-
四种翻译方法
1.
直译和意译
所谓直译,
就是在译文语言条件许可时,
在译文中既保持原
文的内
容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地
方色彩等。
每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、
句法结构和表达方法。
当原文
的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,
就应采
用意译法。
意译要求译文能正确表达原文
的内容,
但可以不拘泥与原
文的形式。
(张培基)
应当指出,
在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范
< br>的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一
方面可以进新
鲜的表达方法。
Literal
translation
refers
to
an
adequate
representation
of
the
original.
When the original coincides or almost
tallies with the Chinese language in
the sequence of vocabulary, in
grammatical structure and rhetorical device,
literal translation must be used.
Free
translation
is
also
called
liberal
translation,
which
does
not
adhere
strictly to the form
or word order of the
original.
(郭著章)
直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,
在英译文中完全保留汉语
词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。
意译是指译者在受
到译语社会文化差异的局限时,
不得不舍弃原文
的字面意义,<
/p>
以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。
(
陈
宏薇)
简单地说,
直译指在译文中采用原作
的的表达方法,
句子结构与原
句相似,但也不排除在短语层次进
行某些调整。
< br>意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法,另觅同意等效的表达方法,
或指对原作的句
子结构进行较大的变化或调整。
(杨莉藜)
Literal translation may be
defined as having the following characteristics:
1, literal
translation takes sentences as its basic units and
the whole text
into consideration at
the same time in the course of translating.
2, literal
translation strives to reproduce both the
ideological content and
style of the
entire literary work and retain as much as
possible the figures of
speech
and
such
main
sentence
structures
or
patterns
as
SV,SVO,
SVC,
SVA,
SVOO, SVOC, SVOA
formulated
by Randolph Quirk, one of the
authors
of the book
A Comprehensive Grammar of
the English Language
.
Free
translation
may
be
defined
as
a
supplementary
means
to
mainly
convey
the meaning and spirit of the original without
trying to reproduce its
sentence
patterns
or
figures
of
speech.
And
it
is
adopted
only
when
and
where
it
is
really
impossible
for
translators
to
do
literal
translation.
(Liu
Zhongde).
练习:
1.
He walked at the head of the funeral
procession, and every now and then
wiped his crocodile tears with a big
handkerchief.
他走在送葬队伍的前头,还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的
鳄鱼泪。
2.
It’s an ill wind that blows nobody
good.
对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。
3.
Every dog has
his day.
人人皆有得意日。
4.
It means
killing two birds with one stone.
这意味着一石二鸟。
这意味着一举两得。
这意味着一箭双雕。
5.
你不要班门弄斧。
Don’t
display your axe at Lu Ban’s door.
Don’t teach your grandmother to suck
eggs.
Never offer to teach a
fish to swim.
6.
Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling
more broadly.
尼克松满面春风,基辛格更是笑容可掬。
7.
在我的后园,可以看见墙外有两
株树,一株是枣树,还有一株也
是枣树。
Behind the wall of my backyard you can
see two trees: one is a date tree,
the
other is also a date tree.
8.
油蛉在这里低唱,蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。
Here field crickets droned away while
house crickets chirped merrily.
9.
There is a
mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character
of a French
man.
法国人的性格混合有老虎和猿的成分。
法国人的性格既残暴又狡猾。
虎恶狐狡,兼而有之,这就是法国人的性格。
10.
Every spirits
you take is a nail in your coffin.
你喝的每一杯酒都在缩短你的性命。
你喝的每一杯酒都是你棺材上的一颗钉子。
11.
The first
time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly
took my breath
away.
大半生前第一次见到她,她差点儿把我的呼吸带走。
大半生前第一次见到她,我就惊呆了。
12.
芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。
Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent
of all in Guilin.
13.
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to
it.
不必担心太早。
不必自寻烦恼。
14.
Do you see
any green in my eye?
你以为我是好骗的吗?
15.
I want a man
who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then
lead
his troops after it.
我要
的是这样一个人,他决心在亲顿江破釜沉舟,然后率领部队
前进。
16.
Ruth was
upsetting the other children, so I showed her the
door.
鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子,我把他撵了出去。
17.
The operation
may not succeed; it’s a gamble whether he lives or
dies.
手术不一定成功,能否保住他的性命,只能一赌。
18.
But after six
years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided to end
it.
六载婚姻生活,风雨交加,赛维决定结束这种婚姻。
19.
The boxes,
being museum quality, would have increased in
worth over
the
years,
and
made
people
remember
me
“with
growing
appreciation.”
九只
盒子,都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里,随着岁月流逝,它
们的价值还会越来越高,人们
也会记住我,“越来越感激”我。
20.
