-
2011
全国研究生入学考试英语
(
二
)
试题和标准答案
Section I Use of English
Directions
：
Read the following
text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered
black and mark
A, B, C or D on ANSWER
SHEET 1. (10 points)
The
Internet
affords
anonymity
to
its
users,
a
blessing
to
privacy
and
freedom
of
speech.
But that very
anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-
crime that has 1 across the
Web.
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing
safety and security to a world that seems
increasingly 3 ?
Last
month, Howard Schmidt
, the nation’s
cyber
-czar, offered the federal
government
a 4 to
make
the
Web a safer
place-
a
“voluntary trusted identity” system
that would
be
the
high-tech 5 of
a
physical
key,
a
fingerprint
and
a
photo
ID
card,
all
rolled 6 one.
The
system
might
use a
smart
identity
card,
or
a digital
credential 7 to a
specific
computer
.and would
authenticate
users at a range of online services.
The idea is to 8 a federation of
private online identity systems. User could 9
which
system to join, and only
registered users whose identities have been
authenticated could
navigate those
systems. The approach contrasts with one that
would require an Internet
driver’s
license
10 by the government.
Google
and
Microsoft
are
among
companies
that
already
have
these
“
single
sign-on
”
systems
that make it possible for users to 11
just once but use many different services.
12
.the approach would
create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe
“neighborhoods” and bright
“streetlights” to establish a sense of
a
13 community.
Mr.
Sch
midt described it as a “voluntary
ecosystem” in which “individuals and
organizations can complete online
transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of
each
other and the identities of the
infrastructure 15
which the transaction
runs”.
Still, the
adminis
tration’s plan has
16
privacy rights activists. Some applaud the
approach;
others
are
concerned.
It
seems
clear
that
such
a
scheme
is
an
initiative
push
toward
what
would 17
be a compulsory Internet
“drive’s license” mentality.
The
plan
has
also been
greeted
with 18 by
some computer
security
experts,
who
worry
that
the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by
Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the
Internet 19 .They argue that all
Internet users should be 20 to register and
identify
themselves, in the same way
that drivers must be licensed to drive on public
roads.
1
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2
．
3
．
4
．
5
．
6
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7
．
ss
ation
d
s
er
erence
ed
ess
mise
ainment
d
ss
al
lent
ed
8
．
9
．
10
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11
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12
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13
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14
．
15
．
16
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17
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18
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19
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20
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s
ed
on
vain
d
n
d
stly
cism
able
d
er
t
on
effect
ized
t
ointed
ntally
nce
able
ted
buted
in
return
ng
ence
ted
onally
erence
able
d
e
e
red
in
contrast
ing
ce
ally
iasm
ble
Section II Reading
Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer
the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEET 1. (40points)
Text 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman
Sachs’s
board as an outside director in January 2000:
a year later she became president of
Brown University. For the rest of the decade she
apparently
managed
both roles
without
attracting
much
eroticism.
But
by
the
end
of
2009
Ms.
Simmons
was under fire f
or having sat on
Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she
have
let
those
enormous
bonus
payouts pass
unremarked?
By
February
the
next
year Ms.
Simmons
had left the board.
The position was just taking up too much time, she
said.
Outside directors are
supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased,
advisers on
a firm’s board. Having made
their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they
presumably
have
enough
independence to disagree
with
the chief
executive’s proposals. If the
sky,
and
the
share price
is falling,
outside
directors
should
be able to
give
advice
based
on
having
weathered their
own crises.
The researchers
from Ohio University used a database hat covered
more than 10,000
firms
and
more
than
64,000
different
directors
between
1989
and
2004.
Then
they
simply
checked
which directors stayed from one proxy
statement to the next. The most likely reason for
departing a board was age, so the
researchers concentrated on those “surprise”
disappearances
by
directors under the age
of
70.
They
fount
that
after
a
surprise
departure,
the probability that the company will
subsequently have to restate earnings increased by
nearly
20%.
The
likelihood
of being
named
in a
federal
class-action
lawsuit
also
increases,
and the stock is likely to perform
worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger
firms.
Although a correlation between
them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the
firm is
suggestive,
it does
not
mean
that
such
directors
are
always
jumping
off
a sinking
ship. Often
they “trade up.”
Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more
stable firms.
But
the researchers believe that outside directors
have an easier time of avoiding
a blow
to their reputations if they leave a firm before
bad news breaks, even if a review
of
history shows they were on the board at the time
any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want
to
keep their
outside directors
through
tough
times
may
have to
create incentives.
