为这些句型和模板很多都被用滥，考官对此早已
免疫。而且考
生在使用句型时生搬硬套，并没有真正理解它们的含义以及使用语境。
对于英文写作来说，掌握一定数量的句型和模板是非常有益的，但
并不意味着我们需要去使用现成的，已经被无
数考生使用过的表达。更好的方法是自己在
阅读中总结句型，构建属于自己的语料库。外刊就是一种非常合适的材料，
因为外刊有不
少文章属于议论文，这与考场英语作文的要求是相契合的。
我
会在接下来的系列文章中从
《经济学人》、《卫报》、《每日邮报》
等知名刊物中选取分析适合应用在议论文
中的句型。我会尽量说明选取这些句型的逻
辑，这样各位平时在阅读中也可以自己去发现和积累它们。
not more so
If
not more so
是地道英文中很常见的一个表达，
但很
少在中国学生的习作中看到。
可能的一个原因是
if not
more so
在中文里面很难找到一个对等的概念，而对于母语中没有的概念，我们会
倾向于不去使用它。
if
在这里通常用来指与
< br>句子主要部分的陈述稍微不同（
used when you are
adding that something may be even more, less,
better, worse etc than you
have just
said
）。
if not more so
< br>意思很微妙，它的大概含义是
“
即使不是更
……”
。例如
The Economist
文章里面有这样的
句子：
The next phase of the computing
revolution is the “internet of things”
(IoT), in which all manner of everyday objects,
from light bulbs to cars, incorporate
computers connected permanently to the internet.
Most of these gizmos are as insecure as
any other computer, if not more so.
上面这段话的意思是：目前很多日常设备都开始接入互联网（即所谓的
“
物联网
”
），但这些设备像普通的电
脑一
样不够安全，很容易遭到攻击。
Most of
these gizmos are as insecure as any other
computer, if not more so.
可以理解为
< br>“
这
些设备中的大部分即使没有更易遭受攻击，也和其他
电脑一样不够安全
”
。
朗文英英词典里面也有类似的例句：
Her needs are just as important as
yours, if not more so.
这句话的意思是
“
纵然她的需求不更重要，但至少和你的一样
重要
”
。
除了
if not more
so
这个句型之外，
if
not…
还可以接形容词构成其他搭配，例如
if not i
mpossible/great/forgivable
，
举
个例子：
The snow was now two
feet deep, making it difficult, if not impossible,
to get the car out.
这里
if
not impossible
相当于
although it
was not impossible
，句子可以理解为
“<
/p>
雪有两英尺厚，要把汽车拉出来很困
难，尽管不是不可能。
”
这一句型可以用在考场作文中用于对观点
进行强调或补充。比如有这样一道作文题目：
Individuals can do nothing to protect
the environment; only governments and large
companies can make a difference. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
我们可以在开头段写：
People
have different views about whether individuals can
contribute significantly to environmental
protection. Although
governments
and
large
companies
are
crucial
in
addressing
conservation
issues,
the
role
played
by
individuals
is
just
as
important, if not more so.
argument that…rests chiefly on the
fact that…
在解释一个论点时我们通常会用到这样的句型：
the
reason
why…is…
，除此之外还可以有下面的写法：
Mr Ritter’s
argument that
Amazon and Zalando can comfortably co-exist rests
chiefly on the fact that Amazon is pursuing
the more price-conscious shopper,
whereas Zalando is after a higher-value, more
brand-conscious segment.
从这里可以提取出一个句型：
the argument
that…rests chiefly on the fact that…
，
该句型可以用在议论文的段落开头，
用来对分论点进行解释。举个例
子，有这样的作文题目：
Some people
believe that all high school graduates should be
given the opportunity to go to college or
university. To what
extent do you agree
or disagree?
我们可以提出一个论点，普及高等教育对一个国家的经济有
利，并且进行展开：
The
argument
that higher
education
should
be
made
universally
availablerests
chiefly
on
the
fact
that doing
so
is
in
society’s
best
eco
nomic
interests.
Research
shows
that
increased
investment
in
tertiary
education
has
a
positive
effect
on
a
country’s
gross domestic product. In the long term, a
society with a greater number of
highly
-educated citizens is
more likely
to develop the
creative technologies and business solutions
needed to stimulate economic growth.
在举例论证时最常见的一个说法是
for
example/for
instance
，但我们也可以换一种表达方式，比如：
Mr
Yameen
has
weathered
plenty
of
adversity, as the
long
list
of
his
opponentsattests.
Media
reports
in
August
about
moves to oust him came to nothing.
在上面的句子中
as
引导的是一个非限制性定语
从句，
它所指代的先行词是前面整个主句
Mr Yameen
has weathered
plenty of adversity
，此时
as
在从句中充当的是
attest
的宾语。
Attest
的含义是
“
证明，作为
……
的证据
”
。
我们也可以将句子改写成：
a)
As the long list of his opponents attests, Mr
Yameen has weathered plenty of adversity.
b) The long list of his opponents
attests that Mr Yameen has weathered plenty of
adversity.
…as…attest…
这一句型有时
候可以用来替换
for example/for
instance
，例如：
Air
pollution can have a negative impact on people’s
health. For example, people living in
are
as with poor air quality are
prone to respiratory disease.
我们可以将其改写为：
a) Air
pollution can have a negative impact on people’s
health, as the rise in respiratory disease in
areas with poor air
quality attests.
b) Air pollution can have a negative
impact on
people’s health, as is
attested by the rise in respiratory disease in
areas
with poor air quality.
said than done
除了句型之外，外刊中也有不少可以直接使用的
“
模板
”
，我们在阅读的时候要保持敏感，及时将它们
记录下来。
举个例子：
Instilling these techniques is easier
said than done. With teaching as with other
complex skills, the route to mastery is not
abstruse theory but intense, guided
practice grounded in subject-matter knowledge and
pedagogical methods.
这一段话本来是写如何培养教师的教学技
能，但它同样可以套用在其他技能的培养上，比如学英语
/
编程
等：
Being fluent in English /
a good programmer is easier said than done. With
learning/coding as with other complex skills,
the route to mastery is not abstruse
theory but intense, guided practice grounded in
subject-matter knowledge and pedagogical
methods.
平时遇到这样的例子可以多积累，多背诵，
写作时才能做到厚积薄发。
如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（
2
）
1.
雷声大雨点小
< br>在问题解决类题材中我们有时候会说
“
对于某事件的解决
方案只有空谈，很少有实际行动
”
，看看
The
Economist
是如何表达这一层意思的：
The second entity is
government. There is much talk about lifelong
learning, though few countries are doing much
about
it. The Nordics fall into this
less populated camp.
There is much talk
about lifelong learning, though few countries are
doing much about it.
意思是
“
目前关于终身学习有
很多讨论，
但很少有国家
对此有所行动
”
。
其中
talk
是不可数名词，
所以前面要用
much
修饰。
第二句
The Nordics fall into
this
less populated camp.
意思是
“
北欧国家属于这一人数较少的阵营
”
，作者通
过第一句的铺垫，在第二句中能够突出北
欧国家的执行力。
对此我们可以总结出一个句式：
There
is
much
talk
about…though
few…are
doing
much
about
it…fall
into
this
less
populated camp.
例如：
(1) There is
much talk about poverty reduction around the
globe, though few countries are doing much about
it. China
falls
into
this
less
populated
camp,
where
more
than
500
million
people
were
lifted
out
of
poverty
in
the
past
30
years,
a
remarkable achievement in
human history.
(2) There is much talk
about innovation among tech firm bosses, though
few are doing much about it. Elon Musk falls
into
this
less
populated
camp.
By
launching
a
series
of
programs
such
as
Tesla
electric
cars
and
Space
X
rockets,
he
demonstrates how innovative thinking
and bold risk-
taking can thrive in
today’s world.
2.
发展类句型
在发展类话题中有时候需要对事物的趋势进行总结，这个时候我们可以使用下面这个句型：
< br>
The story of how London expanded so
swiftly at the turn of the 20th century is one of
financial ingenuity, bold risk-taking
and low skulduggery.
句子中
one of something
是地道英文中一个很常见的用法，但很少见到国内学生使用。
one
在这里用于指代前面的
story
，即
The story of how London expanded
so swiftly at the
turn of the 20th
century is a story of financial ingenuity…
使用
one
是为了避免用词重复。柯林斯词典中也有类
似的例子：
Skulduggery
是一个外刊中比较常见的词，含义是
“
欺骗行为，诡计
”
。
The
story of…is one of…
也是一个可以用来总结事物趋势的句型，例如：
(1) The story of how China achieved its
economic miracle at the turn of the 21st century
is one of financial ingenuity, bold
risk-taking and low skulduggery.
(2) The story of how smartphones have
penetrated every aspect of our life is one of
technological innovation and market
competition.
3.
