-
四级语法
一:时态
:
所谓的
时态
<
/p>
,就是时间
+
状态。谓语动词的时态见下
表:
1
.主动形式
2
.被动形式
一般
进行
完成
过去
did
was/were doing
had done
现在
do
am/is/are doing
have/has
done
将来
will/shall do
will/shall be
doing
will/shall have
done
/
过去将来
should/would
do
/
should/would
have
done
用于
虚拟语气
/
完成进行
一般
进行
完成
had been doing
have/has been
doing
过去
was/were given
was/were
being
given
had been given
现在
am/is/are
given
am/is/are being
given
have/has been
given
将来
will/shall be
given
/
will/shall have
been given
过去将来
should/would
be given
/
should/would
have been
given
完成进行
/
/
/
?
CET-4
常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现
在
/
过去)完成进行时。
?
时间状语从句当中的时态:
一般过去时
所有的过去
用
一般现在时
表示
现在和将来
现在完成时
现在完成和将来完成
一.非谓语动词
一.不定式:
一)不定式的常考形式:
1)
一般形式:
He decided to work
harder in order to catch up with the others.
被动形式
: He preferred to be
assigned some heavier work to do.
语法功能:
表示与谓语动词同步发生
2)
完成形式:
He pretended
not
to have seen me.
被动形式:
The book is said to
have been translated into many languages.
语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前
二)不定式常考的考点:
1
)不定式做定语
----
将要发生
2
)不定式做状语
---
-
目的
3
)不定式充当名词功能
---To
see is to believe.
三
)
不定式的省略
1)
感官动词
see, watch, observe,
notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste,
feel
+ do
表示动作的完整性,真实性;
+
doing
表示动作的连续性,进行性
I saw him
work
in
the garden yesterday.
昨天我看见
他在花园里干活了。
(
强调
我看见了
这个事实
)
I saw him
working
in the garden
yesterday.
1
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调
我见他正干活
这个动作)
?
感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:
The cake
tastes
good
; It feels
comfortable
.
2)
使役动词
have bid make let
等词后不定式要省略但同
1)
一样被动以后要
还原
to
I ‘d like to have John
do it.
I have my package
weighed.
Paul doesn’t have to be made
to
learn.
3) help help
sb do help sb to do help do help to do
四
)
有些动词后只跟不定式如:
< br>
want
,
wish
,
hope
,
mana
ge
,
promise
,
refuse
,
pretend
,
plan
,
offer
,
decide
,
a
gree
,
expect
allow sb to do, cause sb to do ,
permit sb to do, enable sb to do
force
sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn
sb to do be able to do
be ambitious
to do. begin to do . start to do
五
)
有的时候
to
后面要接
-ing
形式
accustom (oneself) to; be
accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look
forward to; object to;
be reduced to;
resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink
to; be used to; be alternative
to; be
close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be
opposition/opposed to; be
similarity/similar to.
三、
need/want
后的
-ing
形式具有被动的意思。其中,
wan
t
不太常用。
He needs
(a lot of) encouraging.
二
.
动名词:
具有动作性特征的名词
1)
是名词
seeing
is believing
2)
具有动词性特征可以带宾语
starving troops is necessary.
一
< br>)
动名词的形式
:
一般形式:
I don't like you
smoking.
完成形式:
I
regret not having taken your advice.
被动形式:
This question is far
from being settled.
二
)
动名词常考的点
1)
动名词做主语谓语动词为单数
<
/p>
2)
在动名词和不定式中
,
做为介词的宾语是动名词
3)
动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词
,
通过代词的宾格或所有
格形式给出逻辑主语
.
I would
appreciate_______ back this
afternoon
.
A
.
you to call
B
.
you call
C
.
you calling
D
.
you're calling
(
Key
:
C your
calling
也对)
I
regret not having taken your advice.
4)
有些词后只能接动名词
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate;
consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest;
discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy;
it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel
like; finish;
forgive; can't help;
hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means;
mention; mind; miss; it
necessitates;
pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall;
report; resent; resist; risk; suggest;
understand...
另外
还有一些接
-ing
形式的常用说法:
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly
any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's
worthwhile; spend
money/time; there's
no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse
than; what's the use/point...
5
有些词后加不定式和动名词均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on,
cease, mean
后面用不定式和
-ing
形式,意义截然不
容。
I
remembered to post
the
letters. (
指未来
/
过去未
来的动作
)
I
remembered posting/having
posting
the letters
(
我记得这个动作
)
forgot<
/p>
与
remember
的用法类似。
I
regret to
inform
you that…
我很遗憾地通知你
…
I
regretted having
left
the firm after twenty years.