Otherwise
outside
directors
will
follow
the
example
of
Ms.
Simmons,
once
again very
popular
on
campus.
21.
According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was
criticized for .
[A]gaining
excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill
her duty
[C]refusing to make
compromises
[D]leaving the board in
tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph
2 that outside directors are supposed to be
.
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiased executives
[C]share price forecasters
[D]independent advisers
23.
According
to
the
researchers
from Ohio
University
after an outside
director’s surprise
departure, the firm is likely to
.
[A]become more stable
[B]report increased earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last
paragraph that outside directors .
[A]may stay for the attractive offers
from the firm
[B]have often had records
of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are
accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D]will decline incentives from the
firm
25. The author’s attitude toward
the role of outside directors is
.
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text 2
Whatever happened to the death
of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The
recession
threatened
to remove
the
advertising
and
readers
that
had
not already
fled
to
the
internet.
Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were
chronicling their own doom.
America’s
Federal
Trade commission
launched a round
of
talks about how
to save
newspapers.
Should they become
charitable corporations? Should the state
subsidize them ? It will hold
another
meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of
date.
In much of the world
there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian
papers have
shrugged off the recession.
Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most
troubled come
of the global industry,
have not only survived but often returned to
profit. Not the 20%
profit margins that
were routine a few years ago, but profit all the
same.
It
has
not
been
much
fun.
Many
papers
stayed
afloat
by
pushing
journalists
overboard.
The American
Society
of
News Editors
reckons
that 13,500
newsroom
jobs
have
gone since 2007.
Readers are paying more for slimmer
products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse
delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these
desperate measures have proved the right ones and,
sadly for many journalists, they can be
pushed further.
Newspapers are
becoming more balanced businesses, with a
healthier mix of revenues
from
readers
and
advertisers.
American
papers
have
long
been
highly
unusual
in
their
reliance
on ads. Fully 87%
of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,
according to the
Organization for
Economic
Cooperation &
Development (OECD).
In
Japan the
proportion
is
35%.
Not
surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more
stable.
The
whirlwind
that swept
through newsrooms
harmed
everybody,
but
much of
the
damage
has
been
concentrated
in
areas where
newspaper are least
distinctive. Car and
film
reviewers
have
gone.
So
have
science
and
general
business
reporters.
Foreign
bureaus
have
been
savagely
cut off. Newspapers
are less complete as a result. But completeness is
no longer a virtue
in the newspaper
business.
26.
By
saying
“Newspapers
like
?
their
own
doom”
(Lines
3
-4,
Para.
1),
the
author
indicates
that newspaper
.
[A]neglected the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to
distant suburbs probably because .
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about
these areas
[D]subscribers complained
about slimmer products
28. Compared
with their American counterparts, Japanese
newspapers are much more stable
because
they .
[A]have more sources of
revenue
[B]have more balanced newsrooms
[C]are less dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last
paragraph about the current newspaper business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential
feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness
is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role
in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers
have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this
text would be .
[A]American
Newspapers: Struggling for Survival
[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the
Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving
Business
[D]American Newspapers: A
Hopeless Story
Text
2
Whatever happened
to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end
seemed near. The
recession
threatened
to remove
the
advertising
and
readers
that
had
not already
fled
to
the
internet. Newspapers like the San
Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own
doom.
America’s
Federal
Trade commission
launched a
round
of
talks about how
to save newspapers.
Should
they become charitable corporations? Should the
state subsidize them ? It will hold
another meeting soon. But the
discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.
German and Brazilian papers have
shrugged off the recession. Even
American newspapers, which inhabit the most
troubled come
of the global industry,
have not only survived but often returned to
profit. Not the 20%
profit margins that
were routine a few years ago, but profit all the
same.
It
has
not
been
much
fun.
Many
papers
stayed
afloat
by
pushing
journalists
overboard.
The American
Society
of
News Editors
reckons
that 13,500
newsroom
jobs
have
gone since 2007.
Readers are paying more for slimmer
products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse
delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these
desperate measures have proved the right ones and,
sadly for many journalists, they can be
pushed further.
Newspapers are
becoming more balanced businesses, with a
healthier mix of revenues
from
readers
and
advertisers.
American
papers
have
long
been
highly
unusual
in
their
reliance
on ads. Fully 87%
of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,
according to the
Organization for
Economic
Cooperation &
Development (OECD).