今昔对比
在科技和发展类题材中经常会涉及到对某一现象进行对比，例如互联网出现之前的生活与现在的生活的对比，过
去的自然环境与现在的自然环境的对比，过去的家庭与现在的家庭的对比等等。对于这类
内容，可以参考下面的一个
句式：
Gone
are
the
dark
days
where
one
had
to
stay
in
a
lousy
job
just
to
get
good
health
insurance.
Novel
employment
arrangements are on the rise and here
to stay, indicating a robust and flexible labour
market that can do without the outdated
and
paternalistic
employment
model,
rife
with
inefficiency
and
exploitation,
in
exchange
for
increased
self-worth
and
opportunity.
Gone are the dark days
where…
是倒装句，还原后相当于
the dark days where…are
gone
，
Gone are the days
后面用
where
或者
wh
en
都可以，但从语料库的统计来看用
when
会更为常见。段落中第二句长句写得很漂亮，几个从句句式
变换多样，值得背诵
学习。句子中出现的
here to stay
是一个短语，含
义是
“
被普遍接受
”
< br>：
从这段话中我们可以提取出的句式为：
Gone are the days when/where…are on the
rise and here to stay…
例如：
Gone
are
the
days
when people
had
to
write
letters
to
their
friends
and
wait
for
weeks
for
a
reply.
Instant
messaging
services are on
the rise and here to stay, making it possible for
us to communicate with others anytime, anywhere.
4.
举例与结论
议论文写作经常需要举例子，并通过例子推导出结论。下面这一个句型可以用于做结论推导：
The story of Margaret Thatcher's
fall from power sounds a long way from Tony
Blair's brilliant career; but it does not take
too
great
a
leap
of
the
imagination to
see
how
the
same
fate
could
overtake
him
with
similarly
disastrous
consequences
for
Labour.
上面这段话的大意是：撒切尔夫人失势的故事
对于布莱尔目前辉煌的政治生涯来说可能有些遥远，但我们并不难
想象同样的命运会发生
在他身上，对工党带来同样灾难性的后果。
其中
a leap of the
imagination
是一个固定表达，它的含义是
“
想象跳跃
”
：
it does not take a leap of the
imagination to…
是一个常用句型，它的意思类似于
it is not
difficult to find…
该句型可
以用于对上
文提到的事实、假设、例子等进行推论，引出下文。例如：
(1) Driverless car technology is
advancing at breakneck speed, and it does not take
a leap of the imagination to see how it
will change cities and public
transportation systems.
(2)
Considering
the
effects
of
global
warming
on
polar
ice
caps
over
the
past
century,
it
does
not
take
a
leap
of
the
imagination to picture
how the Arctic landscape will be like in the next
few decades.
5.
教育类句型模板
下面这个句子出自
The
Economist
一篇关于科技与大学教育的文章：
University education is designed to act
as a slipway, launching students into the wider
world in the expectation that the
currents will guide them into a job.
这个句子写得很形象，
将大学教育比作船的下水滑道，
学生可以经此进入广阔海洋，
并由洋流引领他们到达职场。
< br>这个句子同时也是一个很好的教育类话题模板：
…is
designed
to
act
as
a
slipway,
launching…into
the
wider
world
in
the
expectation
that
the
currents
will
guide…into/towards
etc…
比如关于家庭教育我们可以说：
Family education can act as a slipway,
launching children into the wider world in the
expectation that the currents will
guide them towards independence and
maturity.
总结：这期一共介绍了五个句型：
(1) There is much talk about…though
few…are doing much about
it…fall into this less populated
camp.
(2) The story of…is
one of…
(3) Gone are the
days when/where…are on the rise and here to
stay…
(4) it does not take a
leap of the imagination to…
(5)
…is
designed
to
act
as
a
slipway,
launching…into
the
wider
world
i
n
the
expectation
that
the
currents
will
guide…into/towards etc…
感兴趣的同学可以对这些短语句型做造句练习，以进一步加深印象。
如何通
过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（
3
）
经常读外刊和原版书的同学可能会发现一些看起来很简单，但
自己就是写不出来的表达，举个例子：我们被禁止
使用母语，违者将被关进监狱。这句话
用英语怎么说？你可能会写：
We were not
allowed to use our native language. If we did, we
could be put into prison.
外刊是这样写的：
We were forbidden to
use our native language on pain of imprisonment.
这里
on pain of something
就属于这种
“
虽然看起来很简单但怎么也想不到
”
的短语，
它的意思是
“
如违反则以
……
处
罚
”
。
< br>本期要介绍的几个短语和句型很大一部分也属于这类表达，各位同学平时的阅读的时候也要注意积累。
1.
导致
……
的结果
要表
达
“……
导致了
……
< br>的结果
”
，通常可以用
something leads to something
或者
something
results in something
，
但还可以有别的
说法：
Unless more immigrants
are allowed in, or a larger proportion of the
working-age population joins the labour force, or
people
retire
later,
or
their
productivity
accelerates,
the
ageing
population
will translate
into permanently
slower
potential
growth.
上面这一段讨论的是人口老龄化对于经济增长的负面影响，
the
ageing
population
will
translate
into
permanently
slower potential growth
即
“
老龄化人口会使经济增长长期减缓
”
，
这里
translate
< br>属于一词多义，
translate into
的意思是
“
导
致，造成
”
：
议论文写作中涉及到原因
-
结果类的论述都可以用上该短语，例如：
(1)
The
reason
why
so
many
students
are
seeking
a
postgraduate
education
is
that
holding
an
advanced
degree
can translate into a
higher salary or a senior position.
(2)
Many
internet
companies
require
their
staff
to
work
overtime,
but
as
it
turns
out,
longer
working
hours
do
not
always translate into
higher productivity.
2.
如何举例
常见的举例表达有
for example/for
instance
等，除此之外，还可以学习一个新的用法：
For the majority who must consume
entertainment remotely, most of the battles are
still about screens, be they the size of
a smartphone or half a wall, and about
minutes of attention within particular apps.
上面这段话来自《经济学人》对于现代娱乐产业的报道，其中出现了一个值得注意的句子：
be
they
the
size
of
a
smartphone or half a
wall
，
这里
be they
属于虚拟语气，
相当于
whether
they be the size of a smartphone or half a wall
（不管
它们的大小跟手机屏幕一样大还是跟半面墙一样大），其中
they
指代前面提到的
screens
be it (they) / whether it (they) be
是一种很古典的用法，
它们可以用来对一些可能的情况进行列举。
新概念英语
4
课
文中
也出现了类似的例子：
After all, all
living creatures live by feeding on something
else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or
alive, and it is only
by chance that
such a fate is avoided.
Whether it be
plant or animal
其中
it
< br>指代的是前面的
something else
Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the
porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive.
They are constantly after the turtles,
who peacefully submit to all sorts of
indignities.
这里
it
则指代的是后面的
anything that is alive
在写作中可以用
be it (they) /
whether it (they) be
来举例，例如：
Due to the generation gap, young adults
are often at odds with older generations over
everyday matters, whether they be /
be
they hairstyles or taste in music.
3.
一个句式
下面这个句式可以用于强调事物的用处、优点等等：
Globally just 55.3% of women of working
age are employed or looking for a
job
—
less than in 1990. But
the usefulness to
society of early
development goes far beyond giving parents a place
to park a kid.
go beyond
是一个地
道英文中很常见的短语，它的意思是
“
不仅仅
< br>……”
从上面的段落中我们可以提取出一个句式：
the
usefulness to society of…goes far beyond…
< br>通过该句式可以来强调
某事物的用处不仅仅局限于
……<
/p>
，还包括
……
，例如：
< br>
The usefulness to society of
promoting higher education goes far beyondenabling
young people to find a good job. It also
includes
sociocultural
benefits.
The
widespread
availability
of
tertiary
education
can
enrich
a
country’s
sciences
and
arts,
through
the cultivation of more researchers and scholars
in every field.
4.
与
……
接触
怎样表达
“
孩子们应该接触更多古典音乐
< br>”
？我曾经见到有人写成：
Children
should get in touch with more classical
music.
这种写法看起来似乎没问题，但英美人士读起来
可能会觉得莫名其妙，因为
get in touch
with
用错了，
get in touch
with
的意思是
“
通过电话
或信件与某人取得联系
”(communicate with someone by
letter or telephone)
，不能用来指
“<
/p>
与某事
物接触
”
。
那么这句话怎么说才地道呢？看看
《经济学人》
的写法：
Some fret that too
many students are still exposed to lacklustre
teaching.
be exposed to some
thing
是一个很好用的表达，
它的含义是
< br>“
体验，
接触
”(to
make it possible for someone to experience
new ideas, ways of life etc)
因此，
“
孩子们应该接触更多古典音乐
”
可以写成：
Children should be
exposed to more classical music.
5.
效果适得其反
< br>怎样表达
“
做
……
效果适得其反
”
？可以参考下面的一个外刊句子：<
/p>
But when passengers are
paying a premium to get to their destination
quickly, a refuelling stop could defeat the
purpose,
if it results in a flight time
that is only slightly lower than on a conventional
aircraft.
