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(完整word版)英语四级语法全

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2021-03-03 05:14
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2021年3月3日发(作者:hsw)


四级语法



一:时态



所谓的



时态


< /p>


,就是时间


+


状态。谓语动词的时态见下 表:



1


.主动形式



2


.被动形式




一般



进行



完成



过去



did


was/were doing


had done


现在



do


am/is/are doing


have/has done


将来



will/shall do


will/shall be doing


will/shall have


done


/


过去将来



should/would


do


/


should/would


have done


用于


虚拟语气



/


完成进行





一般



进行



完成



had been doing


have/has been


doing


过去



was/were given


was/were being


given


had been given


现在



am/is/are given


am/is/are being


given


have/has been


given


将来



will/shall be given


/


will/shall have


been given


过去将来



should/would


be given


/


should/would


have been


given



完成进行



/


/


/


?



CET-4


常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现 在


/


过去)完成进行时。



?



时间状语从句当中的时态:




一般过去时





所有的过去





一般现在时



表示




现在和将来




现在完成时





现在完成和将来完成



一.非谓语动词



一.不定式:



一)不定式的常考形式:



1)



一般形式:


He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.


被动形式


: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.



语法功能:



表示与谓语动词同步发生



2)



完成形式:


He pretended


not


to have seen me.


被动形式:


The book is said to have been translated into many languages.



语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前




二)不定式常考的考点:



1


)不定式做定语


----


将要发生



2


)不定式做状语


--- -


目的



3


)不定式充当名词功能


---To see is to believe.




)


不定式的省略



1)


感官动词


see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel


+ do




表示动作的完整性,真实性;



+ doing



表示动作的连续性,进行性




I saw him


work


in the garden yesterday.



昨天我看见 他在花园里干活了。


(


强调


< p>
我看见了



这个事实


)



I saw him


working


in the garden yesterday.




1



昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调



我见他正干活



这个动作)



?



感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:


The cake tastes


good


; It feels


comfortable


.


2)


使役动词


have bid make let


等词后不定式要省略但同


1)


一样被动以后要 还原


to


I ‘d like to have John do it.



I have my package weighed.


Paul doesn’t have to be made to


learn.


3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do

< p>


)


有些动词后只跟不定式如:

< br>


want



wish



hope



mana ge



promise



refuse



pretend


plan



offer



decide



a gree



expect


allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do


force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do


be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do




)


有的时候


to


后面要接


-ing


形式



accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to;


be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative


to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be


similarity/similar to.


三、


need/want


后的


-ing


形式具有被动的意思。其中,


wan t


不太常用。



He needs (a lot of) encouraging.





.


动名词:



具有动作性特征的名词



1)


是名词


seeing is believing


2)


具有动词性特征可以带宾语


starving troops is necessary.


< br>)


动名词的形式


:


一般形式:


I don't like you smoking.


完成形式:


I regret not having taken your advice.


被动形式:


This question is far from being settled.



)


动名词常考的点



1)


动名词做主语谓语动词为单数


< /p>


2)


在动名词和不定式中


,


做为介词的宾语是动名词



3)

动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词


,


通过代词的宾格或所有 格形式给出逻辑主语


.


I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon




A



you to call B



you call C



you calling D



you're calling



Key



C your calling


也对)



I regret not having taken your advice.


4)


有些词后只能接动名词



admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest;


discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish;


forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it


necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest;


understand...



另外 还有一些接


-ing


形式的常用说法:



it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend


money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...



5


有些词后加不定式和动名词均可



remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean


后面用不定式和


-ing


形式,意义截然不


容。



I


remembered to post


the letters. (


指未来


/


过去未 来的动作


)


I


remembered posting/having posting


the letters (


我记得这个动作


)


forgot< /p>



remember


的用法类似。



I


regret to inform



you that…


我很遗憾地通知你




I


regretted having left


the firm after twenty years.

< p>
为了



二十年前的离开



而遗


憾。



try to


努力


You really must


try to


overcome your shyness.


try



ing


试验



Try practicing


five hours a day.