Smashing a
mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,
nor is it a
way to make social problems
evaporate.
21.
意译:砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。
22.
直译
:
砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云
散。
23.
.
He
had
about
as
much
chance
of
getting
a
job
as
of
being
chosen
mayor of Chicago.
24.
A.
他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多
25.
B.
他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。
26.
C.
他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。
27.
“你真是不到黄河不死心。”
她低声地说,无可奈何地摇摇头。
(《寒夜》)
“You
really
do
refuse
to
give
in
until
all
hope
is
gone.”
she
murmured, shaking her
head helplessly.
23. It is a long lane
that had no turning.
误:那是一条没有弯的长巷。
正:无
论多长的巷也有弯的地方(路必有弯,事必有变)
。
24. We cannot estimate the value of
modern science too much.
误:我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。
正:对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。
25.
At
the
door
to
the
restaurant,
a
stunning,
porcelain-faced
woman
in
traditional costume asked me to remove
my shoes.
在通往餐厅的门口有一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女叫我脱下鞋子。
在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女,涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和
服、十
分迷人,她叫我脱下鞋子。
在
通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女,她身
着和服,仪态优美,面庞陶瓷般光
洁白皙,叫我脱去鞋子。
26.
The
rather
arresting
spectacle
of
little
old
Japan
adrift
amid
beige
concrete
skyscrapers
is
the
very
symbol
of
the
incessant
struggle
between
the kimono and the miniskirt.
古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间的引人景
象是和服与超短裙之
间的不断斗争的象征。
式样古老小巧的日本房屋像小船一般,
漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混
凝土摩天大楼之间,
这引人注目的景象
象征着旧传统和新发展之间的
不断斗争。
米黄色
的混凝土摩天大楼之间,飘荡着小小的古老的日本,构成
了一道吸引人的风景,恰恰象征
着和服与迷你裙间不断的斗争。
27.
千字比十字只多一小撇,不是差不多嘛?
The
character
千
differs from
十
in merely having one additional short
stroke. Aren’t they about the
same?
28
,我们尽忙着鸡毛蒜
皮的事儿,还没有顾得上呢。
(新儿女英雄传)
We
haven’t
had
time,
we’ve
been
too
busy
with
chicken
feather
and
onion skin affairs, with
light trivial matters!
29
,“八字没有一撇呢
”
Not even the
first stroke of the character
八
is in sight.
p>
30
、三个人品字式坐了,随便谈了几句(子夜)
< br>
The three men sat down facing each
other and began casually chatting.
(
许
孟雄、
A. C.
Barnes
译
)
2
,
归化和异化
翻译的归化
/
异化(
domesticating
translation and foreignizing
translatio
n
)是在
1995
年由美国学者
L. Venuti
(文努迪)所提出的,
Venuti
十分欣赏布朗绍的名言:
“
翻译是纯粹的差异游戏:翻译总得
涉及差异,也掩饰差异,同
时又偶尔显露差异,甚至经常突出差异。
这样,翻译本身就是这差异的活命化身。
”
在他看来,差异在翻译中
被弱化的原因有二
:首先,长久以来,翻译的讨论被遮蔽了,它在目
的语坐标的价值体系中处于边缘化地位
,
差异非但没有活现,
反而处
于融化的
过程之中。其次,
英国和
英语
的价值标准,在战后形成了
p>
全球性的优势,
从而更加确定了英美国家主义文化的语境。
这种语境
只接受在意识形态上符合英美文化的意识形态的外语文本。
p>
正是在这
样一种背景下,
归化的翻译为了迎
合接受者的口味,
总是依照译入语
的特定的政治、文化、意识形
态的规范对译入文本进行调整,弱式文
化只得听从英美文化的摆弄,成为殖民者进行文化
殖民的工具。
(参
见
Venuti
1992
)
< br>归化翻译的最大特点就是采用流畅地道的英语进行翻译,在这类翻
译中,翻译者的
努力被流畅的译文所掩盖,译者为之隐形,不同文化
之间的差异也被掩盖,
目的语主流文化价值观取代了译入语文化价值
观,原文的陌生感已被淡化,译
作由此而变得透明。从后殖民理论吸
取营养的异化翻译策略则将归化翻译视为帝国主义的
殖民和征服的
共谋,是文化霸权主义的表现。所以,
Venut
i
提倡异化的翻译策略。
根据这一策略,
译者和译语读者在翻译的过程中努力摆脱来自强势文
化的羁绊。
异化翻译并不应理解为对应的翻译,
它并不能提高译文的
忠实
性。后殖民学者
Robinson
认为异化翻译与直译和逐字翻
译相关
联,
只是没有直译那么极端,
因
为他们并不坚持在翻译中恪守原文句
法序列中的个别词语的意义,但却坚持要保留原味。
(参见王东风,
2002
:
26
)在异化翻译中,新的东西可能会加进去,从而达到凸现译
者的身份,
提高翻译的地位,
并且对翻译的文化霸权进行有力的回击。
p>
归化策略
(domesticating method)
归化是采用
民族中心主义态度,是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观,
把原作者带入译语文化。
译者在翻译的时候,
心中既要想着原作及原
作作者,
尽可能的把原文
的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来;
同时,
译者还要想着译文的读
者,翻译
出来的东西要尽可能接近读者,便于读者理解和接受。
例如:
Love me, love
my dog.