这段话的背景是航空公司推出了超音速飞机以让乘客能更快到达目
的地，但这种飞机在长途飞行过程中需要停下
来加油，这与原来节省时间的目的相违背。
其中
defeat the purpose
是一个短语，它的
含义是
“
使
……
失败
”
。
A defeats the purpose of B
是一
个写作常用句式，它可以用来表达这样的意思：本来希望通过
A
能够达到目的
B
，
但实际上
A
起到的效果适得其反，无法达到
B
。举个例子，很多人希望通过买一部好手机或好电脑来学英语，但最后
英语没
学到，反而打游戏水平提升了，这种情况就属于
defeat the
purpose:
Some students use smartphones
in the hope of improving their English, but they
end up playing mobile games all day,
which defeats the purpose oflearning.
总结：这期一共介绍了五个表达：
(1) translate into
(2) be it
(they) / whether it (they) be
(3)
the usefulness to society of…goes far
beyond…
(4) be exposed to
(5) defeat the purpose of
如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句
型？（
4
）
1.
一个用于举例的短
语
在上一期我们提到了一个用于举例的短语
be
it (they) / whether it (they)
be
，今天继续补充一个常见举例表达：
Conflict has come to the doors of
millions living in densely populated areas around
the globe in the form of gang violence,
terror attacks, and military strikes.
Civilians are killed, historic centres are lost,
and infrastructure is destroyed.
上面第一句话
的意思是
“
冲突已经影响到全球数以百万计生活在人口稠密地区
的居民，
这些冲突表现形式为暴力事
件、
恐怖袭击以及军事打击
”
，
其中
in the form of
含义是
“<
/p>
以
……
形式存在
”
，
短语的常见搭配形式是
A in the form of B
，
其中
A
一般为抽象名词，
B
为具体事物，可以使用该短语来对抽象概念进行举例说明。
举个例子，
“
他们获得了减税优惠
”
用英文可以说：
They received a
benefit in the form of a tax reduction.
其中
benefit
是抽象名词，
a
tax reduction
则是具体的事物。
又比如，
“
来支援的是两名警察
”
用英文可以说：
Help arrived in
the form of two police officers.
其中
help
是抽象概念，
two police
officers
则是两个具体的名词。
在议论文写作中可以使用该短语进行举例说明，例如：
Detailed
reporting
on
crime
helps
citizens
to
safeguard
themselves
against
potential
threats
by
making
them
well-informed about
events that happen around them. If residents can
learn from the media that there are dangerous
criminals at
large in their
neighborhood, then they
will take
necessary precautions to protect themselves,
mainly in the form of installing
surveillance cameras and iron gates.
2.
一个强调句式
< br>如何说：这场危机使得交通问题更加引人注目？我们可以参考《经济学人》的写法：
Faced
with
a
crisis,
the
government
rushed
through
long-overdue
laws
to
allow
a
streamlined
form
of
bankruptcy
protection
similar to America's Chapter 11. That will allow
Parmalat's new managers some breathing space while
they try to
salvage
something
from
the
wreckage.
Helpfully,
it
also
brings
Italy
more
into
line
with
other
parts
of
Europe.
Yet
that
merely throws into
relief broader Italian and European problems
raised by the scandal.
上面选段中最后一句
Yet that merely
throws into relief broader Italian and European
problems raised by the scandal.
也
可以写成
Yet that
merely throws broader Italian and European
problems raised by the scandal into relief.
但为了避免头重脚
轻的问题，作者采用了第一种写法。
其中
throw /
bring something into relief
是一个固定搭配，含义是
“
（使某事物）更加引人注目，（使某问题）更加
突出
”
。
因此，
“
这场危机使得交通问题更加引人注目
”
使用该句型可以写成：
Traffic
problems
have
been thrown
into
sharp
relief by the crisis.
考场作文可以使用该句型来强调环境
/
交通
/
健康等问题，比如：
(1) Global warming effects have been
thrown into sharp relief by melting ice caps in
the Arctic.
(2) The increase in lung
diseases among urban dwellers throws into relief
air pollution caused by too many private cars.
3.
如何阐述中间立场
在对有争议性的观点进行说明时我们可能会采取中间立场：既不能过于
……<
/p>
也不能过于
……
对于这种情况可以参
考下面的句型：
Just as it
would be a mistake to underestimate the new
Brazil, so it would be to gloss over its
weaknesses.
这句话后半句省略了
a
mistake
，补充完整后应该是：
Just as it would be a mistake to
underestimate the new Brazil, so it would be a
mistake to gloss over its weaknesses.
这个句子假设了两种极端的情况：
underestimate
the new Brazil
（低估新巴西），
gloss
over its weaknesses
（掩饰新
巴西的弱点
），并说明这两种极端情况都是错误的，由此来引出中间立场。
由此我们可以提取出一个句型
Just
as it would be…so it would be…
用于说明中间情况，例如：
Just
as
it
would
be unwise
to
promote
economic
growth
at
the
expense
of
the
environment, so
it
would
be equally
imprudent
to
preserve
the
environment
to
the
exclusion
of
economic
growth.
The
best
approach,
therefore,
is
to
have
an
environmentally
sustainable economy.
4.
表达一种兼容情况
下面这个短语同样可以用来引出中间立场：
More recently, several developing
countries have shown that low income and
comprehensive health care are not mutually
exclusive.
其中
A
and B are not mutually exclusive
是一个固定搭配
，含义是
“A
和
B
之间并不互斥
”
：
可以用该短语来说明两个看起来互不相容的事物实际上可以共存，由此可以引出一种新的方案，比如：
Economic development and
environmental protection are not mutually
exclusive, as is shown by the case of the United
States, where the service sector forms
the backbone of the economy and growth is achieved
in an environmentally friendly way.
5.
双重好处
如何表达
“
某事物具有双重好处
”<
/p>
？你可能会想到：
Something has two
advantages.
这里提供一个新的表达：
Gruma is the world’s biggest maker of
tortillas, with more than 100 plants in 20
countries. Free trade has been
a double
blessing for such companies.
blessing
在这里的意思是
“
好处，
益处
”
（
something that is good or helpful
）
，
something is a double blessing
for somebody
即
“
某事
对某人而言具有双重好处
”
。
在列举说明事物的好处时可以用上该句型，比如：
Having
part-time
jobs
can
be a
double
blessing for
college
students.
First,
part-time
employment
can
help
students
to
better understand their preferences or
to test out a possible career direction, making it
easier for them to find a satisfying career
upon graduation. Second, students
taking part-time jobs will have an advantage when
it comes to job-hunting, as companies
seeking to recruit recent graduates
often give preference to those with real-world
experience.
与
blessing
相关的另一个短语是
mixed blessing
，
它的含义是
“
（某事）既有好处又有坏处
”
：
例如，要说明居住在城市的好处和坏处，可以说：
Life in the city is a mixed blessing.
On the one hand, you can obtain better job
opportunities and higher wages. On the
other hand, you may suffer from traffic
and housing problems associated with
overpopulation.
总结：这期一共介绍了五个表达：
(1) in the form of
(2)
throw / bring something into relief
(3)
just as it would be...so it would be...
(4) not mutually exclusive
(5) a double blessing
如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（
5
）
1.
造成
……
的原因
议论文写作中经常要表达这样的意思：
A
问题是由某几个因素引起的，
写成英文是：
XX factors lead to / result in
A
，
例如：
Three factors lead to / result in the
increase in unemployment rate in this
c
ountry. First…Second…
这里介绍一个新的说法：
The
exponential
growth
in
the
power
of
silicon
chips,
digital
sensors
and
high-bandwidth
communications
improves
robots just as it improves all sorts of
other products. And, as our special report this
week explains, three other factors are at play.
上面选段中
play
是熟词生义，它的意思
是
“
影响，作用
”(the
effect or influence of
something)
，
at play
是一个在外刊
中很常见的词组，
three other
factors are at play
即
“
有另外三个因素在起作用
”
。
写作中可以用
Two/Three/Several factors are at play
in… / Two/Three/Several factors are at play when
it comes to…
来
说明某问题由某几个因素引起，
例如：
Several factors are at
play when it comes to teenage smoking. First, many
young people are susceptible to peer pressure.
They may pick up smoking to be better
liked by more popular peers, or out of fear of
losing friends who have already taken up
the habit. Second, teenagers are at an
impressionable age where they can be easily
influenced by adults. Some of them start
smoking by imitating adult figures or
role models, such as their parents, older
siblings, and even celebrities.
此外，关于
play
还有另外一个表达：
bring/
put something into play
，它的意思是
“
使某事发挥作用
”
。例如：
All the resources and staff
available were brought into play to cope with the
crisis.
2.
基于
……
的原因
下面给
出的这个句式同样也与
“
原因
”
有关：
Another
firm,
MoneyGram
of
America,
accepted
an
offer
of
$$1.2bn
from
Ant
Financial,
but
in
January
the
sale
was
blocked on national-security grounds
by America’s watchdog, the Committee on
Foreign Investment in the US.