2


I


mean to


go, but my father would not allow me to. [


打算、想


]


我想去,但我父亲不让我


去。



To raise wage


means increasing


purchasing power. [

意味着


]


赠加工资意味着增加购买力。


prefer


的用法:



我宁愿在这里等。



I


prefer


to wait here.


(所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去。)



I


prefer


waiting here.


(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。)



I


prefer


swimming to cycling.


(这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。)




3


分词:



现在分词主动进行


,


过去分词被动状态



现在分词的形式


:


1)


一般式


: Do you see the man talking to the dean


(主任)


?


(< /p>


与谓语动词同步发生


)



2)


完成形式:


Not having made adequate preparations, they failed.


(


发生谓语动词之前


)


3)


完成被动形式:


Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.(



发生谓语动词之前且表示被动


)



过去分词



1)



过去分词表示被动:


Fight no battle unprepared.


2)


过去分词的进行形式:


You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (


强调正在被做


)


这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们


之间的一致关系


——


主动还是被动,往 往就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之


间的主动被动的关 系。




二:虚拟三:虚拟语气



情态动词所表达的可能性程度:


must/can't


?


should/shouldn't


?


might/may (not)


另外两个



类情态词的形式:



?



最自然的虚拟状态:由

should/would+


原型时态(不含时间只含状态)



本质上是过去将来时:即,时间固定在过去将来,状态不同:一般、进行、完成、完 成进行。



这时



虚拟语气



的产生往往是因为我们要表达



本来应该


……


(而现在却还没有


……




(本来可 以


……


,本来能


……

< br>)




I should go!


(… but I'm still here!)





(


一般


)


I should be working now!






(


进行


)


I should have practiced more (than I did)!



(


完成


)


我应该多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多。)



I shouldn't dream away my time too much!



(


完成的否定


)


(actually I did dream away my time too much!)


It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time!


(


完成进行


)


I may/might/could have finished!





(


完成


)


一 些常见的句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,


should


常常被省略掉



o



suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;


o



demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;


o



require, request;


o



think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.


由于他们的 含义中包含



建议,假设,应该



这类的含义,所以,由他们引起的从句中,就会包含有


should+< /p>


原型时态构成的虚拟语气。



这些动词( 以及他们的名次形式,分词形式)引起的从句还有其他的变形:



主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句



It's suggested that…



My suggestion is that…



The only suggestion that...


The only suggestion I can give you now is that…



一些形容词引起的表语从句中,也会有同样的情况




important; necessary; essential


It's


natural


;


strange; incredible



that



a pity; a shame; no wonder



3


?




lest, for fear that, in case


引起的从句中多使用


should


?



表达与事实相反



1.


与现在相反:使用


[


过去时


]




I


wish


I


were not


here!



< p>
(


一般现在


?


一般过去< /p>


)


Suppose


we


were not


here.


He loved me


as if


I


were


his own son.


(


一般现在


?


一般过去


)


Hope


I


weren't


always


losing


things!


(< /p>


现在进行


?


过去进行

)


If only/If


I


hadn't been


there!



(


现在完成


?


过去完成


)


What if


I


hadn't been waiting


right here!


(


现在完成 进行


?


过去完成进行


)


常考句型:


It's (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)…



这两个从句,只能表达对现在的看法,所以,从句中只有一般过去时。



2.


与过去相反:过去完成时;



How nice it is if I


had past


the test!


How nice it is if I


had slept


a little more this morning!


3.


与将来相反?将来的事情没有发生,所以只能推测。



If it rains tomorrow, we'll have to stay one day more.



不过,由于可以用


be to


表示将来;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现


were to


;也是


CET-4


的常考语法点。



?



虚拟条件句



o



if


部 分,做一个与事实相反的假设(所以只有一般过去和过去完成);



o



主句部分,这是表示基于这个假设 的推测,一般使用情态动词


would


,少数情况下使用


could/might/may




o



注意:两个部分之间,是有逻辑关 系,而在两部分的谓语动词时态上,没有必然的联系。



?