a lion in the way
lick one’s
boots
Diamond cuts diamond
A flash
in a pan
爱屋及乌。
拦路虎
拍马屁
棋逢对手
昙花一现
风烛残年
Have one foot in the grave
To grow like mushrooms
雨后春笋
One boy is a
boy
,
two boys half a
boy
,
three boys nobody
.
一个和尚
挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃
。
练习:
请用
“
归化
”
的翻译方法,翻译下面几句话:
⑴
Lead a dog's life
⑵
Jack of all
trades
⑶
A drowned rat
⑷
Let the cat out of the
bag.
⑸
Every dog
has his day.
⑹
Don't shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are
really glad that
they're met with
misfortune.
⑺
Your honor, I
confess the corn. I was royally drunk.
⑻
Don't play your ace in the
hole until the critical moment.
⑼
The gravy train is just
not for me.
⑽
George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during
the war of
Independence.
采取归化策略进行翻译时,以下几种汉语成语不宜使用:
映中华民族特殊习俗的
如:
“
拂袖而去
”
;
“
腰缠万贯
”
;
p>
“
罄竹难书
”
等<
/p>
有汉字特征的
如:
“
目不识丁
”
< br>;
“
八字没一撇
”
等
含有中国地名的
p>
如:
“
稳如泰山
”
;
“
黔驴技穷
”
;
“
夜郎自大
”
;
“
洛阳纸贵
”
等
含有中国人名的
如:
“
名落孙山
”
;
“
江郎才尽
”
;
“
事后诸葛亮
”
等.
p>
异化策略
(foreignizing method)
异化是指对文
化价值观的偏离主义的压力下,
接受外语文本的语言及
文化差异
,把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心,就是尽量传译原
文的
“
异质因素
”
,具体说来,就是要尽量
传达原作的异域文化特色,
异语语言形式,以及作者的异常写作手法。
< br>
①
异化可以在语音层上出现。例如:
b
allet
译作
“
芭蕾舞
”
cigar
译作
“
雪茄
”
laser
过去译成
“
莱塞
”
,现译作
“
镭射
”
、
“
激光
”
目前大街小巷都风行的
p>
“
卡拉
OK”
等。
②
异化可以在词语层出现。例如:
“crocodile tears”
译作
“
鳄鱼的眼泪
”
“an olive branch”
译作
“
橄榄枝
”
“sour grapes”
译作
“<
/p>
酸葡萄
”
“the cold war”
译作
“
冷战
”
等等。
③
异化可
以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的莎士比亚戏剧是公
认的佳译,其中就运用了不少<
/p>
“
欧化句式
”
例如:在《哈姆雷特》第一幕第三场中,波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信
哈姆雷特时说:
“You speak like a
green girl
.
Ungifted in such
perilous
circumstance
.
”
p>
朱生豪将其译为:
“
你讲的话完全像是一个
不曾经历过这种危险的不
懂事的女孩子。
”
异化揭示了深层含义,
又再现了原文
的表层形式,
一方面丰富和完善
了汉语的表达力,使表达意思的
手段更准确,更多样化;另一方面,
也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。
练习:
请用
“
异化
”
的翻译方法翻
译下面十个句子。
⑴
Armed
to teeth
⑵
Meet one's
Waterloo
⑶
Dark horse
⑷
Crocodile
tears
⑸
Ivory
tower
⑹
He
looked cool in his new clothes.
⑺
This is the last supper in
our college life.
⑻
The cold war between the
husband and wife ended when the husband
found a better job.
⑼
The fear that the Black
Monday might return soon alarmed these Wall
Streeters.
⑽
The
wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be
the emperor's
new clothes.