上面这段文字的背景是美国监管部门出于国家安全的考虑，禁止了蚂蚁金服对速汇金的收购。其中
< p>on…grounds /
on grounds of
是一个常见的表示原因的用法，它的意思是
“
以
……
为由，基于
……
的原因
”
。
该短语通常用在议论文分论点的开头，用于阐述人们反对某事物的原因。举个例子，转基因目前仍然是一项很有<
/p>
争议的技术，一些人反对转基因，理由是它可能对我们的健康造成危害。对于这种情况可以
说：
While some people support
genetically modified food, others oppose this
technology on health grounds. They argue that
GM crops may produce harmful substances
and thus have a negative impact on human health.
3.
说明一种转折情况
下面出现在
The
Economist
文章中的表达可以用在转折句中：
The
biggest
winners
all
round
are
likely
to
be
consumers,
though
with a
number
of
caveats.
Four
stand
out:
market
concentration, security, privacy and
inequality.
这里
caveat
< br>是一个比较正式的词，
它的意思是
“
警告，
提醒，
告诫
”(a
warning that something may not be completely true,
effective etc)
：
<
/p>
caveat
通常出现在转折句中，用来引出不同的看法。在写关
于事物优缺点的文章时可以使用该句型。
举个例子，有一篇作
文要求我们分析网上购物对年轻人的好处和坏处。在分析完网购的好处之后，可以用
ca
veat
来进行转折：
Although online shopping can offer some
benefits to young people, there are also a number
of caveats that they should
bear in
mind. First, the convenience of e-commerce may
encourage frivolous spending by inducing
youngsters to buy more than
they need.
Second, there is a chance that young people who
are already introverted may become ever more
alienated from the
outside world, as
they can buy almost everything they want in the
comfort of their home.
4.
与
……
相反
要表达
“A
与
B<
/p>
截然相反
”
，一般可以说：
A is the opposite of
B
，除了这个说法之外，还可以说：
Some airports are known for being the
antithesis of elegance.
其中
be
the antithesis of
是一个固定搭配，含义是
“
与
……
截然相反
”
，它要比
the opposite of somet
hing
更为正式，
语气也更重。
<
/p>
如果要强调某事物站在某事物的对立面，可以用上该短语。例如：
(1) Staying up late is the antithesis
of healthy living.
(2) Deforestation is
the antithesis of environmental protection.
此外，与
“
对立，相反
”<
/p>
有关的还有一个词组
at the opposite end
of the scale/spectrum
5.
强调
下面这一句式可以用来对事物进行强调说明：
India is a land of large numbers: a
place of over a billion people, a million mutinies
and a thousand different tongues.
But
it is not too much of a stretch to say thatsince
independence in 1947 there have only been two
kinds of Indian economy.
其中
s
tretch
是熟词生义，
它来自
st
retch the truth
这一用法，
在这里是指
“
夸大事实，
言过其实
”
，
It is not too much of
a stretch to say that…
即
“
说
……
并不过分，说
……
并不言过其实
”
< br>。
可以使用该句型来对某个观点进行强调，例如：
Taobao, a Chinese e-commerce giant, was
founded by Jack Ma and his team in the early
2000s, and it is not too much of a
stretch to say that Taobao has changed
China profoundly since its foundation.
总结：这期一共介绍了五个表达：
(1) at play
(2) on...grounds
/ on grounds of...
(3) a number of
caveats
(4) be the antithesis of
(5) It is not too much of a stretch to
say that...
如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（
6
）
1.
一个开头句型
< br>作文开头段往往需要一个适当的引入，此时如果能够积累一些开头段句型我们会更加容易找到切入点。下面 就是
一个例子：
Mention
polygamy in Canada and what might come to mind is
Bountiful, a suitably named town in British
Columbia.
这里
come to mind
是一个固定搭配，它的含义是
“
突然想到
”
，它也可以写成
spring to mi
nd
，从这里可以提取出一
个句式：
M
ention…and what comes to mind is…
提及
……
时我们第一个想到的是
……
当我们要介绍某个地方、人物或者作品时，就可以用上该句型，
Mention A and what comes to mind is B
，其中
A
一
般是与事物有关的
品质或者特点，
B
是事物本身。举个例子：
(1) Mention poverty reduction and
what comes to mind is China, where more than 500
million people have been lifted out
of
poverty in the past three decades.
(2)
Mention innovative
thinking and
what
comes
to
mind
is Steve
Jobs,
a
man
who
was
ahead
of
his
time
and
who
reshaped
the IT industry.
此外，我们也可以使用下面的句式：
When people
think of…, several things come to mind…
举个例子：
When people think of
Donald Trump, several things come to mind: a
business tycoon, the current President of
the United States, and a man who waged
a trade war with China.
2.
一个转折句型
< br>写作中比较常见的一个转折句型是：
Although/Though…
这里再提供一个新的说法：
For all
the talk of a global market for talent, chief
executives in Britain still earn considerably less
than their counterparts
in the United
States.
这句话的大意是
“
尽
管有很多关于
（英国是）
全球人才市场的讨论，
英国的首席执行官还是赚得比他们的美国同行
少很多
”
。
句子中
for all
是一个固定搭配，
含义是
“
尽管
”
，
相当于
in spite of
，
从这里我们可以提取出一个句式：
For all the
talk of…still… <
/p>
尽管关于
……
有很多讨论，
……
仍然
……
，其中
for all the talk
of
后面一般接名词或者名词性成分。
写作中可以用上该句型来表达转折，例如：
For all the talk of equal rights for
women, gender discrimination is still rife in the
workplace.
3.
与
……
背道而驰
如
何表达
“……
与
……
< br>背道而驰
”
？可以看看《经济学人》的一个例子：
Mr
Trump
certainly
has
the
power
to
wreak
trade
havoc.
A
big
blanket
tariff
would
slice
through
supply
chains,
hurt
American consumers and
fly in the face of the global system of trade
rules overseen by the World Trade Organisation
(WTO).
选段中出现了一个短语：
fly in the
face of something
，这是一个议论文中较为常见的表达，意思是
“
与
（人们认为合
理或正常的事情）背道而驰
”
，这种事情可以是指法律法规，也
可以指传统、常识、逻辑等。
举几个例子：
(1)
Staying up late flies in the face of healthy
living.
(2) North Korea’s nuclear
tests
fly in the face of the Nuclear
Non-proliferation Treaty.
(3) Some
people argue that the demolition of old buildings
flies in the face of cultural heritage
preservation.
写作时可以根据实际话题不同灵活应用。
4.
带来严重后果
< br>要表达
“……
给人带来严重后果
”
，常见的一个说法是：
Something can
have dire consequences for somebody
，但也可
以参考下面的写法：
Commentators recently said that Clean
Reader, the app that bowdlerises ebooks, puts us
on a slippery slope towards total
literary censorship.
句子中出现了一个说法
a slippery slope
，这是一个固定搭配，它字面上的含义是
“
滑坡
”
，可以引申为
“
（过程或习
惯等）带来严重后果，使人走向极坏的境地
”
（
a bad situation or habit
which, after it has started, is likely to get very
much
worse
）。
短语的常见搭配是
be on a/the slippery
slope (to/towards doing
something)
，举个例子：
Once he had tried that first cigarette,
he was on the slippery slope to being a smoker.
写作中可以使用该表达来说明某习惯（比如吸烟、喝酒、玩电脑游戏等）会使人沉迷其中，产
生严重后果。例如：
(1)
Although
video
games
can
be
beneficial
to
some
extent,
excessive
gaming
often
puts
young
people on
a
slippery slope.
(2) While
taking an interest in the rich and famous may be
fun and harmless, unbridled celebrity worship can
be a
slippery slope.
5.
对比
下面该句式可以用于引出新的观点或例子与上文对比：
Despite the mystery, Dr Charcot's
colleagues never thought to question the
scientific value of the experiment. The same
cannot
be
said
of Mario
Beauregard,
a
brain-imager
from
the
University
of
Montreal,
who
has
also
experimented
with
mescaline.
其中
the same cannot be said of
…
意思是
“
同样的说法
/
情况并不能用在
……
身上<
/p>
”
，我们可以使用该句式来列举一个
与上
文不同的例子或观点。
举个例子，对于生活在城市和农村的优缺点对比，可以说：
In big cities it is always easy to find
a movie theater, karaoke hall or fitness studio.
However, the same cannot be said
of
remote villages.
总结：这期一共介绍了五个表达：
(1) Mention…and what comes to mind
is…
(2) For all the talk
of...still...
(3) fly in the face of
(4) a slippery slope
(5) the
same cannot be said of
如何通过
阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（
7
）
1.
说比做简单
在解决类方案的写作里面
我们有时候需要表达一种这样的情况：批评
……
很容易，但是要
真正做点什么很难。用
英文应该怎么说呢？可以参考下面的这一句式：
< br>
Obstacles on the
internet, just like barriers to trade, are easy to
decry but hard to prevent.