注意,虚拟条件句中的

< p>
if


可以省略,造成


were/had

< p>
提前,产生倒装。



?



隐含的非真实条件



What would you do with 50 thousand dollar?


How could I be happy without you?


除了条件状语从句之外,原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。



o




in order that, so that


引起的从句,肯定的时候可以使用

< p>
may/might; can/could;


否定的

< br>时候,多用


shouldn't;


o



whoever, whatever, no matter what


引起的从句中,多用


may+


情态动词的基本用法及其区别




最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别,因此在平时学习 时准确理


解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变,在高考试题 中,命题者常常利用语境和句


子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌 握。对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准确掌握它


们的基本用法外,还要充分利用高考试 题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高


考试题中出现的情 态动词的考点进行归纳分析,以便同学们复习掌握。



一、用“情态动词+


have



done


”结构表示对过去动作的推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或 过去的时间状


语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用



“对立统一”来概括。



1


.当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个 整体时,我们可


用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有:


must have done





表示对过去动作的肯定推测,常译作“一定做了……”,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式 为


can



t



couldn



t have done




疑问式为


Can



Could... have done


﹖。



could



might have done


:表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测,常译作“可能做了……”。


如:



1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he



_____


your lecture





A



couldn



t have attended


B



needn



t have attended


C



mustn



t have attended


D



shouldn



t have attended


本题选


A




2) Jack


____


yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me




A



mustn



t have arrived



4


B



shouldn



t have arrived


C



can



t have arrived


D



need not have arrived



C




2


.当试题的前后句在动作和意义上 构成转折关系时,常借助“


but, however, i nstead



等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,这时我 们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的


有:



should have done



ought to have done


:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。



should not have done



ought not to have done


:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。



need have done


:表示过去本来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做。



need not have done


:表示过去本来没有 必要做某事,但事实上却做了。如:



3) I was really anxious about you



You


_____


home without a word




(NMET2001)


A



mustn



t leave B



shouldn



t have left


C



couldn



t have left D



needn



t leave


“本不 应该离家出走却走了”,故本题选


B




4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I


_____


for her




(NMET



94)


A



had to write it out


B



must have written it out


C



should have written it out


D



ought to write it out


由句中的连词


but


可 知前后句之间是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选


C





二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨 析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常


见的情态动词的基本用 法的理解和掌握,因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义,并结合情


态 动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。



5)



Is John coming by train






He should, but he


______


not



He likes driving his car




A



must B



can C



need D



may


mustn



t


表示“禁止、不准”;


cannot


表示“不可能”;


need not


表示“不必要”;


may not



表示“可能不”。分析语境可知本题应选


D



6)



I hear you



ve got a set of valuable Australian coins




______


I have a look






Yes, certainly




A



Do B



May C



Shall D



Should



分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可,


may


表示“ 允许、可以”,语气比较委婉


shall


常用于第


一、三人称作主语的疑问句中


,

表示征求对方意见和指示,如果此空用


shall


,则意为 “要(我)看一下


吗?”,不符合上下文意思。故本题选


B




7) Mr Bush is on time for everything



How


____


it be that he was late for the opening


ceremony




A



can B



should C



may D



must


must be


表示肯定的猜测,只能用于肯定句中,由题意可知本题应选


A< /p>




8)



Are you coming to Jeff



s party






I



m not sure



I


____


go to the concert instead




A



must B



would C



should D



might


由题意和下句中的




I



m not sure




可知这段对话 中存在一种可能性推测,


might


可以用来表示一种比较委婉 的可能性判断,故本题选


D


。又如:



I should have been there, but I


_____


not find the time




A



would B



could C



might D



should



分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去的某种能力;


C

< p>
项只表示语气上的可能性,与题意不符。故本题选


B




9) Johnny, you


____


play with the knife, you


____


hurt yourself




A



won



t; can



t B



mustn



t; may


C



shouldn



t; must D



can



t; shouldn



t


mustn



t


表示“不可以;禁止 ”,分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能性,故本题选


B




10)



Will you stay for lunch






Sorry,


______.


My brother is coming to see me





5

-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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