十种翻译技巧
了解完四种翻译方法后,我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧
,
即重复法
(repetition)
,
增词法
(amplification)
,
省略法
(omission)
,
词类转
换法
(conversion)
,词序调整法
(inversion)
,拆译法
(division)
,合译法
(
combination
)
,正说
反译和反说正译法
(negation)
,语态变换法
(voice
changes)
,引申法(<
/p>
extension
)和句子成分转译法。
1
重复法
(repetition)
重复法
(repetition)
是在
翻译中,为了使译文忠实于原文并且产生
意义明确,文字通顺、流畅,符合目的语习惯的
文字,而将某一部分
文字反复使用的翻译技巧。
例子:
1. You must
ask the mother at home, the children in the
street, the
ordinary man in the market
and look at their mouth, how they speak, and
translate that way; then they’ll
understand and see that you’re speaking to
them in German.
(重复谓语动词)
你一定要问一问家
庭主妇们,
问一问街头玩耍的孩子,
问一问集
< br>市上做买卖的百姓,听听他们说些什么,他们如何说,你就如何译;
这样他们就会
理解,就会明白:你是在用德语和他们讲话。
2. We
have to analyze and solve problems.
(
重复宾语
)
我们必须分析问题,解决问题。
3.
Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of
admiration.
(
重复省略
的部分
)
无知是畏惧之源,羡慕之根。
4.
But we still have defects, and very big ones.
(
指代内容的重复
)
但我们仍有不足,而且是很大的不足。
5. The dog is chasing the cat which is
chasing a rat which is having a
piece
of cheese in its mouth.
(
指代内容的重复
)
那条狗在追着那只猫,
而猫又在追着一只老鼠,
老鼠的
嘴里衔着
一块奶酪。
6.
判断我们各方面工作的是非得失,归根到底,要以是否有利
于发展社会主
义的生产力,
是否有利于增强我国的综合国力,
是否有
利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。
In
the final analysis, the criterion for judging the
success or failure of
our
work
in
various
fields
is
whether
it
helps
to
develop
the
productive
forces of
socialist society, to strengthen the overall
capacity of the country
and to improve
the people’s living standards.
7.
I had
experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.
8.
我曾
碰到过,不是氧气设备了故障,就是引擎出故障,或两者都
出故障(重复名词)
9.
The
three
most
important
effects
of
an
electric
current
are
heating,
magnetic and
chemical effects.
10.
电流的三种最重要的效应是热效应、磁效应和化学效应。
11.
Alternating
stress not only varies in magnitude but also in
direction.
交变应力不仅大小不同,而且方向不同。
10
,
But his wife
kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his
carelessness,
and the ruin he was
bringing on his family.
可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵边唠叨
个没完,说他懒惰,说他粗
心,并且说他一家人都要毁在他的身上。
11,
Sleep is most
graceful in an infant soundest ,in one who has
been tired
in the open air; completest
,to the sea man after a hard voyage most
welcome
,to
the
mind
haunted
with
one
idea
;
most
touching
to
look
at ,in the parent that
has wept lightest ,in the playful child
proudest ,in
the bride abored .
婴儿的
睡眠,最为优美;经过一番户外劳作,疲惫不堪的人的睡
眠,最为酣畅;
在艰苦航程之后的水手的睡眠,最为圆满;为某
种意
念所苦的人,对睡眠最为欢迎;哭泣后的母亲的睡眠,最为
动人;一个顽皮小孩的睡眠,
最为轻松;一个深受爱慕的新娘的
睡眠,最为骄傲。
2
增词法
(amplification)
在翻译中为了使译文通顺易懂,<
/p>
或是为了行文生动,
更符合目的
与的语言
习惯而采取的增加部分解释性词语、连接词、类属词、概括
性词语和代词的做法叫增词法
(amplification)
。
1. The subsequent
generations of this family grew impoverished by a
combination of drought, extortion, and
too many gifts to opera girls, all of
which led to their losing face and
their property.
参考译文:在接下来的几代中,因为遭遇旱灾,被人
勒索,再加上
给优伶的封赏太多,这个家族便最终资财耗尽,风光不再了。
2, The men squatted in their
dark-colored logyis, the ever-present cheroots
clenched between their teeth.
参考译文:男人们穿着深色的袍裙,蹲坐在那里,嘴里总是叼着烟。
3, His consideration of the Bible with
the language of ordinary people and
his
consideration of translation in terms of focusing
on the TL and the TT
reader were
crucial in his translation.
他注重使用民众的语言来
翻译圣经,注重为目的语和目的语文本
的读者考虑,这两点在他的翻译中很关键。
4,
This
plan with all its disadvantages is considered to
be one of the best.
尽管有种种不周
全之处,
这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之
一。
< br>
5, Flowers bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花满院盛开。
6.
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man;
writing an exact
man.