这句话的意思是
“
设立在互联网上的障碍就像贸易壁垒一样，要抨击它很容易，但要防止它
很难
”
。其中
decry
的
意思是
“
谴责，抨击
”
（
to say publicly
that you do not approve of someone or something
）它的意思要比
criticize
更重。<
/p>
从这里我们可以提取出一个句式：
something is
easy to decry but hard to prevent
，
它可以用于说明某些不好的现象
（比
如环境污染、
食品安全、交通堵塞等）很容易批评，但很难阻止。举个例子：
Traffic congestion in big cities is
easy to decry but hard to prevent. As household
income rises, a growing number of city
dwellers are willing and able to afford
private cars, which will cause more traffic
problems in the foreseeable future.
2.
后视镜看历史
下面的句子出自
The
Economist
关于金融的一篇文章：
Any adjustments to pension liabilities
should be justified by beliefs about the future
and not by looking in the rearview
mirror to see what gilt yields used to
be.
上面这句话的大意是
“
任何对
养老金负债的调整都应该基于对未来的信念，
而不是基于历史上债券收益率的情况
”
。
其中有一个很有意思的表达：
look in the rearview mirror to do something
，
rearview mirror
是指汽车的后视镜，开车时看
后视镜可以清楚后方的情况，这里则采用
了它的引申义：通过借鉴过去的情况来决定做某事。
该句型可以用在一些涉及今昔对比的情形中，例如：
Today’s labor market is much more
complicated than in the past, as technological
advances are destroying and creating
jobs at an unprecedented rate. In light
of this, it would be imprudent to look in the
rearview mirror tosee what a so-called stable
job used to be.
3.
某观点站不住脚
要表达
“
某观点
/
陈述
/
论证站不住脚
”<
/p>
，最常见的说法是
something is groundle
ss/baseless
，除此之外，还可以使用下
面这一说法
：
Most important, there is
full confidence in the central bank and the rupee.
Reserves are healthy and the Bank of Mauritius
is
clean.
Yet
the
worries
of
Mauritian businessmen are
not
entirely
unfounded.
The
island's
success
has been partly
built
on
protected trade deals in
textiles and sugar with America and Europe.
其中
the
worries
of
Mauritian
businessmen
are
not
entirely
unfo
unded
意思是
“
毛里求斯商人的担
忧并非完全没有根
据
”
，
unfounded
含义是
“
没有事实根据的
”
（
not
supported with facts or
evidence
）。
由此我们可以提取出一个句型：
something is
entirely unfounded
，它可以用来说明观点、消息、论证等没有根据
，
站不住脚。举个例子，有这样一道雅思作文题：
Individuals can do nothing to protect
the environment; only governments and large
companies can make a difference. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
如果你想完全反对题目中的观点，就可以说：
The claim that only governments and
large companies can protect the environment is
entirely unfounded. Individuals also
play an important role in environmental
protection.
4.
一个转折句型
下面这一句型出自《卫报》一篇关于儿童虐待的文章：
The council's defence has been that no
one could have protected against deceitful carers
and parents. But closer scrutiny
of the
case reveals that Baby P's bruising stopped when
he was removed for a short while from his abusers.
It would not have
been overly cautious
to have put two and two together.
第二句的大
意是
“
但是经过更细致的检查后发现婴儿
P
身上的淤青在他被带离虐童犯不久后就不再增加了
”
，其中
close scrutiny of…reveals th
at…
是一个常见的论证句型，它可以用来说明接下来要揭示的情况与之前人们认为的不
同，
借此引出新的观点。
还是以一道雅思作文题目作为例子：
Foreign tourists should be charged
higher fees than local people to visit cultural
places and historical sites. Do you agree
or disagree with this statement.
如果你持反对观点，可以这样说：
Some people argue that foreign tourists
to cultural places and historical sites should be
charged more than locals, as local
people already pay to these sites
through the tax system. However, close scrutiny of
this claim reveals thatsuch an approach is at
best
short-sighted,
at
worst
counterproductive.
Foreign
tourists
contribute
to
the
economy
of
the
host
country
not
only
by
paying
entrance
fees
to
cultural
and
historical
sites,
but
also
by
spending
on
a
wide
range
of
goods
and
services,
including
transportation, food and accommodation.
The money they spend could be a boon to local
businesses, the prosperity of which
helps to create jobs for local
residents.
总结：这期一共介绍了以下几个表达：
(1) something is easy to decry but hard
to prevent
(2) look in the rearview
mirror to do something
(3) something is
entirely unfounded
(4)
close scrutiny of…reveals
that…
如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（
8
）
1.
形容某人很有名
如何形容某人很有名？最常见的说法是
somebody
is
famous/well-known/renowne
d
，有其他说法吗？可以看看
The
Economist
是如何对范冰冰进行报道的：
IT
IS
hard
to
go
a
day
in
China
without
seeing
Fan
Bingbing.
The
doe-eyed
starlet
gazes
from
film
posters
(she
has
averaged four films a year for the past
decade), airbrushed ads for global brands and
glossy magazine covers.
开头的句子很巧妙：
It is hard to go a
day in China without seeing Fan Bingbing.
< br>这里用了双重否定，即
“
在中国几乎
每一天都能看到范冰冰
”
，下一句解释了原因：因为她经常
出现在电影海报、国际大牌广告以及杂志封面上。我们可以
借鉴第一句来说明某人很有名
：
It is hard t
o go a day in
XX without…
举个例子：
It
is
hard
to
go
a
day in
the
US without hearing
news
about
Donald
Trump,
whose
capriciousness
and
narcissism
constantly put
him in the limelight.
除此之外，还可以使用下面这个说法：
AS
THE
second-
richest
person
in
the
world,
and
with
a
half-
century
record
of
investing
success,
Warren
Buffett
is
a
household name worldwide.
这里作者用
a household name
（一个家喻户晓的名字）
来形容巴菲特，非常恰如其分。
我们可以使用该短语来说明
某人很有名，例如：
As the founder of Alibaba, Jack Ma is a
household name in China.
2.
一个让步句
下面这个句子出自
The
Economist
商业板块对于京东采用无人机送货的报道：
JD may have added drones to daily
Chinese village life, but whether they will make
financial sense for the company over
time remains to be seen.
这个句
子虽然用词不难，但其中有很多值得注意的地方，比如上半句
JD
may
have
added
drones
to
daily
Chinese
village life
这里
may have done something
是一种表示猜测的用法，即
“
京东可能已经让
无人机进入中国的乡村生活
”
。
下半句
make financial
sense
是一个很地道的用法，
make sense
的含义是
“
（某行为方式是）明智的，合乎情
理的
”
，
make
financial sense
可以理解为
“
在经济上是明智的，
能够产生良好经济效益的
”
。
Over time
是一个常见搭配，
含义是
“
慢
慢地，
渐渐地
”
。句子最后的
remain
to be seen
同样也是一个固定搭配，它的含义是
“<
/p>
（某事情）尚不确定
”
。
因此，整个句子连起来意思是：京东可能已经让无人机进入中国的乡村生活，
但它们在后面能否为公司带来经济
效益还有待观察。
从上面的句子中可以提取出一个句式：
…may
have…but whether…remains to be seen.
这是
一个让步句型，用于说
明某事情表面上是如此，但实际上能否做到
……
还有待观察。例如：
Online
education may
have lowered
the
cost
of
learning,
but
whether
it
willenable
students
to
learn
more
effectively remains to be seen.
3.
一个举例句型
我们在之前的系列中讲过几个用于举例的句式，比如
be it
(they) / whether it (they) be, in the form of…
这里再补充
一个说法：
Otherwise, supply chains will be put at
risk and governments will probably be drawn into
the business of picking winners.
To see
how easily that happens, witness
the
thousands of requests by American importers for
exemptions from Mr Trump’s steel
and
aluminium tariffs.
上面句子中有这样一个表达：
witness the
thousands of requests…
其中
witness something
是一个固定用法，它的意
思类似于
let’s
witness something…
（让我们看看
……
）
从这里我们可以提取出一个句型：
To see how A,
witness B
（要
……
看看<
/p>
……
就知道了），它可以通过例子
B
来
验证
A
，举两个
例子：
(1) To
see
how technological
advances
change
our
lives,
witness the
internet,
an
invention that
connects
the
world
and
boosts the spread of knowledge.
(2) To see how ordinary people can rise
to stardom, witness Wang Ju, a contestant on the
singing competition, Produce
101, a
Chinese reality television show.
4.
证明某事
观察母语人士写的文章，你会发现一些很简单但我们不一定会用的单词或短语，比如刚刚提到的
make
financial
sense
，接下来要说的一个单词也属于这种类型：
It would be a challenge to find a
recent annual report of any big international
company that justifies the firm's existence
merely in terms of profit, rather than
“service to the community”.
这里出现了一个很好用的词
justify
，
< br>它的意思是
“
证明
（决定、
行为或想法）
正当；
表明
< br>……
必要
”
，
< br>justifies the firm's
existence
merely in terms of profit
即
“
仅仅通过利润本身来证明公司存在的价值
”
。
Justify
后面可以接名
词或者动名词，我们可以使用它来证明某事情有价值，有正当意义。例如：
Some
people
argue
that
since
there
are
still
hundreds
of
millions
of
people
living
in
poverty,
it
is
difficult
to justify
spending so much money on space exploration.