为了
二十年前的离开
p>
而遗
憾。
try
to
努力
You really must
try to
overcome your
shyness.
try
–
ing
试验
Try
practicing
five hours a day.
2
I
mean to
go, but my father
would not allow me to. [
打算、想
]
我想去,但我父亲不让我
去。
To raise wage
means
increasing
purchasing power. [
意味着
]
赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
prefer
的用法:
我宁愿在这里等。
I
prefer
to wait here.
(所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去。)
I
prefer
waiting
here.
(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。)
I
prefer
swimming
to cycling.
(这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。)
3
分词:
现在分词主动进行
,
过去分词被动状态
现在分词的形式
:
1)
一般式
: Do you
see the man talking to the
dean
(主任)
?
(<
/p>
与谓语动词同步发生
)
2)
完成形式:
Not having
made adequate preparations, they
failed.
(
发生谓语动词之前
)
3)
完成被动形式:
Having
been adapted, the script seems
perfect.(
发生谓语动词之前且表示被动
)
过去分词
1)
过去分词表示被动:
Fight no battle
unprepared.
2)
过去分词的进行形式:
You'll find the topic being discussed
everywhere. (
强调正在被做
)
这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们
之间的一致关系
——
主动还是被动,往
往就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之
间的主动被动的关
系。
二:虚拟三:虚拟语气
情态动词所表达的可能性程度:
must/can't
?
should/shouldn't
?
might/may (not)
另外两个
类情态词的形式:
?
最自然的虚拟状态:由
should/would+
原型时态(不含时间只含状态)
本质上是过去将来时:即,时间固定在过去将来,状态不同:一般、进行、完成、完
成进行。
这时
虚拟语气
的产生往往是因为我们要表达
本来应该
……
(而现在却还没有
p>
……
)
(本来可
以
……
,本来能
……
< br>)
I should
go!
(… but I'm still here!)
(
一般
)
I
should be working now!
(
进行
)
I
should have practiced more (than I did)!
(
完成
)
我应该多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多。)
I shouldn't dream away my time too
much!
(
完成的否定
)
(actually I did dream away my time too
much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking
for such a long time!
(
完成进行
)
I may/might/could have finished!
(
完成
)
一
些常见的句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,
should
常常被省略掉
o
suggest,
advise, propose, recommend, plan;
o
demand, order,
direct, arrange, command, decide;
o
require,
request;
o
think,
expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他们的
含义中包含
建议,假设,应该
这类的含义,所以,由他们引起的从句中,就会包含有
should+<
/p>
原型时态构成的虚拟语气。
这些动词(
以及他们的名次形式,分词形式)引起的从句还有其他的变形:
主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句
It's suggested that…
My suggestion is that…
The only suggestion that...
The only suggestion I can give you now
is that…
一些形容词引起的表语从句中,也会有同样的情况
important; necessary;
essential
It's
natural
;
strange; incredible
that
a pity; a shame; no wonder
3
?
由
lest, for fear that, in
case
引起的从句中多使用
should
?
表达与事实相反
1.
与现在相反:使用
[
过去时
]
:
I
wish
I
were
not
here!
(
一般现在
?
一般过去<
/p>
)
Suppose
we
were not
here.
He
loved me
as if
I
were
his own son.
(
一般现在
?
一般过去
)
Hope
I
weren't
always
losing
things!
(<
/p>
现在进行
?
过去进行
)
If only/If
I
hadn't been
there!
(
现在完成
?
过去完成
)
What
if
I
hadn't been waiting
right here!
(
现在完成
进行
?
过去完成进行
)
常考句型:
It's (high) time
(that)…; would rather (that)…
这两个从句,只能表达对现在的看法,所以,从句中只有一般过去时。
2.
与过去相反:过去完成时;
How nice it is if I
had
past
the test!
How nice
it is if I
had slept
a
little more this morning!
3.
与将来相反?将来的事情没有发生,所以只能推测。
If it rains tomorrow, we'll have to
stay one day more.
不过,由于可以用
be
to
表示将来;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现
were to
p>
;也是
CET-4
的常考语法点。
?
虚拟条件句
o
if
部
分,做一个与事实相反的假设(所以只有一般过去和过去完成);
o
主句部分,这是表示基于这个假设
的推测,一般使用情态动词
would
,少数情况下使用
could/might/may
。
o
注意:两个部分之间,是有逻辑关
系,而在两部分的谓语动词时态上,没有必然的联系。
?
注意,虚拟条件句中的
if
可以省略,造成
were/had
提前,产生倒装。
?
隐含的非真实条件
What
would you do with 50 thousand dollar?
How could I be happy without you?
