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应用语言学复习整理

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2021-03-03 07:55
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2021年3月3日发(作者:web是什么意思)


1. Leech



s 7 types of meanings


(1).


conceptual


meaning


(logical


meaning,


cognitive


meaning,


or


denotative meaning,


外延意义


)



It


is


denotative


in


that


it


is


concerned


with


the


relationship


between


a


word


and


the


thing


it


denotes,


or


refers


to.


Denotative


meaning


is


the


objective reflection of world.


(2). Connotative meaning


(内涵意义)



Connotative


meaning


is


what


is


communicated


by


virtual


of


what


language refers to. It refers to the emotional association which a word or


a phrase suggests in one



s mind.


The characteristics:


A.



in


cannot


stand


by


itself


and


is


always


dependent


on


denotative


meaning


B.



connotations


may


be


different


according


to


different


person,


age,


society, country or time.


C.



In


different


languages,


some


words


may


have


the


same


connotative


meaning.


D.



Connotation is unstable.


(3) social or stylistic meaning


Social meaning is the meaning that a piece of language conveys about the


social circumstances of its use.


(4) affective meaning


Affective


meaning


is


connected


with


the


expression


of


feelings


and


attitudes of the speaker or writer.


(5) reflected meaning


What


is


communicated


through


association


with


another


sense


of


the


same expression is called reflected meaning, like euphemistic expression.


(6) collocative meaning


(组合意义,


like



handsome woman:


仪态端庄)



Collocative


meaning


is


what


is


communicated


through


association


with


words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.


(7) thematic meaning (


主题意义,强调句子的组织和语序


)


Thematic


meaning


is


what


communicated


by


the


way


in


which


the


message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.


2. Referential meaning


The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it


refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory.


Semantic triangle: word (concept) thing


4 ways to explain a word, like desk


A. by pointing to a desk and saying this is the desk


B. by describing its shape and feature or function


C. paraphrase



D. translation < /p>


Sense(


涵义


)----refer ence


(指称)



connotat ion(


内涵


)----denotation(


外延


)



but not every word has a reference, like god, ghost




3. (1)synonymy (strict synonymy and loose synonymy)


Strict synonymy refers to the situation in which two synonymous words


can be interchangeable in all



possible contexts of use.


Loose


synonymy


or


near


synonymy


may


be


substitutable


in


particular


contexts, but not substitutable across a range of contexts.


(2) antonymy


G: gradable



CV: converse



CP: conplementary


(3) hyponymy(


上下位关系


)


4. (1) A proposition is what is expressed by a declarative sentence when


that sentence is uttered to make a statement.


Logic connectives and symbols


One-place connective: negation





two-place


connective:


conjunction






disjunction





implication





equivalence



←→



argument(


主目


)


and


predicate(


谓词


)


in



Socrates


in


a


man



are


Socrates


and man.


(2) universal quantifiers(


全称量词


)




existential quantifier(


存在量词


)


5.


Cognitive


linguistics


is


a


newly


established


approach


to


the


study


of


language


that


emerged


in


the


1970s


as


a


reaction


against


the


dominant


generative


paradigm


which


pursues


an


autonomous


view


of


language.


Cognitive linguistics is based on human experiences of the world and the


way they perceive and conceptualize the world.



Construal


is


the


ability


to


conceive


and


portray


the


same


situation


in


alternate


ways


through


specificity,


different


mental


scanning,


directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation, etc.


Construal


operations


are


conceptualizing


processes


used


in


language


process by human beings. (phycologically)


Image


schema


is


a


recurring


,


dynamic


pattern


of


our


perceptual


interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our


experience.


(a


center-periphery


schema,


a


containment


schema,


a


cycle


schema,


a


force


schema,


a


link


schema,


a


part- whole


schema,


a


path


schema, a scale schema, a verticality schema)


Metaphor


involves


the


comparison


of


two


concepts


in


that


one


is


constructed in terms of the other.


Target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor.



A


source


domain


is


the


means


that


we


use


in


order


to


describe


the


experience.


Ontological


metaphor


means


that


human


experiences


with


physical


objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions,


ideas, etc.


Structural metaphor plays the most important role because it allows us to


go


beyond


orientation


and


referring


and


gives


us


the


possibility


to


structure one concept according to another.


Orientational metaphor gives a concept a spatial orientation.



6. It is self-evident that language learning can take place when the learner


has enough access to input in the target language. The input may come in


written


or


spoken


form.


Ideally,


materials


at


all


levels


should


provede


frequent exposure to authentic input which is rich and varied.


According to Krashen



s input hypothesis, learners acquire language as a


result of comprehending input addressed to them. (i+1 principle)

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