总结：这期一共介绍了以下几个表达：
(1)
It is hard to go a day
in XX without…
(2)
…may have…but whether…remains to be
seen
(3) To see how A,
witness B
(4) justify
如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（
9
）
1.
对
……
人
们有不同意见
The Economist
< br>最近在商业板块推出了一个全新专栏
Bartleby
，
该专栏会对一些职场以及商业趋势进行解读，推荐
感兴趣的同学关注。
< br>
今天要分析的句子来自
Bartleby
专栏一篇关于自由职业的文章：
THE
decline of the conventional job has been much
heralded in recent years. It is now nearly
axiomatic that people will
work for a
range of employers in a variety of roles over
their lifetimes, with a much more flexible
schedule than in the past.
Opinion is
still divided over whether this change is a cause
for concern or a chance for workers to be
liberated from the rut of
office life.
这一开头段虽然只有三个句子，但每个句子都值得模仿学习。第一句
The
decline
of
the
conventional
job
has been
much
heralded in recent years.
意思是
“
传统工作的衰落在近年来被大势宣扬
”
，
从中我们可以提取出一个句式：
…has been
much heralded in recent years.
用于形容某一现象被人们广泛关注和赞扬。例如：
(1) The rise in remote working /
sharing economy has been much heralded in recent
years.
(2) The widespread use of
artificial intelligence has been much heralded in
recent years.
第二个句子中
It is
now nearly axiomatic that…
含义是
“……
几乎是不言自明的
”
，
例如：
It is now nearly axiomatic
that
China will surpass the U.S. to
become the world's largest economy.
第三个
句式则可以用于说明人们对某事物（例如变化、趋势等）持有不同的看法：
Opinio
n
is
still
divided
over
whether…is a cause for concern or a
chance for…
其中
a cause for co
ncern
是一个固定搭配，含义是
“
令人担忧的事物
”
。
举个例子：
Opinion is
still divided over whether genetically modified
foods are a cause for concern or a chance for
humanity to fight
world hunger and
poverty.
2.
对
……
感到担忧
下面的
句子出自
Bartleby
专栏的另一篇文章：
How an algorithm may decide your career.
Worries about potential bias in AI
systems have emerged in a wide range of areas,
from criminal justice to insurance. In
recruitment, too, companies will face a
legal and reputational risk if their hiring
methods turn out to be unfair.
第一句话的大意是
“
对于
AI
系
统潜在歧视的担忧已经在很多领域开始显现，
包括刑事审判和保险
”
，
从这里我们可
以提取出一个句式
：
Worries about…have emerged in a wide
range of areas, from…to…
可以使用该句式来对人们担忧的
现
象进行说明并举例。比如：
Worries about genetic engineering have
emerged in a wide range of areas, from food safety
to biodiversity. Some claim
genetically
modified
crops
can
develop
new
substances
that
are
harmful
to
humans.
There
is
also
concern
that
engineering
specific traits
into select species threatens biodiversity by
upsetting the natural balance. Engineered
organisms spread quickly
into the wild,
and other species may be driven to extinction
because of this.
3.
观点站得住脚
< br>要
表
达
“
某
观
点
（
声
明
、
解
释
等
）
站
得
住
脚
”
，
我
们
一
般
< br>可
以
说
The
statement/argument/explanation
is
true/reasonable/valid.
除此之外，还可以采用下面这个说法：
These temporary workers c
an
be viewed as a “reserve army” of labour that
employers can use to hold down wages. (This
might explain the sluggish growth of
real earnings in America of late; but that
argument holds water only if the reserve army is
growing over time, and the BLS data
cast doubt on that.)
上面选段中有这样一句话：
…but that
argument holds water only if the reserve army is
growing over time…
（但这一
论点只有当
预备员工的数量随着时间流逝而增加时才成立）
其中
hold
water
是议论文写作中经常用到的一个表达，
它的
含义是
“
（观点、声明、解释等）站得住脚
”
。例如：
The argument that foreign visitors
should pay more than locals for cultural and
historical attractions holds water, as the
local population already pay money to
these sites through the tax system.
这一表达也可以使用否定形式
…does not hold
water
，例如：
The
argument that universities should accept equal
numbers of male and female students in every
subject does not hold
water. In fact,
it
would be unfair to base admission to
university
courses on gender, since
some qualified candidates will be
denied a place on their favorite
courses because of the criterion.
4.
一个对比句型
常见的用于对比的句型有
in/by
contrast
，这里再介绍一个新的表达：
Countries in the OECD have very
different immigration rates (the size of the
immigrant flow relative to the population).
From 1990 to 2000, the United States’
immigration rate was 5.7%.
At the other
end of the spectrum stood Estonia, with a rate of
-16.7%. A negative value means that
more people left than arrived.
第二句中有一个说法：
At the other end
of the spectrum stood
Estonia…
这是一个倒装结构，还原后是
Estonia
stood at
the other end of the spectrum.
其中
spectrum
原本含义是
“
光谱
”
，
at the other end of the spectrum
即
“
处于光谱的另一端
”
，
引
申为
“
与
……
相反的情况
”
。
at the other end of the
spectrum
也可以写成
at the other
end of the scale.
我们可以使用该句型来引出与上文相反的情况，例如：
Global
inequality
is
growing
ever
more
pronounced
in
recent
years.
The
rich
throw
lavish
parties
and
snap
up
luxury
products. At the
other end of the spectrum/scale are the poor who
struggle to get enough to eat.
总结：这期一共介绍了以下几个表达：
(1) ...has been much heralded in recent
years.
(2)
It is now nearly
axiomatic that…
(3)
Opinion is still divided over
whether…is a cause for concern or a chance
for…
(4)
Worries
about…have emerged in a wide range of areas,
from…to…
(5) hold water
(6) at the other end of the
spectrum/scale
如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（
10
）
1.
一种段落衔接方式
英文写作非常注意句子以及段落的衔接。一般来说，这种衔接可以通过各种连接词（比如
therefore,
however,
although, moreover
等）来完成。今天在这
里介绍一种新的段落衔接方式：
One reason
was ideological: many internet pioneers believed
that the protocols would be enough to prevent
centralisation.
The
other
was
that,
even
though
they
moved
faster
than
conventional
standard-
setting
bodies,
they
were
still
slow.“If
the
internet’s
governance mechanisms had worked better, we
wouldn’t have had all these private
actors
rush into the void,”
says
Kevin Werbach of Wharton, the
University of Pennsylvania’s business
school.
And rush in they
did. The lack of built-in memory on the web made
it difficult to offer certain applications.
上面这段话出自
The
Econom
ist
对于互联网现状的报道。互联网的设计初衷是去中心化，但当初互联网协议不够<
/p>
完善，导致后来很多互联网基础服务被巨头垄断。这些巨头在国外是
FAANG
（
Facebook,
Amazon,
Apple,
Ne
tflix
以及
Google
）
，
在国内则是
BAT
（
Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent
）
。
第一段最后一句话
”we
wouldn’t have had all
these private
actors rush
into the void”
指的
就是互联网巨头垄断（由于协议不完善留下的）基础服务真空的事情。
接下来第二段开头作者写了一个倒装句：
And rush
in they did.
这里
rush
in
与上一段最后一句
rush into the void
形
成呼应，
they
< br>则指前面提到的
private
actors
，通过这种
“
倒装
+<
/p>
重复动词
”
的形式，作者很巧妙地实现了
两个段落的自然
连接。
我们写作的时
候可以借鉴这种连接方式，具体方法是在上一个段落结尾句构造一个带有否定意味的句子，然后在
下一段开头句采用
“
倒装
+<
/p>
重复动词
”
的形式来实现衔接。这样讲可
能有点抽象，举个具体例子：
Some people
think giving aid to poorer countries brings more
negatives than positives. To what extent do you
agree or
disagree?
如果你认为国际援助
弊大于利，那么在论述的时候可以先简单说明一下国际援助可能带来的好处，然后再话锋一
转，强调它的负面影响。中间的转折句就可以用上刚才的句式：
（简单说明国际援助的好处）
…Given that
international aid can offer so many benefits to
poorer countries, it seems odd
that
anyone would even questionthe justification for
sending aid.
However, question they do,
and for good reason. Studies have identified a
number of problems associated with foreign aid.
Chief among them is
corruption…
（论述国际援助的负面影响）
通过这种形式让段落之间联系更加紧密。
2.
一个强调句式
下面的句子出自
The
Guardian
对于癌症治疗的一篇报道：
First do no harm is the basic medical
duty, but for patients with lethal diseases, the
ethical line between doing no harm
and
failing
to do
any
good
is blurred. All
the
more
so
with those
terminal
cancers
where
the
clinical
consensus
is
for brutal
interventions which achieve no more
than stretching out an unremitting prognosis.