In
Japan the
proportion
is
35%.
Not
surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more
stable.
The
whirlwind
that swept
through newsrooms
harmed
everybody,
but
much of
the
damage
has
been
concentrated
in
areas where
newspaper are least
distinctive. Car and
film
reviewers
have
gone.
So
have
science
and
general
business
reporters.
Foreign
bureaus
have
been
savagely
cut off. Newspapers
are less complete as a result. But completeness is
no longer a virtue
in the newspaper
business.
26.
By
saying
“Newspapers
like
?
their
own
doom”
(Lines
3
-4,
Para.
1),
the
author
indicates
that newspaper
.
[A]neglected the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to
distant suburbs probably because .
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about
these areas
[D]subscribers complained
about slimmer products
28. Compared
with their American counterparts, Japanese
newspapers are much more stable
because
they .
[A]have more sources of
revenue
[B]have more balanced newsrooms
[C]are less dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last
paragraph about the current newspaper business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential
feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness
is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role
in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers
have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this
text would be .
[A]American
Newspapers: Struggling for Survival
[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the
Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving
Business
[D]American Newspapers: A
Hopeless Story
Text
4
Will the European
Union make it? The question would have sounded
strange not long
ago. Now even the
project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a
continent facing a “Bermuda
triangle”
of debt, population decline and lower
growth.
As
well
as
those
chronic problems,
the EU
face
an acute crisis
in
its economic core,
the 16
countries
that
use
the
single
currency. Markets
have
lost
faith
that
the
euro
zone’s
economies, weaker or stronger, will one
day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing
a single currency, which denies
uncompetitive members the quick fix of
devaluation.
Yet the debate about how
to save Europe’s single currency from
disintegration is stuck.
It
is
stuck
because
the
euro
zone’s
dominant powers,
France and
Germany,
agree on
the
need
for greater
harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree
about what to harmonies.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter
rules on borrow spending and
competitiveness,
barked
by
quasi-automatic
sanctions
for
governments
that
do
not
obey.
These
might include threats
to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-
projects and even
the suspension of a
country’s voting rights in EU ministerial
councils. It insists that
economic co-
ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU
club, among whom there is
a small
majority for free-market liberalism and economic
rigour; in the inner core alone,
Germany fears, a small majority favour
French interference.
A “southern” camp
headed
by French
wants something
different: ”European economic
government” within an inner
c
ore of euro-zone members. Translated,
that means politicians
intervening
in
monetary policy
and
a
system of
redistribution
from richer
to poorer members,
via
cheaper
borrowing
for
governments
through
common
Eurobonds
or
complete
fiscal
transfers.
Finally,
figures
close
to
the
France
government
have
murmured,
curo-zone
members
should
agree
to some fiscal and
social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in
corporate-tax rates
or labour costs.
It is too soon to write off the
EU. It remains the world
’s largest
trading block.
At its best, the
European project is remarkably liberal: built
around a single market of
27 rich and
poor countries, its internal borders are far more
open to goods, capital and
labour than
any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious
attempt to blunt the sharpest
edges of
globalization, and make capitalism benign.
36. The EU is faced with so many
problems that .
[A] it has
more or less lost faith in markets
[B]
even its supporters begin to feel concerned
[C] some of its member countries plan
to abandon euro
[D] it intends to deny
the possibility of devaluation
37.
The debate over
the
EU’s
single
currency
is stuck because
the
dominant
powers
.
[A] are competing for the leading
position
[B] are busy handling their
own crises
[C] fail to reach an
agreement on harmonization
[D] disagree
on the steps towards disintegration
38.
To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that
.
[A] EU funds for poor regions be
increased
[B] stricter regulations be
imposed
[C] only core members be
involved in economic co-ordination
[D]
voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
39. The French proposal of handling the
crisis implies that __ __.
［
A
］
poor countries are more
likely to get funds
［
B
］
strict monetary policy will be
applied to poor countries
［
C
］
loans will be readily
available to rich countries
［
D
］
rich countries will
basically control Eurobonds
40.
Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems
to feel __ __.
［
A
］
pessimistic
［
B<
/p>
］
desperate
［
C
］
conceited
［
D
］
hopeful
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions
by finding information from the
right
column that
corresponds
to
each
of the
marked
details
given
in
the
left
column. There
are two extra choices in the right
column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10
points)
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