-
大学英语四级考试
CET4
常用语法
一：时态：所谓的
<
/p>
时态
，就是时间
+
状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：
1
．主动形式
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
did do
will/shall do should/would do
进行
was/were doing
am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /
完成
had done
have/has done will/shall have done should/would
have done
用于虚拟语气
完成进行
had been
doing have/has been doing / /
2
．被动形式
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
was/were given
am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would
be given
进行
was/were being given am/is/are being
given / /
完成
had
been
given
have/has
been
given
will/shall
have
been
given
should/would
have
been
given
完成进行
/ / /
一．非谓语动词
一．不定式：
一）不定式的常考形式：
1)
一般形式：
He decided to work
harder in order to catch up with the others.
被动形式
: He
preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.
语法功能：
表示与谓语动词同步发生
2)
完成形式：
He
pretended not to have seen me.
被动形式：
The book is said to
have been translated into many languages.
语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前
二）不定式常考的考点：
1
）不定式做定语
< br>----
将要发生
2
）不定式做状语
----
目的
3
）不定式充当名词功能
---To
see is to believe.
三
)
不定式的省略
1)
感官动词
see, watch, observe, notice, look at,
hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel
+ do
表示动作的完整性，真实性；
+ doing
表示动作的连续性，进行性
I saw him work in the
garden yesterday.
< br>昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(
强调
< br>
我看见了
这个事实
)
I saw
him working in the garden yesterday.
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
（强调
我见他正干活
这个动作）
?
感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：
The cake
tastes good; It feels comfortable.
2)
使役动词
have bid make let
等词后不定式要省略但
同
1)
一样被动以后要还原
to
I ‘d like to have John do
it.
I have my
package weighed.
Paul
doesn’t have to be made to learn.
3) help help sb do help sb
to do help do help to do
四<
/p>
)
有些动词后只跟不定式如：
want
，
wish
，
hope
，
manage
，
promise
，
refuse
，
pretend<
/p>
，
plan
，
offer
，
decide
，
agree
，
expe
ct
allow sb to do, cause sb to do ,
permit sb to do, enable sb to do
force sb to do. be more likely to do
love to do warn sb to do be able to do
be ambitious to do. begin to do . start
to do
五
)
有的时候
to
后面要接
-in
g
形式
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed
to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to;
object to; be
reduced to; resign
oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be
used to; be alternative to; be
close/closeness to; be
dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to;
be similarity/similar to.
三、
need/want
后的
-ing
形式具有被动的意思。其中，
wan
t
不太常用。
He needs (a lot of) encouraging.
二
.
动名词：
具有动作性特征的名词
1)
是名词
seeing is believing
2)
具有动词性特征可以带宾语
starving troops is necessary.
一
)
动名词
的形式
:
一般形式：
I don't like you
smoking.
完成形式：
I
regret not having taken your advice.
被动形式：
This question is far
from being settled.
二
)
动名词常考的点
1)
动名词做主语谓语动词为单数
2)
在动名词和不定式中
,
做为介词的宾语是动名词
3)
动名词的否定直接在其前加否定
词
,
通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
.
I would
appreciate_______ back this
afternoon
．
A
．
you to call
B
．
you call
C
．
you calling
D
．
you're calling
（
Key
：
C your
calling
也对）
I regret not having taken your advice.
4)
有些词后只能接动名词
admit; appreciate; avoid;
celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay;
deny; detest; discontinue;
dislike;
dispute;
enjoy;
it
entails;
escape;
excuse;
explain;
fancy;
feel
like;
finish;
forgive;
can't
help;
hinder;
imagine;
it
involves;
keep;
it
means;
mention;
mind;
miss;
it
necessitates;
pardon;
postpone; practice; prevent; recall;
report; resent; resist; risk; suggest;
understand...
另外还有一些接
-ing
形式的常用说法：
it's
no
good;
it's
no/little/hardly
any/
use;
it's
not/hardly/scarcely
use;
it's
worthwhile;
spend
money/time; there's
no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse
than; what's the use/point...
5
有些词后加不定式和动名词均可
remember, forget, try,
stop, go on, cease, mean
后面用不定式和
< br>-ing
形式，意义截然不容。
I remembered to post the
letters. (
指未来
/
过去未
来的动作
)
I
remembered posting/having posting the letters
(
我记得这个动作
)
forgot
与
remember
< br>的用法类似。
I
regret to inform you that
?
我很遗憾地通知你?
I regretted having left the firm after
twenty years.
为了
二
十年前的离开
而遗憾。
try to
努力
You really
must try to overcome your shyness.
try
–
ing
试验
Try practicing
five hours a day.
I mean to
go, but my father would not allow me to. [
< br>打算、想
]
我想去，但我父亲不让我去。
To raise wage means
increasing purchasing power. [
意味着
]
赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
prefer
的用法：
我宁愿在这里等。
I prefer to wait here.
（所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。
）
I prefer waiting here.
（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。
）
I prefer swimming to
cycling.
（这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。
）
3
分词：
现在分词主动进行
,
过去分词被动状态
现在分词的形式
:
1)
一般式
: Do you see
the man talking to the
dean
（主任）
?
(
与谓语动词同步发生
)
2)
完成形式：
Not having
made adequate preparations, they failed.
(
发生谓语动词之前
)
3)
完成被动形式：
Having
been adapted, the script seems perfect.(
发生谓语动词之前且表示被
动
)
过去分词
1)
过去分词表示被动：
Fight
no battle unprepared.
2)
过去分词的进行形式：
You'll find the topic
being discussed everywhere.