“
首先不伤害病人
”
是
一个基本的医学原则，但当医生面对致命疾病时这一原则有时候很难把握，因为对抗这些疾
病需要强力干预，
这个过程会对病人造成伤害。
上面句子中有
一个表达值得注意：
All the more so with…
< br>它可以对上文
提到的情况进行强调，意思类似于
“
尤其是对于
……
来说，这种情况更加明显
”
。
可以使用该句型来验证上文的观点、结论等，例如：
(1)
Technological
advances
help
to
disseminate
information
and
the
more
so
with the
advent
of
online
education, which enables us to learn
anytime, anywhere.
(2) Nuclear safety
has been a matter of concern for more than half a
the more so with the Fukushima nuclear
disaster, which led to great
environmental damage and the mass evacuation of
residents.
3.
一个类比句型
下面的句子出自
The
Economist
对于互联网技术极客的报道：
WHA
T
MASS
IS
for
Catholics,
technology
conferences
are
for
geeks.
Speakers
at
these
gatherings
often
sound
like
preachers, promising a dazzling future.
开头第一句话很有意思：
What Mass is for
Catholics, technology conferences are for geeks. <
/p>
它的意思是
“
技术会议对于
极客的意义，
就像弥撒对于天主教徒的意义一样
”<
/p>
。
从这里我们可以提取出一个句式：
Wh
at A is for B, C is for D.
其中
A
和
B
是读者熟悉的两个概念，通过
类比来说明
C
对于
D
< br>的意义。
举个例子，如果要向西方读者介绍腾讯，可以说：
What Facebook is for the US, Tencent is
for China.
要说明数据对于机器学习的重要性，
可以用汽油对于汽车的作用来类比：
What petrol
is for cars, data is for machine learning.
4.
对某个观点进行反驳
议论文写作中我们可能需要对某些有争议的观点进行反驳，这种情况下可以借鉴下面的句式：
The aversion to paid plasma
rests on three reasonable-sounding but largely
groundless propositions.
上面这句话的大意是
“
对于付费血浆的反感源于三个听起来很有道理但实际上几乎毫无根据的观
点
”
。从这里可以
提取出一个句式：<
/p>
…rests
on…reasona
ble
-
sounding
but
largely
groundless
propositions.
The
first
is
that…A
second
argument
is
that…A
third
argument is that…
在分点论述中可以先
对有争议的观点进行解释，然后再依次反驳。
举个例子，转基
因食品安全性一直是一个备受争议的话题，如果你支持转基因食品，可以这样写：
The
aversion
to
genetically
modified
foods rests
on two
reasonable-sounding
but
largely
groundless
propositions.
The
first
is
that
GM
crops
can
develop
new
substances
that
are
harmful
to
humans.
But
there
is
no
evidence
for
the
claim
and
research has shown that
GM foods are safe for consumption. A second
argument is that engineering specific traits into
select
species threatens biodiversity
by upsetting the natural balance. However, as long
as scientists apply GM technology carefully
and governments introduce strict safety
regulations, such a problem can be avoided.
总结：本期一共介绍了以下几个表达：
(1) ...and rush in they did.
(2) All the more so with
(3)
What A is for B, C is for D.
(4) …rests
on…reasonable
-
sounding but
largely groundless propositions. The first is
that…A second argument is
that…A third
argument is that…
如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句
型？（
11
）
1.
表示因果关系的一个衔接句式
<
/p>
写作中常见的用于表示原因
-
结果的连接
词有
so/thus/therefore/consequently/as
a
result/as
a
consequence/for
this
reason
等等。这里介绍一个新的说法：
Mr
Mattis
has
argued
that,
judging
both
by
its
declared
philosophy
and
its
growing
arsenal,
Russia
could
in
certain
situations resort to “battlefield”
nuclear weapons in the belief that America would
not want to respond to the use of a
low
-yield
nuclear weapon by
annihilating Moscow. It follows that America needs
to be able to match Russia at every level of
escalation.
这段话的大意是：
考虑到俄罗斯的战
争理念以及其不断增长的武器库，
它有可能在某些情况下对美国动用核武器，
因为它认为美国不会因为俄罗斯使用低当量核武器就将莫斯科夷为平地。因此，美国需要在和俄罗斯 的冲突中保持旗
鼓相当。
这里有一个值得注意的表达：
It follows
that…
这是一个固定句式，意思是
“
由此得出，由此可以推断出
”
。
可以使用该句式来连接有因果关系的上下文。例如剑桥词典的两条例句：
(1) If we posit that wage rises
cause inflation, it follows that we should try to
minimize them.
(2)
Because
ladybirds
eat
greenfly, it
follows
that a
decrease
in
the
numbers
of
ladybirds
will
lead
to
a
rise
in
the
population of greenfly.
话题作文中很多场合都可以用上该句式，举个例子：
Research
has
shown
that
in
creased
investment
in
higher
education
has
a
positive
effect
on
a
country’s
gross
domestic
product.
In
the
long
term,
a
society
with
more
educated
citizens
will
experience
more
innovation,
greater
productivity,
and
higher global
competitiveness. It follows that governments
should make higher education available to all
students.
2.
形容某事物能带来好处
如何形容某事物具有很多优点，能够带来好处？常见的说法是：
some
thing
is
beneficial/something
can
offer
many
benefi
ts
，除此之外，还可以参考下面的用法：
But when many in the West are
contemplating their future with new
foreboding, it is important to
understand why the
sceptics are wrong;
why economic integration is a force for good; and
why globalisation, far from being the greatest
cause of
poverty, is its only feasible
cure.
上文中有这样一句话：
why economic
integration is a force for
good
（为什么经济一体化是有益的）。其中
a force
for
good
是一个地道英文写作中很常见的表达，它的意
思是
“
某事物是有益的，某事物能带来好处
”
。比如麦克米伦词典中
有这样的例句：
< br>
The Internet can be a force for
good by helping to spread knowledge.
这一短语在考场作文中也有很广泛的应用，例如：
(1) Despite its potential risks,
genetically engineering technology can be a force
for good by helping to fight hunger and
poverty.
(2)
In
recent
years,
many
Chinese
citizens
have
taken
a
keen
interest
in
western
holidays
and
festivals.
As
long
as
foreigners do not try to impose their
beliefs on the local people, the growing
popularity of western festivals can be a force for
good.
3.
< br>支持
/
反对某事物的理由
下面的句子出自
The
Economist
一篇关于非洲电网建设的文章
Light-
bulb moment:
Typically,
countries
connect
citizens
with
vast
grid-extension
programmes.
Big
grids
make
perfect
sense
for
populous
places. They can
cheaply supply power generated far away to
millions and, as they incorporate more wind and
solar energy,
they are becoming
greener. But in remote places, the economic case
for grids becomes hard to make.
这段话的意思是
：通常情况下国家通过大规模电网将电输送给民众，这种做法对于人口稠密的地区很合理，但对
< br>于偏远地区来说，在经济上可能并不划算。
其中最后一句话值得注意：
the economic
case for grids becomes hard to make.
这里
case
是熟词生义，
它的含义是
“
论
点；
事实
”(a set of facts and arguments that you
can state for or against
something)
，
the economic case
for grids becomes hard to
make
< br>字面意思即
“
电网在经济上的理由并不充分
”
，引申为
“
使用电网在经
济上并不划算
”
。
< br>当
case
取该含义时，有几个常见的句型。例如要表达
“
支持／反对修建核电站的理由很充分
”
，
可以说：
There is a good case
for/against building nuclear plants.“
对于
削减开支，他有很好的理由
”
，
可以说：
He makes a good case for
cutting expenses.“
目前减税的理由很充足
”
，
可以说：
A case can be made for
reducing taxes right now.
4
.
在
……
之间取得平衡
在对两种不同选择进行取舍的时候，很多时候我们需要表达这样的意思：在<
/p>
……
和
……
之间
取得平衡，对
……
和
……
进行协调。对于这种情况我们可以参考下面的句型：
Any welfare reform entails trade-offs
between the cost of a scheme and its effects on
poverty and incentives to work. No
scheme is perfect. But a good basis is
the negative income tax, which subsidises workers
below an earnings threshold, while
taxing those above it.
这里第一句
话的意思是
“
任何社会福利的改革都需要在方案的成本以及它对
于减少贫穷和激励工作之间取得平
衡
”
。
trade-off
在这里的意思是
“
（在相互对立的两者间的）权衡，协调
”
：
a trade-off between A
and B
也是一个应用很广的句型。举两个例子：
(1) In the face of serious pollution,
many countries have to make a trade-off between
economic growth and environmental
protection.
(2) More and
more office workers feel that they have to make a
trade-off between their job and their family.
总结：本期一共介绍了以下几个表达：
(1) It follows
that…
(2) be a
force for good
(3) a case can be made
(4) a trade-off between A and B
如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（
12
）
1.
一个比较句式
考场写作中比较常见的几个用于比较的句式有：
(1)
A
cannot
compete/compare
with
B
e.g.
Companies
as
small
as
ours
just
cannot
compete/compare
with
multinationals.