读书使人充实
,
讨论使人机智
,
写作使人严谨。
7.
不要重复叶公好龙那个故事,
讲了多少年的社会主义,临到
社会主义跑来找他,她又害怕起来了。(《毛泽东选集》,
第五卷)
The
story
of
Lord
Ye
who
professed
to
love
dragons
should
not
be
repeated. One must not just talk about
socialism for years and then suddenly
turn pale when socialism comes knocking
at the door.
8,
Day after day he came to his
work
——
sweeping, scrubbing,
cleaning.
他每天来干活——扫地,擦桌椅,清理房间。
9,
一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三人帮。
A bamboo fence needs the support of
three stakes, and an able man
needs the
help of three other persons.
Stakes make a bamboo fence
stand, and supporters help an able man
succeed.
10,
三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。
Three
cobblers
with
their
wits
combined
equal
Zhuge
liang
the
master mind.
3
p>
省略法
(omission)
省略法
(omission)
是为了行文的简洁和
更符合目的与习惯,
将一些
重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省
去的翻译方法,
而原文的意义并
未因此受到任何损失。
1. When she could no longer
decide, she became depressed. Whenever
Dwight picked up the baby to take him
to his place or to the doctor’s for
a
checkup, she felt relief.
她无法抉择,
心情压抑,
而前夫马赛一把孩子接走或是送到诊所接
受
检查,她就会有一种轻松感。
2. Rupert with
his flexible young knees sat in a hunch-and-crouch
pose
in imitation of the natives.
鲁珀特年龄小,
双膝柔韧,
学着当地人的样子,<
/p>
弓背缩身地跪坐着。
3.
Stainless steel possess good hardness and high
strength.
译文:不锈钢硬度大,强度高。
4. Penicillin works by not
allowing a bacterium to build its cell wall.
青霉素的作用是不让细菌制造细胞壁。
5. This is the solid rocky bottom under
the ooze and mud of the ocean
floor.
海底软泥和泥层下面是坚硬的岩石层。
6. There is a 30% increase of our
installed capacity with this year.
今年,我
们的装机容量增加了
30%
。
7.
在工作中,我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。
We must avoid making mistakes in our
work.
8,
质子带阳电,电子带阴电,而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。
A proton has a positive charge and an
electron a negative charge, but a
neutron has neither.
9. He
put his hand into his pockets and then shrugged
his shoulders.
他双手插进口袋,耸了耸肩。
10, Smoking is not allowed in the
store-house.
仓库重地,严禁吸烟。
11
,
匪军
所至,杀戮人民,奸淫妇女,焚毁村庄,掠夺财物,无所
不用其极。
Wherever
they
went,
they
massacred
and
raped,
burned
and
looted, and stopped at
nothing.
12,
前怕龙后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。
“Fearing
dragons
ahead
and
tigers
behind”
will
not
produce
cadres.
13,
我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。
Our Party has put an end to the social
unrest and up heaval of that
time.
14,
这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。<
/p>
(
《毛泽东选
集》三卷,
779
页)
What
are
these
people
after?
They
are
after
fame
and
position
and
want
to be in the limelight.
4
p>
词类转换法
(conversion)
词类转换法
(conversion)
是基于两种语言习惯的不同,
在翻译中保
留词语意义而改变此类
的做法。
1.
Maya
Angelou
returned
to
America
in
1964,
with
the
intention
of
helping Malcolm
build his new Organization of African American
Unity.
玛雅
安琪露于
1964
年返回美国,
打算帮助马尔科尔木新
建立一
个非裔美籍人联合会。
2.
Shortly
after
her
arrival
in
the
United
States,
Malcolm
was
assassinated, and his
plans for a new organization died with him.
马尔科尔木来美不久即遭暗杀,他筹建新组织的计划也随即夭
亡。
3.
His
(Dr.
Martin
Luther
King,
Jr.)
assassination
,
falling
on
her
birthday in 1968, left her
devastated
(蹂躏,破坏;使荒废)
.
1968
年她生日那天,小马丁路德金被人暗杀,她痛不欲生。
4.
There
is
a
popular
belief
among
parents
that
schools
are
no
longer
interested in
spelling.
译文:学生家长普遍认为学校不再对教单词拼写感兴趣。
5. He was
popular
among young
people.
译文:他在年轻人中很受欢迎。
6. We were most impressed
by the fact that even those patients who
were not told of the illness were quite
aware of its potential outcome.
译文:
给我们留下极深印象的是:
即便那些没有被告知
其病情的
病人对其疾病的潜在后果也非常清楚。
7.
学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
All the students should develop
morally, intellectually and physically.
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