(
强调正在被做
)
这三种非谓语动词，
都可以构成复合结构，
非谓语动词
所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻
辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，<
/p>
往往就是考点。
独立主格结构中，要注意
的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。
二：虚拟三：
虚拟语气
情态动词所表达的可能性程度：
must/can't ?
should/shouldn't ? might/may (not)
另外两个
类情态词的形式：
< br>
?
最自然的虚拟状态：由<
/p>
should/would+
原型时态（不含时间只含状态）
本质上是过去将来时：
即，
时间固定在过去将来，
状态不同：
一般、
进行、
完成、
完成进行
。
这时
<
/p>
虚拟语气
的产生往往是因为我们要表达<
/p>
本来应该??
（
而现在却还没有??）
（本来可以??，本来能??）
I should go! (
?
but I'm still here!)
(
一般
)
I should be working now!
(
进行
)
I should have practiced more (than I
did)! (
完成
)
我应该多多练习！
（言下之意，现在我练习得不多。
）
I shouldn't
dream away my time too much!
(
完成的否定
)
(actually I did dream away my time too
much!)
It shouldn't have
been leaking for such a long time!
(
完成进行
)
I may/might/could have finished!
(
完成
)
一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，
should
常常被省略掉
o suggest, advise, propose, recommend,
plan;
o demand, order,
direct, arrange, command, decide;
o require, request;
o think, expect, believe, insist,
suspect.
由于他们的含义中包含
< br>
建议，假设，应该
这类的含义，
所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会
包含有
should+
原型时态构成的虚拟语气。
这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）引起的从句还有其他的变形：
主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句
It's suggested
that…
My
suggestion is that…
The only suggestion that...
The only suggestion I can give you now
is that…
一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况
important; necessary;
essential
It's natural
strange; incredible that
a
pity; a shame; no wonder
?
由
lest, for fear that, in
case
引起的从句中多使用
should
?
表达与事实相反
1.
与现在相反：使用
[
过去时
]
：
I wish I were not here! (
一般现在
?
一般过去
)
Suppose we were not
here.
He loved me as if I
were his own son. (
一般现在
?
一般过去
)
Hope I weren't always losing things! (<
/p>
现在进行
?
过去进行
)
If only/If I hadn't
been there! (
现在完成
?
过去完成
)
What if I
hadn't been waiting right here! (
现在完成进行
?
过去完成进行
)
常考句型：
It's (high)
time (that)
?
; would rather
(that)
?
< br>这两个从句，只能表达对现在的看法，所以，从句中只有一般过去时。
2.
与过去相反：过去完成时；
How nice it is if I had past the test!
How nice it is if I had
slept a little more this morning!
3.
与将来相反？将来的事情没有发生，所以只能推测。
If it rains tomorrow, we'll
have to stay one day more.
不过，由于可以用
be
to
表示将来；所以，虚拟语气中经常出现
were to
；也是
CET-4
的常考
< br>语法点。
?
虚拟条件句
o if
部分，做一个与事实相反的假设（所以只有一般过去
和过去完成）
；
o
主句部分，这是表示基于这个假设的推测，一般使用情态动
词
would
，少数情况下使用
cou
ld/might/may
。
o
注意：两个部分之间，是有逻辑关系，而在两部分的谓语动
词时态上，没有必然的联系。
?
注意，虚拟条件句中的
if
可以省略，
造成
were/had
提前，产生倒装。
?
隐含的非真实条件
What would you do with 50 thousand
dollar?
How could I be
happy without you?
除了条件状语从句之外，原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。
o
由
in
order that, so that
引起的从句，肯定的时候可以使用
may/might; can/could;
否定的时
候，多用
shouldn't;
o whoever, whatever, no matter
what
引起的从句中，多用
may+
情态动词的基本用法及其区别
一、
用“情态动词＋
have
＋
done
”结构表示对过去动作的推测
常见的结构有：
must have done
：
表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作“一定做了??”
，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为
can
’
t
／
cou
ldn
’
t have done
疑问式为
Can
／
Could...have done
﹖。
could
／
might have done
：
表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测，常译作“可能做了??”
。
如：
1) My sister
met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon,
so he
＿＿＿＿＿
your lecture
．
A
．
couldn
’
t have
attended
B
．
needn
’
t have
attended
C
．
mustn
’
t have
attended
D
．
shouldn
’
t have
attended
本题选
A
。
2) Jack
＿＿＿＿
yet,
otherwise he would have telephoned
me
．
A
．
mustn
’
t have
arrived
B
．
shouldn
’
t have
arrived
C
．
can
’
t have
arrived
D
．
need not have arrived
（
C
）
2
．当前后句在动作和意义上构成转
折关系时，常借助“
but, however, instead
”
等词来表示过
去的动作与客观事实不符，这种结构常见的
有：
should have
done
／
ought to
have done
：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。
should not have done
／
ought not to
have
done
：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。
need have
done
：表示过去本来有必要去做某事，但事实上没有做。
need not have done
：表示过去本来没有必要做某事，但事实上却做了。如：
3) I was really anxious about
you
．
You
＿＿＿＿＿
home
without a word
．
A
．
mustn
’
t leave
B
．
shouldn
’
t have
left
C
．
couldn
’
t have
left D
．
needn
’
t leave
“本不应该离家出走却走了”
，故本
题选
B
。
4) I told Sally how to get here, but
perhaps I
＿＿＿＿＿
for her
．
A
．
had to write it out
B
．
must have written it out
C
．
should have written it out
D
．
ought to write it out
由句中的连词
but
可知前后句之间是对立关系，
分析题意可知本题应选
C
。
二、情态动词基本用法。
5)
—
Is John coming by
train
﹖
—
He should, but he
＿＿＿＿＿＿
not
．
He likes driving his
car
．
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