除了条件状语从句之外,原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。
o
由
in
order that, so that
引起的从句,肯定的时候可以使用
may/might; can/could;
否定的
< br>时候,多用
shouldn't;
o
whoever,
whatever, no matter
what
引起的从句中,多用
may+
情态动词的基本用法及其区别
最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别,因此在平时学习
时准确理
解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变,在高考试题
中,命题者常常利用语境和句
子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌
握。对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准确掌握它
们的基本用法外,还要充分利用高考试
题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高
考试题中出现的情
态动词的考点进行归纳分析,以便同学们复习掌握。
一、用“情态动词+
have
+
p>
done
”结构表示对过去动作的推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或
过去的时间状
语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用
“对立统一”来概括。
1
.当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个
整体时,我们可
用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有:
must have
done
:
表示对过去动作的肯定推测,常译作“一定做了……”,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式
为
can
’
t
/
couldn
’
t have
done
疑问式为
Can
/
Could...
have done
﹖。
could
/
might have done
:表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测,常译作“可能做了……”。
如:
p>
1) My sister met
him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so
he
_____
your
lecture
.
A
.
couldn
’
t have attended
B
.
needn
’
t have attended
C
.
mustn
’
t have attended
D
.
shouldn
’
t have attended
本题选
A
。
2) Jack
____
yet, otherwise he would
have telephoned me
.
A
.
mustn
’
t have arrived
4
B
.
shouldn
’
t have arrived
C
.
can
’
t have arrived
D
.
need not have arrived
(
C
)
2
.当试题的前后句在动作和意义上
构成转折关系时,常借助“
but, however, i
nstead
”
等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,这时我
们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的
有:
should have done
/
ought to have
done
:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。
should not have done
/
ought not to have
done
:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。
need have
done
:表示过去本来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做。
need not have done
:表示过去本来没有
必要做某事,但事实上却做了。如:
3) I was
really anxious about you
.
You
_____
home without a
word
.
(NMET2001)
A
.
mustn
’
t leave
B
.
shouldn
’
t have left
C
.
couldn
’
t have left
D
.
needn
’
t leave
“本不
应该离家出走却走了”,故本题选
B
。
4) I told Sally how to get here, but
perhaps I
_____
for
her
.
(NMET
’
94)
A
.
had to write
it out
B
.
must
have written it out
C
.
should have
written it out
D
.
ought to write
it out
由句中的连词
but
可
知前后句之间是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选
C
。
二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨
析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常
见的情态动词的基本用
法的理解和掌握,因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义,并结合情
态
动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。
5)
—
Is John coming by
train
﹖
—
He should, but he
______
not
.
He likes driving his
car
.
A
.
must
B
.
can
C
.
need
D
.
may
mustn
’
t
表示“禁止、不准”;
cannot
表示“不可能”;
need not
表示“不必要”;
may not
表示“可能不”。分析语境可知本题应选
D
。
6)
—
I hear
you
’
ve got a set of valuable
Australian coins
.
______
I have a
look
﹖
—
Yes,
certainly
.
A
.
Do
B
.
May
C
.
Shall
D
.
Should
分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可,
may
表示“
允许、可以”,语气比较委婉
shall
常用于第
一、三人称作主语的疑问句中
,
表示征求对方意见和指示,如果此空用
shall
,则意为
“要(我)看一下
吗?”,不符合上下文意思。故本题选
B
p>
。
7) Mr Bush is on
time for everything
.
How
____
it be that he was late
for the opening
ceremony
﹖
A
.
can
B
.
should
C
.
may
D
.
must
must be
表示肯定的猜测,只能用于肯定句中,由题意可知本题应选
A<
/p>
。
8)
—
Are you coming to
Jeff
’
s
party
﹖
—
I
’
m
not sure
.
I
____
go to the concert
instead
.
A
.
must
B
.
would
C
.
should
D
.
might
由题意和下句中的
“
I
’
m
not sure
”
可知这段对话
中存在一种可能性推测,
might
可以用来表示一种比较委婉
的可能性判断,故本题选
D
。又如:
I should have been there, but I
_____
not find the
time
.
A
.
would
B
.
could
C
.
might
D
.
should
分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去的某种能力;
C
项只表示语气上的可能性,与题意不符。故本题选
B
。
9) Johnny, you
____
play with the knife,
you
____
hurt
yourself
.
A
.
won
’
t;
can
’
t
B
.
mustn
’
t; may
C
.
shouldn
’
t; must
D
.
can
’
t;
shouldn
’
t
mustn
’
t
表示“不可以;禁止
”,分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能性,故本题选
B
。
p>
10)
—
Will you stay for
lunch
﹖
—
Sorry,
______.
My brother is coming
to see me
.
5