chapter11 语法

Chapter 11

Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching

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Applied linguistics

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Krashen’s Input hypothesis

?

i+1 principle

?

Interlanguage

?

Syllabus

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Contrastive analysis

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Error analysis

?

Error/mistake

11.1 Applied linguistics

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Applied

linguistics

is

an

interdisciplinary

field

of

study

that

identifies,

investigates,

and

offers

solutions to language-related real-life problems.

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Some

of

the

academic

fields

related

to

applied

linguistics

are

education,

linguistics,

psychology,

anthropology, and sociology.

Applied Linguistics

应用语言学

语言学的一个分支，

主要关心的是如何应用语言学理论、

方法和成果来阐释其他领域遇到

的语言问题。应用语言学发展最充分的分支是外语教学，有时这个名称似乎只指这个领域。但

是近年来出现了好几个其他应用领域，

包括语言故障的语言学分析< /p>

（临床语言学）

、

母语教育中

、词典学的发展、翻译、人工智能和风格学等。

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应用语言学不但运用语言学知识， 还利用社会学、心理学、人类学、信息论等方面的知识，

并把这些理论和知识应用与实践 方面，例如，语言教学大纲的设计、言语矫正、语言规划、问

题学研究等等。

?

Applied linguistics

–

Theoretical

views

of

language

explicitly

or

implicitly

inform

the

approaches

and

methods

adopted in language teaching.

language.

–

Linguistics, as the science of language, should be of fundamental importance for teachers of

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According to Jo McDonough, a teacher who is able to explain some linguistic features would

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Many language learning theories are proposed based on certain linguistic theories.

have a stronger position than one who handles the argument by using authority

–

“it?s like that”,

“it?s an exception”, or “it?s less formal”.

11.2

Linguistics and language learning

–

In fact, knowledge in linguistics lies at the root of understanding what language learners can

learn, how they actually learn and what they learn ultimately.

2.1Grammar and language learning

focus on form

语法形式中心

As

a

compromise

between

the

“

purely

form-

focused

approaches”

and

the

“purely

meaning-

focused”

approaches

,

a

recent

movement

called

focus

on

form

seems

to

take

a

more

balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.

Focus on Form

?

Although language learning should generally be meaning-focused and communication-oriented,

it is still necessary and beneficial to focus on form occasionally.

The definition of UG

ideas which all humans possess, without having to learn them.

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In linguistics, the theory of universal grammar holds that there are certain fundamental grammatical

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Universal grammar acts as a way to explain how language acquisition works in humans, by showing

the most basic rules that all languages have to follow.

Universal Grammar (UG)

?

Noam Chomsky

–

A native speaker possesses a kind of linguistic competence.

–

The child is born with knowledge of some linguistic universals.

–

While acquiring his mother tongue, he compares his innate language system with that of his

native language and modifies his grammar.

Universal Grammar

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Two

variables

concerning

the

amenability

of

language

elements

to

focus

on

form

are

the

relevance of Universal Grammar (UG) and the complexity of language structures.

high; otherwise, the amenability is low.

of linguistics comes into play.

?

According to the advocates of focus on form, if an L2 structure is part of UG

, the amenability is

?

The problem is that no one knows for sure what exactly is part of UG

. It is here that the study

?

The study of UG

, which is often considered as the theory for the sake of theory, is now needed

in language learning research in the most practical sense.

?

Although

UG

was

not

originally

proposed

to

account

for

second

language

acquisition,

many

researchers are working on its implication for language learning and teaching.

–

Vivian

Cook

wrote

a

whole

book

to

account

for

second

language

acquisition

based

on

Chomsky?s linguistic theory.

Drawbacks

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UG?s primary aim is to account for how language works,

not acquisition.

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UG is only concerned with the core grammar of language (syntax).

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The communication function is discarded in UG

.

?

Chomsky is concerned only with ?competence?, there can be little likelihood of SLA researchers

carrying out empirical research.

Grammar-based teaching

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Grammar-translation method

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Audiolingual method

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Situational language teaching

Grammar- translation method

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The Grammar-Translation Method is a method of foreign or second language teaching which uses

translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.

the teaching of the classical languages of Latin and Greek

。

The Audiolingual Method

听说法

?

At one time The Grammar- Translation Method was called Classical Method since it was first used in

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The Audiolingual Method is a method of foreign or second Language teaching which emphasizes the

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The Audiolingual Method uses dialogues as the main form of language presentation and drills as the

teaching

of

speaking

and

listening

before

reading

and

writing.

In

the

audiolingual

method,

mother

tongue is discouraged in the classroom.

main training techniques.

Situational language teaching

?

Situational language teaching is a term not commonly used today, but it is an approach developed by

British

applied

linguists

in

the

1930s

to

the

1960s,

and

which

had

an

impact

on

language

courses

which survive in some still being used today.

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Objectives

?

a practical command of the four basic skills of a language, through structure

?

accuracy in both pronunciation and grammar

?

ability to respond quickly and accurately in speech situations

?

automatic control of basic structures and sentence patterns.

2.2 Input

输入

?

Language

learning can

take

place when

the

learner

has

enough

access

to

input

in

the

target

language.

?

This input may come in written or spoken form.

?

In

the

case

of

spoken

input,

it

may

occur

in

the

context

of

interaction

or

in

the

context

of

non-reciprocal discourse

.

a.

Inp ut

输入的语言：有两个意思：

（用于语言学习）指学习者已听 到、已接受并能吸收的

语言。与此相对，学习者所说和所写的语言便叫输出的语言（

output

）

；在第二语言或外语学习< /p>

中，有时人们把输入的语言和吸收的语言

(intake)

相对。吸收的语言指的是输入的语言中那些对

学习者有实际帮助的部分 。学习者所听到的部分，有些可能会说得太快或太难理解，所以对他

不产生效果，不能成 为被吸收的语言。

b.

What

to

input?

输入什么？理想的情况是在所有的层面上输入丰富多彩、多种多样的真实

材料，且是可以理解的。

Krashen’s Input Hypothesis

Learners acquire language as a result of comprehending input addressed to them.

“i+1” principle

The language that learners are exposed to should be just far enough beyond their current competence

so that they can understand most of it but still be challenged to make progress.

?

Views diverge greatly as to what kind of input should be provided for language learners.

–

Authentic input

–

Comprehensible input (Krashen): i+1

–

Premodified input

预修正的输入

–

Interactively modified input

交互修正输入

: tends to do a better job

Input-based teaching

?

Direct method

?

Natural approach

?

Total physical response

?

Communicative approach

?

Community language learning (CLL)

?

Suggestopedia

暗示教学法

?

Silent way

Suggestopedia:

Learn While You Sleep!

?

The

Bulgarian

physician

Georgi

Lozanov

devised

a

language

learning

method

called

Suggestopedia.

Caleb Gattegno’s Silent Way

?

This

is

a

chart

containing

a

certain

number

of

different

coloured

rectangles;

each

colour

corresponds to a sound in the language.