(2) A is no
match for B
e.g. When it comes to military
strength, North Korea is no match for the United
States.
(3) There is no comparison
between A and B
e.g. There is no
comparison between the potential destruction
caused by a
nuclear bomb and a
conventional weapon.
这里再介绍一个新的说法：
Some
people
hope
that
the
internet
will
revolutionise
higher
education,
making
it
cheaper
and
more
accessible
to
the
masses.
Others
fear
the
prospect.
Some
academics
worry
that
they
will
be
sacked
and
replaced
by
videos
of
their
more
photogenic
colleagues.
Others
argue
that
MOOCs
(massive
open
online
courses)
arenowhere
near
as
good
as a
class
taught
face-to-face.
这段话的背景是讨论在线教育<
/p>
MOOCs
对于传统高等教育的影响，最后一句话
Others
argue
that
MOOCs
(massive
open online courses) are nowhere near
as good as a class taught face-to-face.
意思是
“
另一些人认为
MOOCs<
/p>
（大规模开放在
线课堂）
远比不上面对面
的线下课堂
”
。
其中
< br>A is nowhere near as…as B
是一个比较句式，
意思是
“A
远没有
B
那么
……”
。
举个例子：
The
reason
why
historic
architecture
merits
preservation
is
the
aesthetic
value
it
provides
to
many
cities.
Modern
buildings, such as
apartment complexes, office towers and mega-malls,
are nowhere near as elaborate and beautifulas
historic
ones.
2.
不得不做的事情
如何表达
“
某件事虽然不好，但不得不做
”
？下面的外刊选段提供了一个表达：
It is too easy for politicians to use
monetary policy to inflate away debt. Independent
monetary policy provides credibility
to
the bond market that this will not happen, keeping
rates low. Ask two economists about pretty much
anything and you're
guaranteed to get
two different answers. But there exists one common
enemy: politicians (though most economists
reluctantly
agree that politics is a
necessary evil).
这一段主要讨论政治对于金融市场的影响。经济学
家对很多问题往往都有分歧，但对一点形成了共识：政客是他
们的敌人。
尽管如此，
大部分经济学家还是不得不承认政治在市场中的必要性。
最后一句中的
a necessary evil
是一个固
定表达，它的含义是
“
想做但
必须做的事；不得不接受的事
”(something that you do
not like but that
cannot be avoided)
可以用
a necessary evil
来指那些为了达到目标而不得不做或不得不接受的事情，比如很多人将纳税、政府甚至是
工作都视为
a necessary
evil
。写作时可以根据情况灵活应用，例如：
(1) Some people regard environmental
pollution as a necessary evil in developing the
economy.
(2)
Many
Asian
parents
see
high
academic
pressure
as a
necessary
evil in
helping
their
children
to
develop
a
strong
foundation in academia.
3.
一个转折句型
下面的段落来自
The
Economist
对于职场男女平等的一篇新闻报道：
Following a scandal over pay
differences between men and women at the BBC,
Britain’s public broadcaster, the piec
e
explored whether women were paid less
than men for the same work. It concluded that the
problem was not unequal pay for
equal
work, but rather that women tend to do lower-
ranking jobs at lower-paying organisations.
最后一句话
It
concluded
that…lower
-paying
organisations
意思是
“
文章表明问题并不是出在同工不同酬上，而是女
性通常在薪资较低的机构中从事薪资较
低的工作
”
。这里可以提取出一个固定句型
…not…but
rather
that…
它的意思是
“……
不是
……
而是
……”
，该句型通常用于反对
前面的观点，并由此提出新的正确的观点。
举个例子，某个城
市经常交通拥堵，为了解决这个问题，有人提出应该限制路上汽车的数量，但更深层次的研究
表明问题并不是出在汽车数量过多上，而是公共交通设施没有修建好。对于这种情况可以说：
Some people argue that the
government should limit the number of cars on the
road to reduce traffic congestion. However,
studies reveal that the problem is not
that there are too many cars, but rather that the
public transport system is inefficient.
4.
为
……
提供根据
如何表达
< br>“……
为
XX
（论点、说法等）
提供根据
”
，我在之前的文章中介绍过一个说法：
XX gives/adds weight to something
例如：
This scandal adds more
weight to their arguments.
也可以参考下面的表达：
What
is
most
striking
about
Ireland's
new
economy
is
how
tightly
it
is
linked
to
Europe
and
the
world.
If
any
country lends substance to the
cliché
that the global economy is an
opportunity not a threat, it is Ireland.
这段话的背景是爱尔兰因为全球化而受益，
因此才有最后一句的说法
If any country lends substance to the
cliché
that
the global
economy is an opportunity not a threat, it is
Ireland.
（经济全球化是一个机遇，而不是威胁，如果说有一个国家
印证了这句老话，
那么爱尔兰就是了）
。
其中
substance
是熟词生义，
它的意思是
“
事实基础，
根据
”
，
lend
substance to sth.
即
“
< br>为
……
提供根据
”
。
从这里也可以提取出一个句式：
If any…lends
substance to…it is…
（如果说有一个
…
…
验证了
……
那么
……
就是
了）。例如：
(1) If any country lends substance to
the argument that openness brings progress, it is
China.
(2) If any company lends
substance to the argument that good design
matters, it is Apple.
总结：本期一共介绍了以下几个表达：
(1)
A is nowhere near as…as
B
(2) a necessary evil
(3) ...not...but rather that...
(4)
If any…lends substance
to…it is…
如何通过阅读外刊积累英文写作句型？（
13
）
<
/p>
1.
对
……
有害
如何表达
“
某事情对
……
有害
”
< br>？最常见的说法是：
something will do harm
to…/something is harmful to…
除此之外
还可以学习下面的表达：
If a reporter discovers, and knows that
two or three rival reporters have also discovered,
that a politician is going to say
something newsworthy, it would be odd,
and a disservice to the readers, not to report it.
这句话的大意是如果记者们知道政客接下来要发表有新闻价值的讲话，但没想着去报道，
那么这样的行为会很奇
怪，同时也损害了读者的利益。这里可以提取出一个表达
be a disservice to somebody/something
，意思即
“……
损害某人
/
某物（的形象、利益、声誉等）
”
。<
/p>
举个例子：
Although taking part-time jobs offers a
variety of benefits to students, it would be a
disservice to them if these jobs take
up too much of their time that could
otherwise be used for reading textbooks or
preparing homework.
同时，该句型的反义表达是
do a service to
somebody / do somebody a
service
，例如：
Although
academics
are
important,
it
is
not
advisable
for
students
to
spend
all
of
their
time
buried
in
their
books.
University students who devote some of
their time and energy to extracurricular
activities will be doing a service totheir studies
and careers.
2.<
/p>
公众对
……
很关心
国内考场作文有一个被用滥了的句型
there
is
widespread
concern
about…
我们可以从外刊中找到其他句型来替
换，比如：
Public concern
is picking up. A poll last year of 38 countries
found that 61% of people see climate change as a
big threat;
only the terrorists of
Islamic State inspired more fear.
Public concern is picking up.
其中
pick up
这一词组用得很棒
，
它在这里的意思相当于
“
增加，
加强
”
，
可以用<
/p>
Public
concern
about/over XX is picking up.
来说明
“
公众对于
……
的担忧在加强
”
，例如：
After a series of vaccine scandals,
public concern over vaccine safety is picking up.
除此之外，还可以使用下面的句型：
Today, it still has the power to
inflame passions: for Protestants, particularly
Orangemen, it remains a flaunted source of
ancestral pride; for many Catholics, it
is an historical irritant.
从这里可以提取出一个句式
something has
the power to inflame passions
，含义是
“
某事（通常是有争议的事件）能
够激起人们强烈的
感情
”
，比如：
Whether animals
should be
used in medical research has been debated for
decades and the topic still has the power to
inflame passions, with animal rights
activists claiming that humans have no right to
use the suffering of others to seek benefits.
3.
手段与目的
我们有时候可能需要表达这样的意思
“……
只是手段，而不
是目的
”
，用英语应该怎么说？
The bag ban is
not an end in
itself. It’s part of a culture change, with more
and more people asking questions about the
cost of convenience. At heart, it’s a
conservative movement –
reusing things
where you can, making them last, understanding
that the greatest power most of us have
is consumer power.
这一段话的背景是塑料污染对海洋生物造成了
危害，因此有公益组织建议大家停止使用塑料袋。但塑料袋禁令只
是手段而不是目的，其
根本目的是要唤醒人们的环保意识。第一句中的
an
end
in
itself
是一个固定用法，
含义是
“
某事
物本身就是目的
”
，举个例子：
She started exercising for her health,
but she enjoyed it so much that exercising became
an end in itself.
要表达
“……
只是手段而不是目的
”
，即
something is not an end in itself
，例如：
Economic growth is a means, not an end
in itself. The ultimate goal of growth should be
to spread benefits to all levels of
society.
4.
某事情值得怀疑
下面的段落节选自
The
Economist
对于西班牙政局的报道：
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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